Pik-coal Company, Plaintiff-appellant, v. Big Rivers Electric Corporation, Eddie Ray Brown, Embro Holdings, Inc., E & M Coal Company, Rose Brothers Trucking, Inc., Solar Sources, Inc., William H. Thorpe, and Shirley Pritchett, Defendants-appellees, 200 F.3d 884 (6th Cir. 2000)

The plaintiff-appellant Pik- Coal Company ("Pik"), an Indiana corporation engaged in the coal brokering business, has contested the initial forum's dismissal, for failure to state a claim, of its amended complaint against defendants-appellees Big Rivers Electrical Corporation ("Big Rivers"),¹  Eddie Ray Brown ("Brown"), Embro Holdings, Inc. ("Embro"), E & M Coal Company("E & M"), Rose Brothers Trucking, Inc. ("Rose"), Solar Sources, Inc. ("Solar"), William H. Thorpe ("Thorpe"), and Shirley Pritchett ("Pritchett"). The plaintiff's complaint had alleged that various actions taken by the defendants, individually or in concert with others, dispossessed it of certain contractual coal brokerage commissions, in purported violation of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1961-1968 ("RICO"), as well as Kentucky law.

This reviewing court has presumed that the plaintiff's allegations are true upon plenary scrutiny of the lower court's dismissal of count one of the amended complaint for failure to state a claim.²  The plaintiff has alleged that, during October 1978 [1979?], Big Rivers, the owner and operator of electrical power plants located in western Kentucky, issued a public solicitation for bids on "Contract 589," a long term coal supply contract. In response, several coal brokers submitted sealed competitive bids. The bid of Alley-Cassetty Coal Company ("Alley-Cassetty") was the lowest. Apparently assuming that Big Rivers' consequent award of Contract 589 to Alley-Cassetty was inevitable, the plaintiff, on November 8, 1979, executed a written contract with Solar, the owner and operator of coal mines located in Indiana, under the terms of which the plaintiff would have the exclusive right to "represent" Solar's sale of coal to Big Rivers "for a period of six (6) months and so long as any orders or contracts are in force, including any extension or renewal thereof."

The contract between Pik and Solar did not allude to the Alley-Cassetty bid, however, the parties apparently intended that Pik would act as the broker for Solar's coal furnished to Big Rivers to satisfy Alley-Cassetty's supply obligations to Big Rivers following Big Rivers' anticipated acceptance of Alley-Cassetty's low bid on Contract 589. Pik also mediated a separate understanding between Solar and Alley-Cassetty whereby Solar would supply Big Rivers with the coal required by Contract 589 if Big Rivers awarded that contract to Alley-Cassetty.³  The Pik/Solar agreement required Solar to pay Pik six percent (6%) of the purchase price (F.O.B. mine) of allcoal sold by Solar to Big Rivers during the contractual period.

However, Big Rivers ultimately did not accept Alley-Cassetty's offer. Instead, in September 1980, it awarded Contract 589 to defendants Brown and E & M.⁴  The plaintiff has charged that Brown secured Contract 589 by means of illegal bribes, delivered via the United States mail, to certain employees of Big Rivers, including defendants Thorpe and Pritchett. In exchange for illicit payments, a Big Rivers manager allegedly funneled confidential and proprietary inside information, including the terms of Alley-Cassetty's coal supply proposal, to the Brown defendants. Using that illegally obtained intelligence, coupled with the favorable influence of corrupted Big Rivers employees, the Brown defendants allegedly deprived Alley-Cassetty of Contract 589, which in turn divested Pik of commissions which it would have earned by virtue of its written agreement with Solar contingent upon Alley-Cassetty's attainment of Contract 589.

Pik averred that, between December 20 and 27, 1979, Solar had shipped quantities of coal to Big Rivers in apparent partial performance of Alley-Cassetty's putative obligations under its submitted but as-yet-unaccepted coal supply proposal. However, on or about December 28, 1979, a Solar representative telephoned Pik to "cancel" the November 8, 1979 Pik/Solar agreement. On that same day, a Solar employee purportedly threatened, via telephone, a coal hauler, with the intent of restraining him from transporting coal from Solar's mines in ostensible satisfaction of the incipient but unconsummated contract between Alley-Cassetty and Big Rivers.

In all events, the Pik/Solar contract's six month term expired on May 8, 1980. After that date, on June 16, 1980, Brown, as principal of E & M, secretly submitted a formal coal supply proposal to Big Rivers which underbid the standing Alley-Cassetty offer. On September 16, 1980, Big Rivers accepted the E & M bid, despite E & M's averred poor contemporaneous financial condition. E & M subsequently discharged its coal supply commitments to Big Rivers by acquiring coal from Solar's mines. Naturally, because Pik had no contractual relationship with Solar after May 1980, it received no commissions for those sales. The Brown defendants' alleged mail frauds, briberies, and kickbacks continued between 1980 and 1992, during which period they allegedly continued to financially influence employees of Big Rivers to award additional coal purchase contracts to them. The plaintiff initially learned of the subject corrupt arrangements in 1993, following publication by the Kentucky Public Service Commission of an investigatory audit report which examined Big Rivers' business activities and practices spanning late 1979 through 1992.

On March 16, 1994, Pik inaugurated the instant action via a four-count complaint in federal district court which charged (1) a RICO conspiracy against all defendants by which they deprived the plaintiff of sales commissions which it would have earned under its November 8, 1979 agreement with Solar if Big Rivers had awarded Contract 589 to Alley-Cassetty instead of E & M (count one), (2) Kentucky law breach of contract against Solar (count two), (3) state law tortious interference with its contractual relations with Solar against all defendants except Solar (count three), and (4) Kentucky law fraud against Big Rivers (count four). The plaintiff requested compensatory damages in excess of $1 million on each cause, plus treble damages on count one; as well as legal interest, costs, and attorney fees. On May 28, 1996, the district court sustained Solar's petition to dismiss count one for failure to assert a valid claim, ruling that Pik had neglected to adequately allege that Solar had committed any predicate act of racketeering or that it had conspired with any co-defendant to commit a predicate act of racketeering.18 U.S.C. §§ 1961(1) & (5), 1962. On June 13, 1996, the trial forum granted the plaintiff leave to file an amended complaint. On July 9, 1996, the plaintiff lodged its four-count amended complaint which, inter alia, incorporated new allegations against Solar intended to correct the defects identified in the trial bench's May 28, 1996 order.⁵ 

On June 18, 1998, the trial court dismissed count one for failure to state a claim against any defendant, reasoning that Pik had alleged proximate injuries only to Big Rivers and/or Alley-Cassetty but had failed to assert any direct damage to itself caused by any defendant's RICO infraction(s). See Holmes v. Securities Investor Protection Corp., 503 U.S. 258 (1992). Additionally, the trial court declined to exercise discretionary supplemental jurisdiction over the three pendent state law claims, and accordingly struck the entire action from its docket. 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a) & (c) (3). Pik noticed a timely appeal⁶  on July 13, 1998.

The plaintiff has alleged that the defendants violated RICO section 1962 ("Prohibited activities"), subparts (c) and (d), which state:

It shall be unlawful for any person employed by or associated with any enterprise engaged in, or the activities of which affect, interstate or foreign commerce, to conduct or participate, directly or indirectly, in the conduct of such enterprise's affairs through a pattern of racketeering activity or collection of unlawful debt.⁷ 

18 U.S.C. § 1962(c).

It shall be unlawful for any person to conspire to violate any of the provisions of subsection (a), (b), or (c) of this section.

18 U.S.C. § 1962(d).

Section 1964 created civil remedies for RICO section 1962 infractions:

Any person injured in his business or property by reason of a violation of section 1962 of this chapter may sue therefor in any appropriate United States district court and shall recover threefold the damages he sustains andthe cost of the suit, including a reasonable attorney's fee . . . .

18 U.S.C. § 1964(c) (emphases added).

Accordingly, to sustain a RICO § 1962 civil treble damages action against any defendant, a plaintiff must plead and prove an actual injury to its business or property "by reason of" a defendant's section 1962 transgression. The Supreme Court, in Holmes v. Securities Investor Protection Corp., 503 U.S. 258 (1992), dictated that mere allegation and/or evidence that an injury to the plaintiff would not have occurred "but for" the defendant's alleged RICO violation (that is, that the plaintiff sustained a mere "injury in fact") is insufficient to establish RICO causation. Id. at 265-68. Instead, the plaintiff must plead and prove "proximate causation." The Court explained:

[A]mong the many shapes this concept [proximate causation] took at common law was a demand for some direct relation between the injury asserted and the injurious conduct alleged. Thus, a plaintiff who complained of harm flowing merely from the misfortunes visited upon a third person by the defendant's acts was generally said to stand at too remote a distance to recover.

. . . . First, the less direct an injury is, the more difficult it becomes to ascertain the amount of a plaintiff's damages attributable to the violation, as distinct from other, independent, factors. Second, quite apart from problems of proving factual causation, recognizing claims of the indirectly injured would force courts to adopt complicated rules apportioning damages among plaintiffs removed at different levels of injury from the violative acts, to obviate the risk of multiple recoveries. And, finally, the need to grapple with these problems is simply unjustified by the general interest in deterring injurious conduct, since directly injured victims can generally be counted on to vindicate the law as private attorneys general, without any of the problems attendant upon suits by plaintiffs injured more remotely.

Id. at 268-70. (Citations omitted; emphases added).

In Holmes, the defendant securities brokers/dealers fraudulently manipulated certain stock prices, which ultimately caused numerous investors to suffer damages. Concurrently, the defendant securities dealers themselves incurred consequent financial losses which subsequently disabled them from satisfying various obligations to their clients and others. The Securities Investor Protection Corporation ("SIPC"), a private nonprofit membership corporation chartered by 15 U.S.C. § 78ccc(a) (1) to which the defendants belonged by operation of 15 U.S.C. § 78ccc(a) (2) (A), ultimately satisfied its errant members' undischarged financial commitments to their former customers and general creditors, including erstwhile patrons who had not purchased "watered" stock. Subsequently, the SIPC claimed reimbursement of those expenditures from the defendants, propped by securities fraud and RICO theories. Holmes, 503 U.S. at 261-65 & n.7. Reversing the Ninth Circuit, the Supreme Court sustained the district court's dismissal of RICO counts which sought recovery for payments which the SIPC had made to the defendants' former clients who had not purchased artificially value-inflated shares but instead had suffered losses, which the SIPC eventually compensated, merely by reason of the defendants' overall financial impairments caused by their unrelated wrongful price manipulations of certain equities. See id. at 270. The Court anchored that ruling in the SIPC's failure to satisfy the proximate causation requirement. The Court mandated:

[E]ven assuming, arguendo, that it [SIPC] may stand in the shoes of nonpurchasing customers, the link is too remote between the stock manipulation alleged and the customers' harm, being purely contingent on the harm suffered by the broker-dealers. That is, the conspirators have allegedly injured these customers only insofar as the stock manipulation first injured the broker-dealers and left them without the wherewithalto pay customers' claims. . . . The broker-dealers simply cannot pay their bills, and only that intervening insolvency connects the conspirators' acts to the losses suffered by the nonpurchasing customers and general creditors.

Id. at 271 (citing Associated General Contractors of Cal., Inc. v. Carpenters, 459 U.S. 519, 534 (1983) (quoting Southern Pacific Co. v. Darnell-Taenzer Lumber Co., 245 U.S. 531, 533 (1918) (per Holmes, J.) ("`The general tendency of the law, in regard to damages at least, is not to go beyond the first step.'")).

The logic of Holmes and its Sixth Circuit progeny⁸  compels the conclusion that Pik's instant RICO claims were not, and could not be, supported by sufficiently proximate injuries. At most, Pik has alleged, and could only allege, that the defendants' conspiratorial acts directly and proximately injured Big Rivers because the corruption of that defendant's agents and alleged co-conspirators caused it to award Contract 589 to an averredly economically unstable enterprise, namely defendant E & M; which in turn harmed Alley-Cassetty financially by forestalling Big Rivers from granting it Contract 589 irrespective of its initially attractive proposal.

Pik had not executed a written contract with either Big Rivers or Alley-Cassetty; rather, it had merely agreed with Solar to "represent" its sale of coal to Big Rivers, subject to conditions, during a specified six month term.⁹  The plaintiff's alleged losses were caused by Big Rivers' failure to purchase Solar coal during the six month period of the Pik/Solar contract because Big Rivers elected not to award Contract 589 to Alley-Cassetty. Hence, because Pik had brokered the deal between Alley-Cassetty and Solar upon the assumption that Big Rivers would confer Contract 589 upon Alley-Cassetty, whereas ultimately Big Rivers invested that opportunity in E & M rather than Alley-Cassetty, Pik was (at most) indirectly divested, by the defendants' alleged conduct, of inchoate commission rights which it would have possessed under its contract with Solar if Alley-Cassetty had received Contract 589.¹⁰ 

Accordingly, Pik's alleged economic injuries were indirect and remote byproducts of Big Rivers' election to contract its coal supply from E & M to the exclusion of Alley-Cassetty. Assuming arguendo that the defendants, individually or in tandem, had impinged RICO by corruptly prompting or influencing Big Rivers to so assign Contract 589, the plaintiff nonetheless can neither plead nor prove any proximately-caused losses to itself, because all of its purported financial disadvantages were incidental to those realized primarily by intermediate parties, to wit, Alley-Cassetty and/or Big Rivers. Hence, although the plaintiff may possess potential causes of action against some, or all, of the defendants buttressed by other legal rights or doctrines,¹¹  it has no colorable RICO claim against any defendant. On de novo consideration, the plaintiff's RICO cause (count one) is dismissed with prejudice under Fed R. Civ. P. 12(b) (6) for failure to state a claim; and the plaintiff's three Kentucky law charges (counts two, three, and four) are dismissed without prejudice, in the exercise of the court's discretion to decline supplemental jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a) & (c) (3), in the absence of original federal jurisdiction over any pending claim following the dismissal of count one.

Thus, the district court's judgment of June 18, 1998 is AFFIRMED.