Willie Lee Cannida, Appellant, v. Central Gulf Steamship Corporation, Appellee, 452 F.2d 949 (3d Cir. 1971)

Appellant, Willie Lee Cannida, appeals from an order dated October 8, 1970 granting summary judgment in favor of appellee Central Gulf Steamship Corporation.¹ 

Cannida was employed by Northern Metal Co. as a handyman. He worked a five-day week, 8 A.M. to 4 P.M., punched a time clock and performed a variety of duties for Northern. On several occasions he loaded and unloaded cargo for vessels moored at the Northern pier.²  He was a member of the Industrial Union of Marine and Shipbuilding Workers of America, AFL-CIO Local No. 14, and was not hired through usual longshore gang procedures.

On March 4, 1968 the S/S Green Bay, a merchant vessel, owned and operated by defendant Central Gulf Steamship Corporation, was moored at the Northern Metal pier for the purpose of taking on cargo. The cargo included large forklift trucks. On said date Cannida, pursuant to instructions from a Northern Metal employee, was helping to move a cargo of forklift trucks from the Northern Metal yard to a point on one of the Northern piers. From that point, the cargo could be connected to the lifting gear, and loaded on the Green Bay vessel. Since these forklift trucks were not operable, they were towed on the end of the rope one at a time, by a tractor driven by another Northern Metal employee. Cannida's sole duty was to steer the forklifts to the point where the loading operation could begin. When the forklifts had reached a position from which they could be lifted into the ship, the rope was unhooked from them. Cannida and the driver of the tractor repeated this procedure on each occasion. Cannida did not assist in any manner with the actual loading of the vessel. While one of the forklifts steered by Cannida was being towed behind the tractor on the pier, it overturned. Cannida fell off the forklift and sustained injuries when the truck fell on him. It is uncontradicted that the accident occurred when the forklift he was steering "hit some rough spots, some holes that were on the pier and lost control of it." At the oral deposition, he testified that the holes at the point of the accident were 18 or 20 inches wide and 7 or 8 inches deep, and that, to his knowledge, they existed from the time he went to work for Northern in 1966 to the time of this accident.³ 

Appellant argues (a) that "although plaintiff was not technically classified as a longshoreman he was working in conjunction with men who were technically classified as longshoremen in that the work he [Cannida] was doing was work that was usually done by longshoremen"; (b) that Cannida was within the scope of the warranty of seaworthiness of the S/S Green Bay; (c) that the S/S Green Bay was unseaworthy; (d) that there are questions of fact supporting inferences of liability and hence the issue was wrongfully resolved by the District Court on summary judgment.⁴ 

Assuming arguendo that Cannida is a longshoreman, is he a person to whom the warranty of seaworthiness extends? The answer is found in Victory Carriers, Inc. v. Law.⁵ 

The United States Supreme Court in Victory distinguished Seas Shipping Co., Inc. v. Sieracki, 328 U.S. 85, 66 S. Ct. 872, 90 L. Ed. 1099 (1946) and Gutierrez v. Waterman S. S. Corp., 373 U.S. 206, 83 S. Ct. 1185, 10 L. Ed. 2d 297 (1963), and held that a longshoreman who suffers injury while transferring cargo by a pier-based forklift on a pier to a point alongside a vessel for loading was neither injured "upon the high seas or navigable waters" within the traditional maritime meaning nor injured "by a vessel on navigable waters" within the scope of the Admiralty Extension Act of 1948.⁶  The court refused to extend the warranty of seaworthiness shoreward for injuries sustained by a longshoreman on land merely because he was engaged in the process of "loading" or "unloading".

The facts presented in the case sub judice are less compelling than the facts in Victory. The appellant's contentions are without merit. We find that the warranty of seaworthiness of the vessel S/S Green Bay does not extend to Cannida who was injured as a result of an alleged defective pier.

The judgment of the District Court is affirmed.