J. Alston Atkins, Pro Se, Appellant, v. State Board of Education of North Carolina (w. Dallas Herring, Chairman, Charles F. Carroll, Secretary); Charles F. Carroll, State Superintendent of Public Instruction and Administrative Head of the North Carolina Free Public School System, and His Successor in Office; Winston-salem/forsyth County Board of Education (william M. Knott, Jr., Chairman, Marvin Ward, Secretary); Board of County Commissioners of Forsyth County, North Carolina (fred D. Hauser, Chairman, G. R. House, Jr., County Manager); City of Winston-salem, North Carolina (m. C. Benton, Jr., Mayor, John M. Gold, City Manager), Appellees, 418 F.2d 874 (4th Cir. 1969)

J. Alston Atkins brought this action to require the State of North Carolina and the Winston-Salem/Forsyth County Board of Education to provide a racially integrated unitary school system.¹  Atkins claimed status to maintain his action because he is a taxpayer, the grandparent of children attending the public schools, and a Negro.

In Flast v. Cohen, 392 U.S. 83, 99, 88 S. Ct. 1942, 1952, 20 L. Ed. 2d 947 (1968), the Court reiterated:

"The `gist of the question of standing' is whether the party seeking relief has `alleged such a personal stake in the outcome of the controversy as to assure that concrete adverseness which sharpens the presentation of issues upon which the court so largely depends for illumination of difficult constitutional questions.' Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186, 204, 82 S. Ct. 691, 7 L. Ed. 2d 663 (1962)."

Applying this measure, the district court painstakingly analyzed Atkins' voluminous and complex bill of complaint and decided that the allegations of Atkins' interest or stake in the suit were insufficient to establish his standing. Atkins moved for leave to amend his bill of complaint, but his motion was denied. On appeal he asks that the case be remanded so that he can allege and prove the facts necessary to establish his right to maintain the suit. However, developments that have occurred since the district court's consideration of the case make this procedure unnecessary.

Atkins' daughter, Simona A. Allen, and his son-in-law, Harvey H. Allen, the parents of pupils attending schools operated by the Winston-Salem/Forsyth County Board of Education, have appeared by counsel to state that upon remand they will apply for intervention as parties plaintiff. Clearly the Allens have standing, and we have no doubt that had they made application to the district court, their motion would have been granted.

Ordinarily intervention cannot be used to revive a law suit, but a court may treat intervention as a separate action, especially when the intervenor has an independent basis for jurisdiction. Fuller v. Volk, 351 F.2d 323, 328 (3d Cir. 1965). Intervention, of course, must be timely, but timeliness is not an absolute. It should be evaluated in light of all the circumstances. C. Wright, Federal Courts § 75, at 285 (1963). The delay in seeking intervention was attributed at oral argument to lack of funds for the employment of counsel.²  This court has long recognized the intense interest of parents in the education of their children, and it has been solicitous of their opportunity to be heard. Intervention in suits concerning public schools has been freely allowed, and we see no reason why it should be denied here, especially in view of the lack of prejudice to other parties. Furthermore, it appears that since this action was instituted, the parents of a number of other school children have brought suit in the same court seeking much of the same relief.

On remand the Allens may be substituted for Atkins as parties plaintiff with respect to all allegations cognizable by a single judge, and the district court in its discretion may consolidate this suit with the action brought by other parents. The proceedings, however, shall not include convention of a three-judge court.³ 

The judgment of the district court is vacated, and this action is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.