California v. Cook
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Defendant-appellant Victoria Cook pled guilty to the misdemeanor offense of driving with a suspended license. A jury convicted defendant of three counts of gross vehicular manslaughter for the respective deaths of Zaria Williams, Christine Giambra, and Cedric Page.1 The jury additionally found true three allegations attached to the count 1 offense that defendant had personally inflicted great bodily injury upon Giambra, Page, and Robert Valentine. The court sentenced defendant to an aggregate term of incarceration of nine years, eight months, striking punishment for the enhancements as to Giambra and Page, but imposing a three-year consecutive term for the enhancement as to Valentine. On appeal, defendant argued: (1) the court erred in excluding evidence of the victims' propensity for reckless driving as a potential defense of legal necessity; (2) the State committed prejudicial prosecutorial misconduct in alluding to the pristine driving records of the victims and witnesses; (3) the enhancements should have been reversed because the statute explicitly forbade its application to cases of manslaughter; and (4) the trial court abused its discretion by denying defendant's request for release of juror information. After review, the Court of Appeal reversed the true findings on enhancements. The Court affirmed in all other respects.
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Filed 4/28/15; on remand CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION* IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT DIVISION TWO THE PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, E054307 v. (Super.Ct.No. SWF10000834) VICTORIA SAMANTHA COOK, OPINION Defendant and Appellant. APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Dennis A. McConaghy, Judge. Affirmed in part, reversed in part. Thomas K. Macomber, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant. Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Steven T. Oetting and Tami Falkenstein Hennick, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent. * Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rules 8.1105(b) and 8.1110, this opinion is certified for publication with the exception of parts A, B, and C. 1 Defendant and appellant Victoria Samantha Cook pled guilty to the misdemeanor offense of driving with a suspended license (count 4—Vehicle Code, § 14601.1, subd. (a)). Thereafter, a jury convicted defendant of three counts of gross vehicular manslaughter for the respective deaths of Zaria Williams (Williams), Christine Giambra (Giambra), and Cedric Page (Page) (counts 1-3—Pen. Code, § 192, subd. (c)(1)).1 The jury additionally found true three allegations attached to the count 1 offense that defendant had personally inflicted great bodily injury upon Giambra, Page, and Robert Valentine (Valentine) (Pen. Code, § 12022.7, subd. (a)). The court sentenced defendant to an aggregate term of incarceration of nine years, eight months, striking punishment for the enhancements as to Giambra and Page, but imposing a three-year consecutive term for the enhancement as to Valentine. On appeal, defendant makes four assignments of error: (1) the court erred in excluding evidence of the victims propensity for reckless driving as a potential defense of legal necessity; (2) the People committed prejudicial prosecutorial misconduct in ostensibly alluding to the pristine driving records of the victims and witnesses; (3) the section 12022.72 enhancements must be reversed because the statute explicitly forbids its application to cases of manslaughter; and (4) the trial court abused its discretion by denying defendant s request for release of juror information. We reverse the true 1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated. 2 The jury found not true an allegation attached to count 1 that defendant had personally inflicted great bodily injury against Danyell Rivera (Rivera). 2 findings on the section 12022.7, subdivision (a) enhancements. In all other respects, we affirm the judgment. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY Austin Welch (Welch) testified that on June 2, 2009, he was driving home eastbound on Highway 74 from work. He witnessed the driver of a charcoal gray Ford Fusion, later determined to be defendant, driving erratically. Traffic slowed in the right lane, in which defendant was traveling; defendant then pulled out abruptly into the fast lane in front of a silver Audi whose driver, later identified as victim Page, was forced to slam on his brakes. Defendant immediately sped up as Page slowed to allow space between the two cars. Defendant later changed back into the slow lane. As traffic slowed in that lane, defendant once again changed lanes back into the fast lane without signaling, cutting Page off and forcing Page to slam on his brakes and swerve to avoid hitting defendant s car. Defendant was driving “very fast” and “swerved pretty hard.” Both drivers then sped up quickly. Page came so close to the rear of defendant s vehicle that Welch could not see a gap between them. Without signaling, defendant once again changed lanes into the slow lane in front of Welch s vehicle, where there was insufficient space to fit; defendant s vehicle collided with Welch s. This caused defendant s vehicle to fishtail, dart across lanes, and eventually come to rest in a field on the side of the road. Welch thereafter witnessed a Mitsubishi SUV launch into the air. Afterward, Welch was able to see that Page s Audi and the Mitsubishi had been involved in a head3 on collision. A white Nissan Altima (driven by Rivera) then rear-ended the Mitsubishi. Rivera suffered a dislocated elbow. The driver of the Mitsubishi, Valentine, was “screaming for his life” and had blood coming out of his mouth. Deputy Coroner Kathleen Cohen testified Page, Giambra, and Williams were already dead when she arrived at the scene of the accident. CHP Officer David Kling was dispatched to investigate the collision. He interviewed a number of the drivers and witnesses to the accident. He requested help from the Multi Disciplinary Accident Investigation Team (MAIT), which consists of “specialized officers who do accident reconstruction and very specialized investigation into complex accidents.” Together they gathered evidence from the scene, and surveillance video from a nearby convenience store and a bus traveling nearby at the time of the accident. Officer Kling and MAIT Officer Scott Parent concluded defendant was the primary cause of the collision because of her unsafe lane change. They determined the sequence of events to have begun when defendant s vehicle collided with Welch s, causing defendant to swerve left, colliding with Page s vehicle and forcing it into oncoming traffic. Page s vehicle thereafter collided head-on with Valentine s. Rivera braked to avoid hitting Valentine s vehicle; however, Rivera grazed Valentine s Mitsubishi and hit Page s Audi. The People played the video recordings from the convenience store and bus during trial. Juanita Solt (Solt), who was traveling eastbound on Highway 74 at the time of the accident, testified she saw a black Acura driving aggressively, tailgating vehicles, 4 honking its horn, swerving in and out of lanes, and eventually traveling into defendant s lane, forcing defendant into the slow lane and Page s vehicle. Officer Kling testified he had determined that Solt had not actually witnessed the accident because the video showed her coming through the scene 13 to 14 seconds after the vehicles involved, which contradicted her statement that she was right behind the vehicles involved. None of the other witnesses described seeing the black vehicle reported by Solt.3 Officer Kling did not find any black paint transfer on any of the cars involved in the collision. DISCUSSION A. RELEVANCE OF THE DRIVING RECORDS OF WELCH AND PAGE Defendant contends the court prejudicially erred in excluding admission of the driving records of Welch and Page, which undermined her defense that her movement into Welch s lane was committed under legal necessity. We disagree. In its pretrial brief and motion in limine, the People sought admission of defendant s prior driving record to prove her appreciation of the risk she posed to others by driving recklessly. The People also sought to exclude any evidence of contributory negligence on the part of Page, evidence Page was driving with a suspended license, and Welch s previous driving record. After an off-the-record discussion, the court determined that it would allow evidence of defendant s receipt of warnings and citations issued by three different police officers. 3 Defendant testified she was followed by a black car, but conceded she could have been “persuaded” by Solt s description of the vehicle immediately after the accident. 5 The court preemptively ruled it would neither permit any evidence of contributory negligence nor the driving records of the victims or witnesses. After a discussion of the driving records of Page and Welch, the court stated, “The reason the Court ruled the way it did is because whether or not . . . Welch or . . . Page was a substantial factor in causing this accident isn t what s relevant. What s relevant was, was [defendant] a substantial factor in causing this accident.” Nevertheless, the court reserved ruling on the admissibility of the driving records of Welch and Page. The next day, defendant filed points and authorities seeking admissibility of the driving records of Welch and Page. The court permitted additional argument on the matter, but ultimately excluded admission of their driving records. Only relevant evidence is admissible at trial, and trial courts have broad discretion to determine the relevance of proffered evidence. (People v. Weaver (2001) 26 Cal.4th 876, 933.) “Evidence Code section 352 accords the trial court broad discretion to exclude even relevant evidence „if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the probability that its admission will . . . create substantial danger of undue prejudice, of confusing the issues, or of misleading the jury. „Evidence is substantially more prejudicial than probative [citation] if, broadly stated, it poses an intolerable “risk to the fairness of the proceedings or the reliability of the outcome” [citation]. [Citation.] We review a trial court s ruling under Evidence Code section 352 for an abuse of discretion. [Citations.]” (People v. Clark (2011) 52 Cal.4th 856, 893.) 6 “Evidence Code section 1103 authorizes the defense in a criminal case to offer evidence of the victim’s character to prove his conduct at the time of the charged crime. Consequently, in a prosecution for a homicide or an assaultive crime where self-defense is raised, evidence of the violent character of the victim is admissible to show that the victim was the aggressor.” (People v. Shoemaker (1982) 135 Cal.App.3d 442, 446, fns. omitted, italics added.) The defense of necessity is available to any defendant charged with gross vehicular manslaughter who acts in an emergency not substantially created by her to prevent significant bodily harm to herself or others. (CALCRIM Nos. 592, 3403; 1 Witkin, Cal. Crim. Law (4th ed. 2012) Defenses, §§ 62-65, pp. 500-505.) First, Welch was not a charged victim of defendant s offenses; thus, Evidence Code section 1103 would not authorize the admission of evidence of his driving record to prove conduct in conformity therewith.4 Second, to the extent Page s tailgating of defendant could be perceived as an emergency situation requiring defendant immediately Contrary to defendant s claims at the initial oral argument in this matter, Evidence Code section 1103, subdivision (a)(1) is not construed broadly to include anyone who could be deemed to have been injured by a defendant s conduct. Rather, Evidence Code section 1103, subdivision (a) explicitly limits the admissibility of evidence of specific instances of conduct to “the victim of the crime for which the defendant is being prosecuted[.]” Although Welch could certainly be deemed a victim of defendant s actions, he was not a victim of any of the crimes for which defendant was being prosecuted. Moreover, defendant s citation to People v. Tackett (2006) 144 Cal.App.4th 445 actually belies her position on appeal. That court held Evidence Code section 1103, subdivision (a)(1) must be narrowly construed. (Tackett, at p. 455.) Moreover, it affirmed the trial court s exclusion of evidence of the defendant s passenger s prior acts of reckless driving while under the influence at the defendant s trial for felony driving under the influence where defendant alleged his passenger was the actual driver. (Id. at p. 448.) This, despite the fact that the defendant s passenger had been thrown from the truck, suffering substantial bodily injury, and could thereby be deemed a “victim” in a broad construction of the term. (Id. at p. 452.) 4 7 change lanes, we cannot say that it was not a condition substantially created by defendant s own behavior. After all, defendant had already twice cut-off Page such that Page was required to slam on his brakes and swerve to avoid a collision with defendant s vehicle. Third, we cannot say that the tailgating of defendant s vehicle by Page, no matter how closely, was an emergency that required an illegal act in order to escape significant bodily injury. Defendant could just as easily have taken her foot off the accelerator, slowly braked, or simply waited for an opportunity to make a safe lane change as alternatives to colliding with Welch s vehicle. One cannot reasonably infer from Page s tailgating of defendant that he intended to strike her vehicle. Nor, even if that was his intent, can one infer it would necessarily have caused defendant substantial bodily injury, let alone injury even remotely comparable to that caused by defendant. The trial court acted well within its broad discretion in excluding evidence of the driving records of Page and Welch as irrelevant. B. PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT Defendant contends the prosecutor engaged in prejudicial prosecutorial misconduct by making purported allusions to the other drivers ostensibly pristine driving records, in contradiction of his own knowledge of those records, when presenting his final summation. We disagree. During trial, the People adduced the testimonies of four police officers who had each issued separate citations to defendant in the preceding three years. The offenses included three citations for speeding, including one for traveling at 80 miles per hour in a 8 55 mile per hour zone, and one for making illegal and unsafe lane changes. In the People s closing argument, the prosecutor referenced these citations, arguing defendant had been told a number of times about the dangers of driving recklessly. The prosecutor then stated defendant “knew more than anyone else on the road not to drive like that.” Defense counsel immediately requested a sidebar conference on the issue and admonishment of the prosecutor. The court cleared the courtroom of the jury and permitted defense counsel an opportunity to argue his objection to the People s statement. The court then informed the prosecutor, “The part about any other drivers, I believe he s correct. And I admonish you not to do that.” Defense counsel asked that the jury be admonished that no evidence of any other drivers records had been presented and the People s reference to such records was improper. The court concluded, “He s not going to make anymore reference to that. I ll leave it at that.” Misconduct by the prosecutor violates the federal Constitution when it “„“„comprises a pattern of conduct “so egregious that it infects the trial with such unfairness as to make the conviction a denial of due process.” ” ” (People v. Hill (1998) 17 Cal.4th 800, 819.) “„Conduct by a prosecutor that does not render a criminal trial fundamentally unfair is prosecutorial misconduct under state law only if it involves “„“the use of deceptive or reprehensible methods to attempt to persuade either the court or the jury.” ” [Citation.] [Citation.]” (Ibid.) We review de novo a defendant s claim of prosecutorial misconduct. (People v. Uribe (2011) 199 Cal.App.4th 836, 860.) A prosecutor commits misconduct by arguing a proposition he knows is contradicted by 9 defense evidence excluded on the prosecution s own motion. (People v. Varona (1983) 143 Cal.App.3d 566, 570; People v. Castain (1981) 122 Cal.App.3d 138, 146.) The prosecutor s single remark regarding other drivers, which would require the jury to engage in an inference unjustified by the record, was neither a pattern of egregious conduct nor reprehensible conduct rendering the trial fundamentally unfair such as to amount to prejudicial prosecutorial misconduct. The People s statement was fleeting and in no way prejudicial. C. SECTION 12022.7 ENHANCEMENTS Defendant contends all three section 12022.7, subdivision (a) enhancements should be reversed because section 12022.7, subdivision (g) prohibits applicability of the statute to manslaughter cases. In our original opinion filed on March 19, 2013, we agreed that section 12022.7, subdivision (g) prohibits imposition of the enhancement relative to any victim in a case in which the defendant has been convicted for manslaughter as to that victim. Thus, we reversed the true findings on the section 12022.7, subdivision (a) enhancements with respect to victims Giambra and Page. However, we disagreed with defendant that section 12022.7, subdivision (g) prohibits imposition of the enhancement with respect to a victim who is not the subject of a defendant s manslaughter conviction. Thus, we affirmed imposition of judgment on the enhancement with respect to victim Valentine. On April 2, 2013, the People filed a petition for rehearing relying, in large part, on our failure to consider the decision in People v. Julian (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 1524 10 (Fourth Dist., Div. One) (Julian), in reaching our decision on this issue.5 On April 12, 2013, we granted the People s petition for rehearing and set the matter for supplemental briefing on the question of whether this court should follow the holding in Julian, which differed from that of our original opinion. We reviewed the supplemental briefs and Julian and, in our opinion on rehearing dated December 12, 2013, stood by our original holding that section 12022.7, subdivision (g) prohibited imposition of the enhancement relative to any victim in a case in which the defendant has been convicted for manslaughter as to that victim. The California Supreme Court granted the People s petition for review of our decision on March 12, 2014. On February 5, 2015, that court issued an opinion in which it disagreed both with Julian and our own decision on this issue. (People v. Cook (2015) 60 Cal.4th 922, 939 (Cook).) The Cook court held that, “A defendant convicted of murder or manslaughter who also commits crimes against other victims may be convicted of those additional crimes and, to the extent the sentencing laws permit, punished separately for them. But the sentence for manslaughter may not be enhanced for the infliction of great bodily injury as to anyone.” (Id. at 924.) The court reversed our judgment and remanded the matter to us for further proceedings consistent with its opinion. (Id. at 938.) Therefore, we reverse the true findings on the section 12022.7, subdivision (a) enhancements with respect to victims Giambra, Page, and Valentine. The 5 Julian, supra, was decided long before briefing began in our case, but was not cited by either party. 11 superior court is directed to strike the true findings on the section 12022.7, subdivision (a) enhancements and resentence defendant.6 D. PETITION FOR RELEASE OF JUROR INFORMATION Defendant contends the trial court abused its discretion in denying her petition to disclose juror information. We disagree. Code of Civil Procedure section 206, subdivision (g) provides: “Pursuant to [Code of Civil Procedure] Section 237, a defendant or defendant s counsel may, following the recording of a jury s verdict in a criminal proceeding, petition the court for access to personal juror identifying information within the court s records necessary for the defendant to communicate with jurors for the purpose of developing a motion for new trial or any other lawful purpose.” Upon the recording of a jury verdict in a criminal case, the court s record of the jurors personal identifying information is to be sealed. (Code Civ. Proc., § 237, subd. (a)(2).) Any person may petition the court for disclosure of the identifying information, and the petition must be supported by a declaration establishing good cause for the disclosure. (Code Civ. Proc., § 237, subd. (b); Townsel v. Superior Court (1999) 20 Cal.4th 1084, 1098, fn. 7; People v. Granish (1996) 41 Cal.App.4th 1117, 1131.) 6 Since, as noted above, the sentencing court struck punishment on the section 12022.7, subdivision (a) enhancements as to Giambra and Page, the court need only strike the findings on those enhancements. However, the court imposed a three-year consecutive term for the enhancement as to Valentine. Thus, it must not only strike the enhancement as to Valentine, but resentence defendant to reflect that action. 12 Good cause, in the context of a petition for disclosure to support a motion for a new trial based on juror misconduct, requires “a sufficient showing to support a reasonable belief that jury misconduct occurred . . . .” (People v. Rhodes (1989) 212 Cal.App.3d 541, 552; accord, People v. Wilson (1996) 43 Cal.App.4th 839, 850-852.) Good cause does not exist where the allegations of jury misconduct are speculative, conclusory, vague, or unsupported. (See Wilson, at p. 852.) We review the denial of a petition for disclosure for an abuse of discretion. (People v. Jones (1998) 17 Cal.4th 279, 317; accord People v. Carrasco (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 978, 991; People v. Santos (2007) 147 Cal.App.4th 965, 978.) Here, defense counsel contended he posited good cause for release of juror information, because he had been “informed by a juror that during deliberations one of the jurors went out and purchased toy cars to re-enact the accident during the lunch break prior to the juror s verdict. As part of that conversation, the jurors discussed what [defendant s] options were when tailgated by [Page] and discussed other options never presented by even the prosecution.” The court denied defendant s petition reasoning, “the law says that you can t do experiments. But there is no difference with using plastic cars trying to—and looks like what they were trying to do was trying to find a way out not to convict her. But using plastic cars is not an experiment. That is no different than drawing little pictures or using the yellow [Post-it] that says this car s here, that car s there. I don t see good cause, sir.” “Not every jury experiment constitutes misconduct. Improper experiments are those that allow the jury to discover new evidence by delving into areas not examined 13 during trial. The distinction between proper and improper jury conduct turns on this difference. The jury may weigh and evaluate the evidence it has received. It is entitled to scrutinize that evidence, subjecting it to careful consideration by testing all reasonable inferences. It may reexamine the evidence in a slightly different context as long as that evaluation is within the „“scope and purview of the evidence.” [Citation.] What the jury cannot do is conduct a new investigation going beyond the evidence admitted.” (People v. Collins (2010) 49 Cal.4th 175, 249.) Defendant s showing fell short of good cause for release of juror information. The use of toy cars to reenact the collision was not an investigation that went beyond the evidence presented at trial. Rather, it appears the jurors simply attempted to reenact the versions of the collisions as adduced in the evidence at trial. There was no showing the jurors attempted to discover new evidence by their experiment; it is difficult to imagine how they would have done so with such an experiment. Thus, the court acted within its discretion in denying defendant s petition. DISPOSITION The true findings on the section 12022.7, subdivision (a) enhancements with respect to victims Giambra, Page, and Valentine are reversed. The superior court is directed to generate a new minute order striking the enhancements. The superior court is further directed to resentence defendant to effectuate the striking of the enhancement as to Valentine upon which it imposed a three-year consecutive sentence. The clerk is directed to forward a copy of the corrected minute order and abstract of judgment to the 14 Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. In all other respects, the judgment is affirmed. CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION MILLER J. We concur: McKINSTER Acting P. J. CODRINGTON J. 15
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