Diane C. Creel v. Ecolab, Inc.

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COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE Leonard Williams Justice Center 500 N. King Street, Suite 11400 Wilmington, Delaware 19801-3734 TAMIKA R. MONTGOMERY-REEVES VICE CHANCELLOR Date Submitted: July 12, 2018 Date Decided: October 31, 2018 M. Duncan Grant, Esquire Christopher B. Chuff, Esquire Pepper Hamilton LLP 1313 N. Market Street, Suite 5100 Wilmington, DE 19801 RE: Eric Lopez Schnabel, Esquire Robert W. Mallard, Esquire Alessandra Glorioso, Esquire Dorsey & Whitney LLP 300 Delaware Avenue, Suite 1010 Wilmington, Delaware 19801 Diane C. Creel v. Ecolab, Inc. Civil Action No. 12917-VCMR Dear Counsel: This letter opinion addresses both Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss Count I of Plaintiff’s Complaint and Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment. For the reasons stated below, I deny the Motion to Dismiss, and I grant in part and deny in part the Motion for Summary Judgment. I. BACKGROUND For purposes of the Motion to Dismiss, the facts are drawn from Plaintiff’s Verified Amended and Supplemental Complaint for Indemnification (the Creel v. Ecolab, Inc. C.A. No. 12917-VCMR October 31, 2018 Page 2 of 32 “Complaint”) and the documents incorporated by reference therein.1 For purposes of the Motion for Summary Judgment, the facts are drawn from the pleadings and the evidence submitted by the parties.2 A. Ecovation Before the Merger This action arises from Plaintiff’s request for indemnification from Ecolab, Inc. (“Ecolab”), a Delaware corporation in the business of providing water, hygiene, and energy technologies.3 The corporation at the center of this dispute is Ecovation, Inc. (“Ecovation” or the “Company”), a Delaware corporation that was in the business of providing sustainable wastewater treatment and renewable energy solutions.4 In 2008, Ecolab acquired Ecovation through a merger.5 Diane C. Creel 1 On a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the Court may consider a document outside the pleadings if “the document is integral to a plaintiff’s claim and incorporated into the complaint” or “the document is not being relied upon to prove the truth of its contents.” Vanderbilt Income & Growth Assocs., L.L.C. v. Arvida/JMB Managers, Inc., 691 A.2d 609, 613 (Del. 1996) (citing In re Santa Fe Pac. Corp. S’holder Litig., 669 A.2d 59, 69-70 (Del. 1995)); see Allen v. Encore Energy P’rs, L.P., 72 A.3d 93, 96 n.2 (Del. 2013). 2 See Ct. Ch. R. 56(c). 3 Compl. ¶ 7. 4 Id. Ex. B ¶ 19. 5 See id. Ex. C. Creel v. Ecolab, Inc. C.A. No. 12917-VCMR October 31, 2018 Page 3 of 32 was the President, Chief Executive Officer, and Chair of the Board of Directors of Ecovation from May 2003 until the 2008 merger.6 When Creel joined Ecovation, it was struggling financially.7 In June 2004, W. Jerome Frautschi, as trustee of the W. Jerome Frautschi Living Trusts and agent of the Pleasant T. Rowland Revocable Trusts (together, the “Trusts”),8 caused the Trusts to extend a $30 million line of credit to the Company; this agreement was memorialized in the Line of Credit Agreement (the “LOC”). 9 After Ecovation’s Board of Directors unanimously approved the LOC, Frautschi joined the Board in May 2004.10 He served in that capacity until he resigned in November 2005.11 6 Compl. ¶ 10. After Ecolab acquired Ecovation, Creel no longer served as a director or officer of Ecovation; she became an employee of Ecolab. Id. 7 Id. Ex. A ¶ 25. 8 Compl. Ex. G, at 4 (listing Frautschi as Trustee of the W. Jerome Frautschi Living Trust). The parties never explicitly define Frautschi’s relationship to the Pleasant T. Rowland Revocable Trust. See, e.g., Def.’s Opening Br. 8 (describing the Trusts as “owned and controlled by Mr. Frautschi and his wife”). I presume an agency relationship for purposes of this opinion. This presumption has no bearing on my analysis or decision. 9 Compl. Ex. A ¶¶ 24-25. 10 Id. ¶ 21. 11 Id. ¶ 37. Creel v. Ecolab, Inc. C.A. No. 12917-VCMR October 31, 2018 Page 4 of 32 The $30 million LOC proved insufficient to resolve the Company’s financial problems.12 Therefore, Creel negotiated with the Trusts over the next three years to amend the LOC multiple times and increase the Company’s financing to over $60 million. B. The Underlying Proceedings Creel’s request for indemnification in this action stems from proceedings in the New York Supreme Court (the “Ahlers Action”) and in the United States District Court for the Western District of New York (the “ITV Action”).13 Both underlying actions involved allegations that Creel provided material nonpublic inside information to Frautschi and the Trusts regarding Ecolab’s desire to acquire Ecovation.14 1. The Ahlers Action In the Ahlers Action, the plaintiffs asserted claims for breach of fiduciary duty, interested director transactions, breach of the Charter, and unjust enrichment against Creel, Frautschi, and the Trusts.15 12 Id. ¶ 45. 13 Id. ¶ 1. 14 Id. Ex. A ¶¶ 96-102; id. Ex. B ¶ 328. 15 Id. Ex. B ¶¶ 391-442. The defendants prevailed on summary Creel v. Ecolab, Inc. C.A. No. 12917-VCMR October 31, 2018 Page 5 of 32 judgment.16 The New York Appellate Division, Fourth Department, affirmed the trial court’s order on June 30, 2017.17 The parties filed no further appeals.18 2. The ITV Action In 2008, a stockholder of Ecovation, Industrial Technology Ventures, L.P. (“ITV”), filed an action against Creel, Frautschi, and the Trusts.19 In that action, the plaintiff asserted claims against Creel for breach of fiduciary duty, tortious interference with business relationships, securities fraud, common law fraud, and civil conspiracy.20 The plaintiff alleged that while Creel and Frautschi were directors of Ecovation, they, together with the Trusts, schemed to “take advantage of the Company’s precarious financial positon and looming default” under a provision of the LOC.21 The plaintiff further alleged that because Creel, in her capacity as Ecovation’s CEO and President, ignored other sources of investment and because 16 Id. ¶ 92. 17 Id. 18 Id. 19 Compl. ¶ 22; Def.’s Opp’n Br. 1. 20 Id. ¶ 24. 21 Id. Ex. A ¶ 35. Creel v. Ecolab, Inc. C.A. No. 12917-VCMR October 31, 2018 Page 6 of 32 the Trusts increased the LOC, the Trusts were in a position of significant power to threaten foreclosure on the LOC.22 The Trusts also owned a substantial amount of stock and stock warrants in the Company.23 Under the terms of the LOC, the Company issued warrants to the Trusts to purchase shares of Company stock for $0.01 per share.24 Through the LOC and the terms of the Trusts’ loans to the Company, the Trusts increased their ownership of Series A Preferred Stock to over fifty percent, also increasing their already substantial influence.25 In 2007, allegedly after receiving material nonpublic information from Creel regarding Ecolab’s interest in acquiring Ecovation, the Trusts purchased additional Series A Preferred stock from other investors, including the plaintiff.26 As a consequence of Ecolab’s acquisition of Ecovation, the Trusts made a substantial profit on the shares they purchased from the plaintiff.27 The ITV complaint followed. 22 Id. ¶¶ 59, 61, 70. 23 Id. ¶¶ 26, 29. 24 Id. ¶ 64. 25 Id. ¶ 71. 26 Id. ¶¶ 102, 106. 27 Id. ¶ 128. Creel v. Ecolab, Inc. C.A. No. 12917-VCMR October 31, 2018 Page 7 of 32 Throughout the ITV Action, Ecolab advanced defense fees and expenses to Creel, first through its directors’ and officers’ liability policy and later, when that policy was exhausted, from its own funds.28 3. Settlement of the ITV Action The parties in the ITV Action began considering settlement in 2015.29 They attempted mediation but were unsuccessful.30 Nonetheless, they continued settlement negotiations.31 Counsel for Creel and counsel for Frautschi and the Trusts estimated that a reasonable settlement of the claims would fall in the range of $3 million to $5 million.32 They communicated this estimate in a memorandum to Ecolab’s counsel in September 2015.33 In April 2016, the parties reached a settlement agreement in principle.34 The total settlement amount was $4.9 million; the parties to the ITV Action apportioned 28 Compl. ¶ 38; see id. ¶¶ 42-43. 29 See id. ¶¶ 37, 41. 30 Id. ¶¶ 41, 45. 31 Id. ¶ 46. 32 Id. ¶¶ 39, 48; Glorioso Aff. Ex. 11. 33 Compl. ¶ 39; Glorioso Aff. Ex. 11. 34 Compl. ¶ 51. Creel v. Ecolab, Inc. C.A. No. 12917-VCMR October 31, 2018 Page 8 of 32 $2.94 million to Creel and $1.96 million to the Frautschi and the Trusts (together, the “Frautschi Parties”).35 As a condition to settlement, the agreement required Ecolab to fully indemnify Creel for her portion of the settlement.36 Counsel for Creel and counsel for the Frautschi Parties communicated the terms of this agreement to Ecolab’s counsel on April 28, 2016.37 Nearly three months later, on July 19, 2016, Ecolab’s counsel informed Creel and the Frautschi Parties, through their counsel, that Ecolab would contribute $3 million to the settlement.38 This contribution would be contingent on releases from Creel and the Frautschi Parties as to claims for indemnification, an unacceptable result for the Frautschi Parties.39 As such, the parties did not effectuate the agreement in principle, and Ecolab did not contribute any money toward settlement.40 The parties continued settlement discussions. In August 2016, the parties executed a Settlement Term Sheet that largely reflected their agreement in principle 35 Id. 36 Id. ¶ 52. 37 Id. ¶ 57. 38 Id. ¶ 58. 39 Id. 40 Id. Creel v. Ecolab, Inc. C.A. No. 12917-VCMR October 31, 2018 Page 9 of 32 from April 2016.41 The Settlement Term Sheet contained the same apportionment: $2.94 million to be “paid on behalf of Defendant Diane C. Creel,” and $1.96 million to “be paid by” the Frautschi Defendants.42 Although Creel, Frautschi, and the Trusts were aware of Ecolab’s position regarding its contribution, the Settlement Term Sheet contained a condition that Ecolab agree to pay or be ordered by a court to pay Ms. Creel’s portion of the settlement.43 This contingency reduced the certainty of settlement, and the district court placed the proceeding on its trial calendar for January 2018.44 In October 2016, Ecolab denied Creel’s demand for indemnification.45 The parties in the ITV Action therefore could not move forward with the Settlement Term Sheet.46 The parties agreed to modify the terms of the settlement to eliminate the indemnification contingency.47 To move forward with settlement of the ITV Action, 41 Id. ¶ 60; id. Ex. G. 42 Id. Ex G, at 1. 43 Id. at 1-2; Compl. ¶ 77; see id. ¶ 58. 44 Id. ¶ 78. 45 Id. ¶¶ 79-80. 46 Id. ¶ 81. 47 Id. ¶ 82. Creel v. Ecolab, Inc. C.A. No. 12917-VCMR October 31, 2018 Page 10 of 32 the Trusts agreed to advance to Creel her portion of the settlement proceeds. 48 The Trusts and Creel memorialized this advancement in the written Agreement to Effectuate Settlement Agreement dated April 24, 2017 (“Effectuation Agreement”).49 Under the terms of the Effectuation Agreement, the Trusts advanced Creel’s portion of the settlement, and Creel agreed to pursue indemnification from Ecolab.50 If Creel is successful in obtaining indemnification, she must reimburse the Trusts for any amount she receives in indemnification, up to the amount the Trusts advanced.51 To remove the contingency of indemnification from settlement in the ITV Action, the plaintiff agreed to reduce the settlement amount to $4.65 million, a difference of $250,000.52 The parties reduced the Trusts’ portions of the settlement because the Trusts were assuming the risk that Creel may not be successful in her indemnification claim.53 48 Id. ¶ 83; id. Ex. H, at 1. 49 Id. Ex. H. 50 Id. §§ 1-2. 51 Id. § 1. 52 Compl. ¶ 84. 53 Id. ¶ 85. Creel v. Ecolab, Inc. C.A. No. 12917-VCMR October 31, 2018 Page 11 of 32 On April 25, 2017, the parties signed a formal Settlement and Release Agreement (the “Settlement”).54 Ecolab did not explicitly approve the Settlement.55 Under the terms of the Settlement and the Effectuation Agreement, the Trusts provided $2.94 million to Creel’s counsel, who in turn transferred that amount to plaintiff’s counsel.56 The Frautschi Parties also paid their portions of the Settlement to the plaintiff.57 The district court dismissed the ITV Action on May 1, 2017.58 II. ANALYSIS OF ECOLAB’S MOTION TO DISMISS In this action, Creel seeks indemnification for her portion of the Settlement in the ITV Action (Count I), the difference between Creel’s defense counsel’s standard hourly rates and the discounted rate Ecolab actually paid in the ITV and Ahlers Actions (Count II), and the fees Creel incurred to enforce her indemnification rights in this action (Count III).59 54 Id. ¶ 86; id. Ex. I. 55 See Compl. ¶ 80. 56 Id. ¶ 87; id. Ex. H § 1; id. Ex. I § 3(d). 57 Compl. ¶ 87; id. Ex. I § 3(a)-(c). 58 Compl. ¶ 88; id. Ex. N. 59 See generally Compl. ¶¶ 101-27. Creel v. Ecolab, Inc. C.A. No. 12917-VCMR October 31, 2018 Page 12 of 32 Ecolab filed its Motion to Dismiss Count I of the Complaint on October 13, 2017,60 and an amended motion on November 13, 2017 (the “Motion to Dismiss”).61 Ecolab argues that Creel fails to state a claim under Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(6) because Creel did not actually incur her portion of the Settlement when the Trusts advanced that amount to her.62 When considering a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(6), a court must accept all well-pled factual allegations in the complaint as true, accept even vague allegations in the complaint as well-pled if they provide the defendant notice of the claim, “draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party,” and deny the motion unless the plaintiff could not recover “under any reasonably conceivable set of circumstances susceptible of proof.”63 A. Section 145 of the General Corporate Law of Delaware This Court has long recognized the dual policies of Section 145: (a) [to allow] corporate officials to resist unjustified lawsuits, secure in the knowledge that, if vindicated, the 60 D.I. 58. 61 D.I. 67. 62 See generally Def.’s Opening Br. Mot. to Dismiss 17-30. 63 Savor, Inc. v. FMR Corp., 812 A.2d 894, 896-97 (Del. 2002). Creel v. Ecolab, Inc. C.A. No. 12917-VCMR October 31, 2018 Page 13 of 32 corporation will bear the expense of litigation; and (b) [to encourage] capable women and men to serve as corporate directors and officers, secure in the knowledge that the corporation will absorb the costs of defending their honesty and integrity.64 Additionally, “[Section 145] should be broadly interpreted to further the goals it was enacted to achieve.”65 Section 145(a) authorizes Delaware corporations to indemnify directors, officers, employees, and agents in connection with actions brought against them by third parties: A corporation shall have power to indemnify any person who was or is a party . . . to any . . . action, suit or proceeding . . . (other than an action by or in the right of the corporation) by reason of the fact that the person is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the corporation . . . against expenses (including attorneys’ fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by the person in connection with such action, suit or proceeding if the person acted in good faith and in a manner the person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation . . . .66 64 VonFeldt v. Stifel Fin. Corp., 714 A.2d 79, 84 (Del. 1998). 65 Stifel Fin. Corp. v. Cochran, 809 A.2d 555, 561 (Del. 2002). 66 8 Del. C. § 145(a). Creel v. Ecolab, Inc. C.A. No. 12917-VCMR October 31, 2018 Page 14 of 32 Stated differently, to obtain indemnification under Section 145(a), the director, officer, employee, or agent must show that (1) she was a party to a threatened, pending, or completed action, suit, or proceeding by reason of the fact that she was a director, officer, employee, or agent of the corporation; (2) the action, suit, or proceeding was brought neither by nor in the right of the corporation; (3) she actually and reasonably incurred attorneys’ fees, expenses, judgments, fines, or amounts paid in settlement in connection with the action, suit, or proceeding; and (4) she “acted in good faith and in a manner [she] reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation.”67 Ecovation’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “Charter”) provides Creel with indemnification against “all expense, liability and loss (including attorneys’ fees, judgments, fines, ERISA excise taxes or penalties and amounts paid in settlement) reasonably incurred or suffered by the indemnitee.”68 Ecovation’s Bylaws (the “Bylaws”) provide Creel with indemnification to the “fullest extent authorized or permitted by the Delaware 67 Id. 68 Compl. Ex D, at 16. Ecovation was formerly known as AnAerobics, Inc.; the Charter reflects the former name. Creel v. Ecolab, Inc. C.A. No. 12917-VCMR October 31, 2018 Page 15 of 32 General Corporation Law.”69 In its Motion to Dismiss, Ecolab challenges only that Creel did not actually “incur” a loss or expense in the Settlement of the ITV Action because the Trust paid Creel’s portion of the Settlement and because she will never pay her portion of the Settlement.70 B. Creel Has Stated a Reasonably Conceivable Claim That She Incurred the Settlement Amount This Court has defined “incur” in the advancement context as “to become liable and subject to” and “[t]o suffer or bring on oneself (a liability or expense).”71 The parties here do not dispute the definition of incur; rather, they dispute whether, under the facts and circumstances surrounding the Settlement, Creel’s portion of the Settlement falls within this definition. 69 Id. Ex. E art. V, § 1, at 9. The Bylaws reflect Ecovation’s former name, AnAerobics, Inc. 70 See generally Def.’s Opening Br. Mot. to Dismiss 17-30. 71 Pontone v. Milso Indus. Corp., 100 A.3d 1023, 1039-40 (Del. Ch. 2014) (alteration in original) (quoting Agere Sys., Inc. v. Worthington Steel Co., 2013 WL 4958220, at *9 (Del. Super. Sept. 12, 2013), aff’d, 89 A.3d 478 (Del. 2014); Ameristar Casinos, Inc. v. Resorts Int’l Hldgs., LLC, 2010 WL 1875631, at *9 (Del. Ch. May 11, 2010)). Creel v. Ecolab, Inc. C.A. No. 12917-VCMR October 31, 2018 Page 16 of 32 The Company points to Levy v. HLI Operating Co.72 and Pontone v. Milso Industries Corp.73 to argue that Creel did not incur any expense because the Trusts paid the expense as the Effectuation Agreement legally required the Trusts to do. In Levy, the Court held that parties who had been fully reimbursed for certain expenses by one indemnitor lacked standing to pursue indemnification for the same expenses from a different indemnitor.74 HLI Operating Company, Inc. (“Old Hayes”) issued restatements of its financial results.75 Thereafter, stockholders sued six former directors of Old Hayes in multiple securities lawsuits.76 To settle certain of those lawsuits, the former directors agreed to pay $1.2 million each.77 They then requested indemnification from Old Hayes for those payments under the indemnification provision of Old Hayes’s bylaws and various indemnification 72 924 A.2d 210 (Del. Ch. 2007). 73 100 A.3d 1023 (Del. Ch. 2014). 74 924 A.2d at 224. 75 Id. at 214. 76 Id. 77 See id. Creel v. Ecolab, Inc. C.A. No. 12917-VCMR October 31, 2018 Page 17 of 32 agreements.78 When Old Hayes rejected the directors’ request, the former directors filed suit.79 During the indemnification litigation, discovery documents revealed that JLL Fund, a major stockholder of Old Hayes that had appointed four of the plaintiff directors (the “JLL Representatives”), paid the $1.2 million settlement for each of the JLL Representatives.80 JLL Fund made these payments pursuant to contractual indemnification obligations it owed the JLL Representatives.81 Using this information, Old Hayes argued that the JLL Representatives suffered no injury and lacked standing to bring their indemnification claim.82 On that argument, Old Hayes moved for summary judgment.83 The Court granted summary judgment and explained its reasoning as follows: When a purported indemnitee has all of his indemnifiable expenses paid in full and cannot show an out-of-pocket loss, he has no claim for indemnification under section 145. The relevant provisions of that statute empower a 78 Id. at 214-15. 79 Id. at 216. 80 Id. at 216-17. 81 Id. at 217. 82 Id. at 217-18. 83 Id. at 217. Creel v. Ecolab, Inc. C.A. No. 12917-VCMR October 31, 2018 Page 18 of 32 corporation to provide indemnification of only those amounts “actually . . . incurred by the person . . . .” This language is best understood as a statutory embodiment of the common law of indemnification, which generally recognizes that a party who “‘has not and will not sustain any actual out-of-pocket loss’ as the result of a claim raised against it has no indemnification claim . . . .” Therefore, under this reading of section 145, once a coindemnitor fully reimburses its indemnitee for indemnifiable liabilities, the indemnitee lacks standing to assert an indemnification claim against the other indemnitor in the indemnitee’s own right.84 The Court further held that JLL Fund was the real party-in-interest because it fully satisfied its obligations to its indemnitees.85 As such, JLL Fund could sue the co-indemnitor on a theory of contribution.86 In Pontone, the Court held that because the plaintiff, a former officer and director, received advancement from a competitor under a separate indemnification agreement, he lacked standing to pursue advancement for expenses already paid by the competitor.87 The plaintiff in Pontone had resigned from his position as 84 Id. at 222-23 (omissions in original) (quoting 8 Del. C. §§ 145(a)-(c); Perno v. ForMed Med. Gp., P.C., 673 N.Y.S.2d 849, 851 (Sup. Ct. 1998)). 85 Id. at 224. 86 Id. 87 100 A.3d 1023 at 1045. Creel v. Ecolab, Inc. C.A. No. 12917-VCMR October 31, 2018 Page 19 of 32 executive vice president and director of two corporations.88 As part of his resignation, he agreed not to compete with or solicit customers from the corporations for three years.89 At the end of the three-year period, the plaintiff became a consultant for a competitor corporation.90 The corporations brought litigation against the plaintiff challenging the propriety of the plaintiff’s consulting agreement with the competitor.91 The plaintiff executed a loan agreement with the competitor.92 Under that agreement, the competitor agreed to advance the plaintiff’s legal fees and expenses in the underlying proceeding and in the advancement proceeding against the corporations.93 The terms of the loan agreement required the plaintiff to repay the advanced expenses if he recovered them from the corporations.94 The terms also 88 Id. at 1029. 89 Id. 90 Id. 91 Id. at 1030. 92 Id. at 1032. 93 Id. 94 Id. at 1033-34. Creel v. Ecolab, Inc. C.A. No. 12917-VCMR October 31, 2018 Page 20 of 32 forgave all advanced expenses if the plaintiff was unsuccessful in his advancement proceeding against the corporations.95 The loan agreement, which the plaintiff and competitor entered into after the commencement of litigation, also referenced the indemnification terms of the consulting agreement, which they entered into before any litigation.96 The consulting agreement explicitly indemnified the plaintiff against third-party claims, expenses, and costs arising out of the consulting agreement.97 The Court agreed with the corporations that the loan and consulting agreements provided rights of mandatory advancement and indemnification from the competitor for expenses incurred in the underlying proceeding.98 Thus, the plaintiff lacked standing to pursue advancement from the corporation for expenses already paid.99 Ecolab argues that the Effectuation Agreement between Creel and the Trusts is similar to the indemnification agreements in Levy and Pontone and that the 95 Id. at 1034. 96 Id. at 1029, 1032-34. 97 Id. at 1033. 98 Id. at 1037-38. 99 Id. at 1059. Creel v. Ecolab, Inc. C.A. No. 12917-VCMR October 31, 2018 Page 21 of 32 payment by the Trusts on behalf of Creel under the terms of the Effectuation Agreement is similar to the indemnification and advancement payments made on behalf of the plaintiffs in Levy and Pontone because (1) the Effectuation Agreement’s provisions regarding reimbursement are similar to those of common indemnification agreement and (2) Creel is not actually responsible for her portion of the Settlement.100 Creel asserts that the Effectuation Agreement is not an indemnification agreement. First, the indemnification agreements in Levy and Pontone explicitly and unambiguously provided indemnification rights.101 By comparison, a cursory review of the language of the Effectuation Agreement reveals no explicit or unambiguous language regarding indemnification.102 To the contrary, the Effectuation Agreement states the purpose of the agreement is to “complete settlement of the ITV Action,” 100 Def.’s Opening Br. Mot. to Dismiss 19-26. 101 Levy, 924 A.2d at 216 (“[U]nder the relevant provision of JLL Fund's limited partnership agreement, each of the JLL Representatives enjoyed broad indemnification rights for actions taken on behalf of the partnership.”); Pontone, 100 A.3d 1023, at 1033. 102 See Compl. Ex. H. Creel v. Ecolab, Inc. C.A. No. 12917-VCMR October 31, 2018 Page 22 of 32 and the agreement requires that Creel “reimburse the Trusts” upon the successful conclusion of Creel’s indemnification claim against Ecolab.103 Second, the context in which Creel’s counsel and the Trusts’ counsel drafted the Effectuation Agreement is very different from the contexts of Levy and Pontone. For example, in Pontone, the indemnification agreement was part of a larger agreement, the consulting agreement.104 Also, in both Levy and Pontone, the coindemnitors entered into the indemnification agreements before the litigation commenced, and the co-indemnitors, thus, had pre-existing obligations to their indemnitees.105 Here, the Effectuation Agreement is limited in scope to the payment and potential reimbursement of the Settlement, and Creel and the Trusts entered into the agreement to settle the then-extant litigation.106 The Trusts had no pre-existing obligation to Creel to advance her portion of the Settlement. 103 Id. at 1. 104 Pontone, 100 A.3d at 1033. 105 Compare id. at 1029 (consulting agreement dated May 30, 2010), with id. at 1032 (advancement proceeding commenced August 26, 2013); compare Levy, 924 A.2d at 216-17 (indemnification rights established under limited partnership agreement of JLL Fund), with id. at 217 (payment of already-existing indemnification obligations). 106 See Compl. Ex. H, at 1. Creel v. Ecolab, Inc. C.A. No. 12917-VCMR October 31, 2018 Page 23 of 32 Third and finally, counsel for Creel submitted to the Court that they drafted the agreement to ensure that the agreement did not adversely affect Creel’s indemnification rights and that the agreement only facilitated settlement of the ITV Action when Ecolab shirked its advancement obligation by refusing to advance payment of Creel’s portion of the Settlement.107 Creel points to DeLucca v. KKAT Management, L.L.C.108 and Schoon v. Troy Corp.109 to respond that she did incur the Settlement expense because the Trusts acted as volunteers and because she is obligated to repay them in the event she is successful in this indemnification action. This line of Delaware cases suggests that this Court will not allow the purported indemnitor to shirk its obligations because of the efforts of a volunteer. In DeLucca, the Court refused to allow the company to stall payment when the person owed advancement rights “find[s] an affluent aunt, best friend, or other third party to front her defense costs” because this creates a “perverse incentive” for companies to refuse to provide advancement.110 Similarly 107 Oral Arg. Tr. 50:1-11. 108 2006 WL 224058 (Del. Ch. Jan. 23, 2006). 109 948 A.2d 1157 (Del. Ch. 2008), superseded on other grounds by statute, 77 Del. Laws ch. 14, § 3 (2009). 110 DeLucca, 2006 WL 224058, at *9. Creel v. Ecolab, Inc. C.A. No. 12917-VCMR October 31, 2018 Page 24 of 32 in Schoon, which then-Vice Chancellor Lamb decided only ten months after issuing his ruling in Levy, the Court echoed the holding of DeLucca and refused to provide a “perverse incentive” to companies when a third party “voluntarily under[takes] to [advance] fees and expenses without obligation.”111 Defendant argues, and I acknowledge, that DeLucca and Schoon arose in the advancement context.112 Defendant, however, does not provide any justification why Delaware policy should not prevent a corporation from shirking its indemnification obligation when a third party advances payment without a preexisting obligation, when that same policy prevents corporations from shirking their advancement obligations. Thus, while I do not resolve for purposes of this motion whether the Effectuation Agreement is, or is not, an indemnification agreement, I rule that Creel has stated a reasonably conceivable claim that the Effectuation Agreement is not an indemnification agreement, which would make the teachings of Levy and Pontone inapplicable here. I also do not decide whether the holdings of DeLucca and Schoon 111 Schoon, 948 A.2d at 1175. 112 Def.’s Reply Br. Mot. to Dismiss 16. Creel v. Ecolab, Inc. C.A. No. 12917-VCMR October 31, 2018 Page 25 of 32 apply at this point. I only point out the alternative role the Trusts may have acted in, if they were not co-indemnitors. III. ANALYSIS OF CREEL’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT Creel seeks summary judgment on all counts of her Complaint. She seeks indemnification for her portion of the Settlement, indemnification for her attorneys’ fees at her counsel’s standard hourly rates, and fees-on-fees for this action to enforce her indemnification rights.113 Additionally, Creel seeks pre-judgment interest on these amounts.114 In its opposition to Creel’s motion, Ecolab argues that Creel is not entitled to indemnification because (1) Creel did not incur her portion of the Settlement, as argued in the Motion to Dismiss, (2) Creel did not obtain the required approval of the Settlement from Ecolab, and (3) the Settlement allocation was not reasonable.115 A. Standard of Review Summary judgment will be “granted if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a 113 See generally Compl. ¶¶ 101-27. 114 Id. at 35-36. 115 Def.’s Opp’n Br. Mot. Summ. J. 30-52. Creel v. Ecolab, Inc. C.A. No. 12917-VCMR October 31, 2018 Page 26 of 32 judgment as a matter of law.”116 The movant bears the initial burden of demonstrating that there is no question of material fact.117 When the movant carries that burden, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party “to present some specific, admissible evidence that there is a genuine issue of fact for a trial.”118 When considering a motion for summary judgment, this Court must view the evidence and the inferences drawn from the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.119 Even so, the nonmoving party may not rely on allegations or denials in the pleadings to create a material factual dispute.120 B. Indemnification for Creel’s Portion of the Settlement As I explained above,121 Ecolab’s argument that Creel did not incur any loss or expense associated with the Settlement requires this Court to interpret the 116 Twin Bridges Ltd. P’ship v. Draper, 2007 WL 2744609, at *8 (Del. Ch. Sept. 14, 2007) (citing Ct. Ch. R. 56(c)). 117 Deloitte LLP v. Flanagan, 2009 WL 5200657, at *3 (Del. Ch. Dec. 29, 2009). 118 Id. (citing Watson v. Taylor, 829 A.2d 936 (TABLE), 2003 WL 21810822, at *2 (Del. Aug. 4, 2003)). 119 Judah v. Del. Tr. Co., 378 A.2d 624, 632 (Del. 1977); Fike v. Ruger, 754 A.2d 254, 260 (Del. Ch. 1999), aff’d, 752 A.2d 112 (Del. 2000). 120 Ct. Ch. R. 56(e). 121 See Section II.B above. Creel v. Ecolab, Inc. C.A. No. 12917-VCMR October 31, 2018 Page 27 of 32 Effectuation Agreement and determine whether it is, or is not, an indemnification agreement. Both parties provide objectively reasonable interpretations of the Effectuation Agreement. Ecolab argues that the Effectuation Agreement is an indemnification agreement because it obligated the Trusts to pay Creel’s portion of the Settlement and does not obligate Creel to repay the Trusts if she is unsuccessful in her indemnification claim.122 This interpretation stresses characteristics that are present in traditional indemnification agreements. Creel, on the other hand, asserts that the Effectuation Agreement is not an indemnification agreement because the Trusts had no pre-existing obligation to indemnify Creel and because Creel is required to repay the Trusts if she is successful in this indemnification action; the agreement simply allowed the parties to complete settlement of the ITV Action. Creel’s interpretation highlights the Trusts’ voluntary role. Faced with two reasonable interpretations, I must examine the intent of the parties when they entered into the agreement. Creel and Ecolab have submitted exhibits to support, or oppose, this motion for summary judgment. None of these exhibits, however, allow me to deduce the intent of Creel and the Trusts when creating the Effectuation Agreement. Without more factual information regarding 122 Def.’s Opening Br. Mot. to Dismiss 27-28. Creel v. Ecolab, Inc. C.A. No. 12917-VCMR October 31, 2018 Page 28 of 32 the intent of Creel and the Trusts, I cannot appropriately interpret the Effectuation Agreement.123 I, therefore, deny summary judgment as to indemnification for Creel’s portion of the Settlement. C. Indemnification for Creel’s Attorneys’ Fees at Standard Hourly Rates Ecolab provided Creel with advancement during the ITV and Ahlers Actions; however, Ecolab demanded a discount on the attorneys’ fees of approximately nine percent off the standard 2015 rate, and Ecolab refused to permit any annual rate increases.124 Ecolab rejected annual rate increases based on its policy with its own outside counsel to hold hourly billing rates level during the pendency of a matter.125 Ecolab based the discount on Creel’s counsel’s decision to offer a discount to the directors’ and officers’ liability insurer that originally paid the fees. Creel’s counsel agreed to submit invoices at the discounted rate without annual rate increases but 123 This factual information will illuminate the legal issue surrounding the Effectuation Agreement. In re Dairy Mart Convenience Stores, Inc. Deriv. Litig., 1999 WL 350473, at *11 (Del. Ch. May 24, 1999) (“[T]his Court has the discretion to deny summary judgment if it decides that a more thorough development of the record would clarify the law or its application.” (citing Alexander Indus., Inc. v. Hill, 211 A.2d 917, 918-19 (Del. 1965); Ebersole v. Lownegrub, 180 A.2d 467, 468-69 (Del. 1962))). 124 Grant Aff. Ex. 26, at DC0000916. 125 Id. at DC0000914. Creel v. Ecolab, Inc. C.A. No. 12917-VCMR October 31, 2018 Page 29 of 32 reserved its right to seek recovery of the higher rates.126 Defendant does not dispute these facts.127 Creel now seeks indemnification for her counsel’s standard hourly rates, without any discount and with annual rate increases, and prejudgment interest on those additional attorneys’ fees. Section 145(a) requires that the indemnitee’s attorneys’ fees be reasonable.128 “A party’s expenses are reasonable if they were ‘actually paid or incurred[,] . . . were . . . thought prudent and appropriate in the good faith professional judgment of competent counsel[,] and were charge[d] . . . at rates, or on a basis, charged to others for the same or comparable services under comparable circumstances.’”129 Advancement is a contractual right governed by the terms of the operative agreement. When a company has provided a covered person with a mandatory advancement right conditioned only on an undertaking to pay, the company “does not have the right to impose any terms or conditions on . . . advancement other than an undertaking to repay.” . . . [The company] cannot now build in other obligations. . . . [The company] could have built 126 Grant Aff. Ex. 3, at 35 (Ecolab’s response to RFA No. 51). 127 See Def.’s Opp’n Br. Mot. Summ. J. 53-56. 128 8 Del. C. § 145(a) (limiting indemnification to “expenses (including attorneys’ fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred”). 129 White v. Curo Tex. Hldgs., LLC, 2017 WL 1369332, at *5 (Del. Ch. Feb. 21, 2017) (alterations and omissions in original) (quoting Delphi Easter P’rs Ltd. P’ship v. Spectacular P’rs, Inc., 1993 WL 328079, at *9 (Del Ch. Aug. 6, 1993)). Creel v. Ecolab, Inc. C.A. No. 12917-VCMR October 31, 2018 Page 30 of 32 conditions and limitations into the advancement right . . . . What [the company] cannot do now is retrospectively revise the advancement right to insert conditions and limitation that are not part of the contract.130 Ecolab does not assert that Creel’s counsel’s standard rates for attorneys’ fees are unreasonable.131 Instead, it argues that when a third party is paying an indemnitee’s attorneys’ fees, the third party must be allowed to determine the appropriateness of the billing rate.132 While parties may agree to such a third-party determination, Delaware law does not mandate it. The advancement provisions of Ecolab’s Charter and Bylaws required Ecolab to pay Creel’s attorneys’ fees.133 These provisions fail to state any conditions on attorneys’ fees.134 If Ecolab desired to pay the same rates as the policy insurer without any annual increases, then it should have included these conditions in its 130 White, 2017 WL 1369332, at *7-8 (first omission in original) (quoting Blankenship v. Alpha Appalachia Hldgs., Inc., 2015 WL 3408255, at *26 (Del. Ch. May 20, 2015)). 131 See Def.’s Opp’n Br. Mot. Summ. J. 53-56. 132 Id. at 55. 133 Compl. Ex. D, at 17; id. Ex. E art. V, § 3. 134 See Compl. Ex. D, at 17; id. Ex. E art. V, § 3. Creel v. Ecolab, Inc. C.A. No. 12917-VCMR October 31, 2018 Page 31 of 32 Charter, Bylaws, and Indemnification Agreement. It did not, and therefore, it cannot impose these conditions after the fact.135 For the foregoing reasons, I grant Creel’s Motion for Summary Judgment as to additional attorneys’ fees at counsel’s standard hourly rates. I also award prejudgment interest for the additional attorneys’ fees. Prejudgment interest accrues at the legal rate set forth in 6 Del. C. § 2301(a) and is compounded quarterly.136 D. Fees-on-Fees Indemnitees may recover expenses incurred in prosecuting an indemnification suit, or fees-on-fees, when they are awarded indemnification.137 Because the largest amount at issue, Creel’s portion of the Settlement, remains unresolved, I reserve judgment at this time. IV. CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, I determine that Plaintiff has stated a reasonably conceivable claim and, therefore, DENY Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss. I GRANT 135 White, 2017 WL 1369332, at *8 (“[The Company] also could have built conditions and limitations into the advancement right . . . . What [it] cannot do now is retrospectively revise the advancement right to insert conditions and limitations that are not part of the contract.”). 136 Underbrink v. Warrior Energy Servs. Corp., 2008 WL 2262316, at *19 (Del. Ch. May 30, 2008). 137 See Stifel Fin. Corp. v. Cochran, 809 A.2d 555, 561 (Del. 2002). Creel v. Ecolab, Inc. C.A. No. 12917-VCMR October 31, 2018 Page 32 of 32 in part and DENY in part Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment. The nature of the Effectuation Agreement, whether it is, or is not, an indemnification agreement, the question of whether Creel “actually incurred” her portion of the Settlement, and a determination as to Creel’s claim for fees-on-fees remain open issues for trial.138 IT IS SO ORDERED. Sincerely, /s/Tamika Montgomery-Reeves Vice Chancellor TMR/jp 138 I address Ecolab’s argument that Creel did not obtain approval of the Settlement in a separate letter opinion issued today. I do not address Ecolab’s reasonableness argument as it is contingent on a showing that Creel did not incur her portion of the Settlement.

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