United States vs. Hill, No. 06-6363 (10th Cir. 2007)
Annotate this Case
Download PDF
F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit UNITED STATES CO URT O F APPEALS August 29, 2007 FO R TH E TENTH CIRCUIT Elisabeth A. Shumaker Clerk of Court U N ITED STA TES O F A M ER ICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. BRA ND ON KEITH H ILL, No. 06-6363 (D.C. No. CR-05-00011-01-L) (W .D. Okla.) Defendant-Appellant. OR D ER AND JUDGM ENT * Before HA RTZ, Circuit Judge, BROR BY, Senior Circuit Judge and T YM K O VIC H, Circuit Judge. The district court convicted Brandon Keith Hill of various federal crimes on evidence that he w as a pimp, running a ring of prostitutes (some of w hom were minors) whom he transported across state lines from Oklahoma to Texas, Florida, and Colorado. Hill was convicted in count one of a superceding indictment of * After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously to grant the parties request for a decision on the briefs without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. operating a business enterprise involving prostitution through coercion and by relying on a facility in interstate commerce to further that enterprise in violation of various state laws and 18 U.S.C. §§ 2421 and 2422. He was also convicted under count one of engaging in interstate travel or transportation in aid of a racketeering enterprise in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1952. Hill does not appeal these convictions. He does, however, appeal his conviction on counts two through six for knowingly transporting various females in interstate commerce with the intent that the females engage in prostitution in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2421, and for aiding and abetting such activity in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2. Hill contends that the evidence was insufficient to convict him on these charges. He also argues that his sentence was excessive and unreasonable. Our jurisdiction arises under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Because a rational fact finder could easily have found that Hill either transported or aided and abetted the transportation of females in interstate commerce for the purpose of prostitution, the convictions on counts two through six are affirmed. W e agree with both parties that the sentence imposed here constitutes plain error. W e therefore remand this case to the district court with instructions to vacate the sentence and to re-sentence Hill in accordance with this order and judgment. -2- Sufficiency of the Evidence W e review a challenge based on insufficiency of the evidence de novo, viewing all evidence in the light most favorable to the government. United States v. Robinson, 435 F.3d 1244, 1250 (10th Cir. 2006). In doing so we examine all of the evidence and the reasonable inferences to be drawn from that evidence to determine whether any rational [fact finder] could have found the elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. (quotation omitted). Hill argues that the government failed to prove he actually transported individuals in interstate commerce for the purpose of prostitution. Hill ignores the fact, however, that he was also charged and convicted of aiding and abetting such activity in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2. Further, in cases of this type, intent, motive and purpose of an accused may be proved by circumstantial evidence and the environment and conduct of the parties within a reasonable time before and after the transportation may be considered. Johnson v. United States, 380 F.2d 810, 811 (10th Cir. 1967). Applying this standard, we are left with no doubt as to the sufficiency of the evidence. W hile H ill is correct that the record fails to establish that he literally transported the women across state lines, see United States v. Footman, 215 F.3d 145, 153 (1st Cir. 2000), there is abundant evidence that, as an aider and abetter, H ill caused the women to be so transported in order to facilitate their prostitution, id. Because an aider and abettor is deemed to be a principal under -3- the law, United States v. Cooper, 375 F.3d 1041, 1049 (10th Cir. 2004), Hill was properly convicted on counts two through six. Sentencing error In reliance on an erroneous pre-sentence report which mistakenly calculated Hill s guideline range at 188 to 235 months, the district court sentenced Hill to 210 months imprisonment. The error arose when the pre-sentence report treated tw o of the victims as minors when, in fact, both were adults. Compare United States Sentencing Guidelines M anual (USSG ) § 2G1.3 (2005) (applicable when the victim is a minor) with U.S.S.G. § 2G1.1 (applicable w hen the victim is not a minor). W hen properly recalculated, the correct guideline range was 151-188 months. As mentioned above, the government, with necessary but still appreciated candor, concedes this error. 1 Because H ill did not object to the m ethod by which the district court arrived at his sentence, we review only for plain error. United States v. Lopez-Flores, 444 F.3d 1218, 1221 (10th Cir. 2006), cert. denied, 127 S. Ct. 3043 (2007). Plain error occurs when there is (1) error, (2) that is plain, which (3) affects substantial rights, and which (4) seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings. Id. at 1222 (quotation omitted). 1 W hile w e appreciate the government s approach, we note that a party s concession on a matter of law does not bind this court. United States v. Osuna, 189 F.3d 1289, 1295 n.7 (10th Cir. 1999). -4- Under this framew ork, it is clear that the district court erred in calculating Hill s sentence based on a faulty understanding of the age of tw o of the victims. The error was also plain because it is clear and obvious under current law that U.S.S.G. § 2G1.3 applies only when the victim is a minor. See United States v. Johnson, 520 U.S. 461, 467-68 (1997) (defining plain error); see also U.S.S.G . § 2G1.3 and cmt. n.1 (dealing strictly with offenses involving minors who are defined, inter alia, as individuals who have not attained the age of 18 years ). The error here also affected substantial rights because it affected the outcome of the district court proceedings resulting in a sentence beyond the applicable guideline range and rendering the sentence illegal. United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 734 (1993); United States v. Brown, 316 F.3d 1151, 1160 n.4 (10th Cir. 2003). And, finally, this court has discretion to correct the error if Hill persuades us that the plain error here seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings. Olano, 507 U.S. at 736 (quotation omitted). Because the error resulted in a sentence at least twenty-two months above the guideline maximum, the plain error satisfies this fourth prong of Olano, and we will exercise our discretion to correct it. See Brown, 316 F.3d at 1161 (collecting cases). -5- W e AFFIRM Hill s convictions but REVERSE and REM AND for the district court to vacate the sentence and to re-sentence Hill in accordance with this order and judgment. Entered for the Court W ade Brorby Senior Circuit Judge -6-
Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
