Val-Pak v. ADOR

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DIVISION ONE FILED: 03/13/2012 RUTH A. WILLINGHAM, CLERK BY: DLL IN THE COURT OF APPEALS STATE OF ARIZONA DIVISION ONE ) ) ) ) Plaintiff/Appellant, ) ) v. ) ) ARIZONA DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE, an ) agency of the State of Arizona, ) ) Defendant/Appellee. _______________________________________ ) VAL-PAK EAST VALLEY, INC., an Arizona corporation, 1 CA-TX 10-0005 DEPARTMENT C O P I N I O N Appeal from the Arizona Tax Court Cause No. TX 2007-000307 The Honorable Dean M. Fink, Judge The Honorable Thomas Dunevant, III, Judge (Retired) REVERSED AND REMANDED Mooney, Wright & Moore, PLLC By Paul J. Mooney and Jim L. Wright Mesa and Silver Law PLC By Stephen E. Silver and Jason M. Silver Co-Counsel for Plaintiff/Appellant Thomas C. Horne, Attorney General By Scot G. Teasdale, Assistant Attorney General Attorneys for Defendant/Appellee N O R R I S, Judge Scottsdale Phoenix ¶1 The taxpayer in issue the in this appeal of selling business is whether cooperative advertising is subject to Arizona s use tax. an Arizona direct mail Under the facts presented here, the answer is no. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND ¶2 Val-Pak corporation, is advertising. Marketing East in Valley, the Val-Pak Systems, business is a ( Val-Pak ) of selling franchisee direct Val-Pak mail Direct based sell direct mail advertising to its clients, unrelated Arizona businesses. These dentists, Val-Pak include, and services and printed on representatives for pizza example, parlors. products advertising Val-Pak information exterminators, The offered (collectively, coupons ). with Florida ), Arizona Florida businesses ( Val-Pak of an a corporation. Inc. Inc., by advertising Val-Pak s flyers, inserts, nail salons, promotes clients and and the is coupons Pursuant to its franchise agreement Florida, Val-Pak (business obtains logos, product addresses, and telephone appearance numbers, incentive offers, paper colors and types, etc.) from its clients and submits that information to Val-Pak Florida. Val-Pak Florida then designs, prints, compiles, and inserts the coupons ordered by Val-Pak s clients into envelopes. Val-Pak Florida delivers the envelopes to the United States Postal Service for mailing to Arizona addresses in particular zones, as selected 2 by Val-Pak s clients. 1 Each Arizona addressee receives a single envelope by direct mail containing coupons from more than one Val-Pak client. The term for Val-Pak s business -- cooperative direct mail advertising -- is, thus, aptly descriptive. ¶3 Val-Pak Florida purchases all of the paper stock and other supplies it uses in preparing and printing the coupons. It bills Val-Pak for printing (which includes the design and layout work) and inserting the coupons into the envelopes. It also as bills Val-Pak for other job-related transportation, postage, and envelopes. charges such Val-Pak Florida does not separately charge Val-Pak for the paper and other supplies (ink, for example) it uses to print the coupons. 2 1 Val-Pak Florida assigns a Val-Pak franchisee to a particular territory. Each territory contains certain designated zones. 2 By affidavit, Val-Pak s President testified the paper and supplies accounted for no more than 9% of Val-Pak Florida s charges. The Department argued to the superior court that it should not consider this testimony because it lacked foundation, was irrelevant, and amounted to hearsay. See generally Ariz. R. Civ. P. 56(e) (affidavit supporting or opposing summary judgment shall set forth such facts as would be admissible in evidence ). The record does not reflect whether the superior court ruled on the admissibility of this testimony in granting summary judgment for the Department. The record, however, does reflect Val-Pak s President obtained this information from ValPak Florida and, thus, at a minimum the Department s hearsay objection may have been well taken. Accordingly, we have not considered this testimony in resolving the issues presented on appeal. Cf. Airfreight Express Ltd. v. Evergreen Air Ctr., Inc., 215 Ariz. 103, 112, ¶ 26, 158 P.3d 232, 241 (App. 2007) (evidentiary deficiencies in affidavit supporting motion for 3 ¶4 The Arizona Department of Revenue conducted a use tax audit of Val-Pak for the period November 1, 2000 through May 31, 2004. It asserted Val-Pak had purchased and used printed materials in Arizona subject to the use tax, see generally Ariz. Rev. Stat. ( A.R.S. ) §§ 42-5151 to -5168 (2006), and assessed a use tax of $314,790.21 plus interest and penalties. In making its assessment, the Department asserted the entirety of each transaction between Val-Pak and Val-Pak Florida was subject to the tax. 3 use Val-Pak protested the assessment. An administrative law judge upheld the assessment but abated the penalties. Val-Pak appealed the administrative law judge s decision upholding the assessment to the tax court, which was obligated to hear and determine the appeal as a trial de novo. A.R.S. § 42-1254(D)(3) (2006). On cross-motions for summary judgment, the tax court upheld the assessment, ruling that ValPak Florida was providing printed material and not just a service to Val-Pak because the coupons were of use to Val-Pak s clients. summary judgment can be waived by failure to object or move to strike). 3 Thus, for example, the Department assessed the use tax on all of the charges Val-Pak Florida billed to Val-Pak in May 2003. The invoice for that month reflected total charges of $178,365.70. Of that sum, Val-Pak Florida billed Val-Pak $60,813.29 for postage, $5,170.50 for addressing (which included Ink Jet and Processing ), and $80,819 for printing (including Layout[] ). 4 DISCUSSION ¶5 As it did in the tax court, Val-Pak argues it is not subject to the Arizona use tax because it is purchasing services from Val-Pak Florida and is not using or consuming the coupons printed by Val-Pak Florida in Arizona. The Department, as it also did in the tax court, views what Val-Pak does and its business arrangement with Val-Pak Florida very differently. As the Department sees the situation, Val-Pak purchases advertising material -- specifically, coupons -- from Val-Pak Florida and then uses the contractual coupons in Arizona. arrangement is set up It to argues produce the and entire distribute tangible personal property in the form of mailings of printed advertisements. ¶6 In support of their respective arguments, the parties spar over the application and meaning of two use tax decisions issued by this court, Qwest Dex, Inc. v. Arizona Department of Revenue, 210 Ariz. 223, 109 P.3d 118 (App. 2005), and Service Merchandise Co. v. Arizona Department of Revenue, 188 Ariz. 414, 937 P.2d 336 (App. 1996). In Qwest, we held the use tax was inapplicable to out-of-state printing services obtained by an Arizona taxpayer in the business of publishing telephone directories; in Service Merchandise, we held the use tax was applicable to advertising materials prepared at the taxpayer s 5 direction and distributed by out-of-state printers for the taxpayer s use in Arizona. ¶7 As is perhaps obvious from this brief description of these two decisions, Val-Pak argues Qwest controls this case while the Department argues Service Merchandise does. Thus, each side attempts to shoehorn the facts of this case into the facts and the holding of the particular case it thinks helps its cause. In our view, rather than start with case law to resolve the arguments presented here, our beginning point should be the wording of the Arizona use tax statutes. We exercise de novo review as the arguments presented by the parties present issues of law. City of Peoria v. Brink s Home Sec., Inc., 226 Ariz. 332, 333, ¶ 6, 247 P.3d 1002, 1003 (2011) (quotation omitted) (especially important in tax cases to begin with words of the operative statute); State v. Hansen, 215 Ariz. 287, 289, ¶ 6, 160 P.3d 166, 168 (2007) (de novo review for issues of law). In so doing, we read the statutory provisions to gain their fair meaning, but not to gather new objects of taxation by strained construction or implication. Brink s Home Sec., 226 Ariz. at 333, ¶ 6, 247 P.3d at 1003 (quoting Ariz. State Tax Comm n v. Staggs Realty Corp., 85 Ariz. 294, 297, 337 P.2d 281, 283 (1959)). ¶8 or Section 42-5155(A) imposes a tax on the storage, use consumption in this state of 6 tangible personal property purchased from a retailer or utility business, as a percentage of the sales price. in this state Every person storing, using or consuming tangible personal property purchased from a retailer or utility business is liable for this tax. A.R.S. § 42-5155(E). retailer, The statutory purchase, A.R.S. § 42-5151. scheme storage, and defines use or the terms consumption. A retailer includes [e]very person engaged in the business of making sales of tangible personal property for storage, use 5151(17)(a). or other Purchase consumption. means any A.R.S. transfer, § 42- exchange or barter, conditional or otherwise, in any manner or by any means, of tangible personal § 42-5151(13). personal property for a consideration. A.R.S. Storage means keeping or retaining tangible property purchased from a retailer for any purpose except sale in the regular course of business or subsequent use solely outside this state. consumption tangible means personal the A.R.S. § 42-5151(18). exercise property of incidental any to right owning And, use or or power the over property except holding for sale or selling the property in the regular course of business. 4 A.R.S. § 42-5151(20). 4 The use tax statutes do not define tangible personal property. The transaction privilege tax statutes, however, define tangible personal property as personal property which may be seen, weighed, measured, felt or touched or is in any other manner perceptible to the senses. A.R.S. § 42-5001(16) (2006). 7 ¶9 Viewing these statutory provisions and definitions as an integrated whole, the Department was thus entitled to impose a use tax on Val-Pak if it purchased tangible personal property (according to the Department, the coupons) from a retailer (according to the Department, Val-Pak Florida) and then stored, used, or consumed this property in Arizona. ¶10 We now come to what should be easy, but is not. Although tangible personal property is often easy to spot -think of an apple, an automobile, or a television -- when the item is largely characterization the becomes product more of personal difficult. services, What about an advertising flyer that involves significant design and creative labor? The value and cost of the paper on which the flyer is printed may pale in comparison to the value and cost of the design and creative labor that went into it. Walter Hellerstein, ( Hellerstein ). State Taxation, ¶ 12.08 See generally (3rd is transactions, made to 2011) So, what is being sold -- tangible personal property (taxable) or a service (nontaxable)? question ed. more a difficult certain by degree, the Answering this reality involve that some most amount personal service and some amount of tangible property. of New England Tel. & Tel. Co. v. Clark, 624 A.2d 298, 300 (R.I. 1993). ¶11 To try to transaction, that is, draw one the taxable involving 8 both line in tangible a mixed personal property and services, scenarios: first, the transaction and the inconsequential we have service identified is the property element of is the three primary object incidental service and possible of or to not the an separately charged; second, the tangible personal property is the primary object of the transaction and the service is incidental to the property acquired and not separately charged; and third, the property and service are distinct and each is a consequential element of the transaction and can be readily separated. In the first, the sale is all nontaxable; in the second, the sale is all taxable; and in the third, the property, but not the service component, is taxable. Tax Comm n, 1 Ariz. Goodyear Aircraft Corp. v. Ariz. State App. 302, 306-07, 402 P.2d 423, 427-28 (1965) (transaction privilege tax). ¶12 Here, Val-Pak argues it fits the first scenario because it is primarily purchasing printing and design services from Val-Pak Florida and the paper Val-Pak Florida uses for the coupons is only an incidental part of the transaction. Department argues, however, that Val-Pak fits the The second scenario because it is primarily purchasing paper (coupons) and the services incidental. it receives from Val-Pak Florida are only To decide whether a transaction fits in the first or second scenario, we apply two tests: the dominant purpose, also known as the true object 9 test, and the common understanding test. See generally Qwest, 210 Ariz. at 226, ¶ 17, 228, ¶ 23, 109 P.3d at 121, 123. ¶13 As its name suggests, under the dominant purpose test, a court decides whether the transaction is all taxable or all nontaxable transaction. by identifying the dominant purpose of the Although this test has been harshly criticized by courts and commentators because it often leads to inconsistent results, it taxability. is nevertheless a recognized method of deciding See generally id. at 226-27, ¶ 17, 109 P.3d at 121- 22. ¶14 Applying this test here, we conclude the dominant purpose of Val-Pak s business dealings with Val-Pak Florida is to obtain design, mailing, and printing services, not tangible personal property. The facts in this case establish Val-Pak is, in essence, a broker of direct mail advertising services. It sells advertising services to its customers and obtains these services from Val-Pak Florida. The invoices sent by Val-Pak Florida this. to Val-Pak demonstrate As discussed, these invoices itemize what Val-Pak is paying for, and show Val-Pak is paying for design, printing, and mailing services. Simply put, by itself, the paper is of little practical value to Val-Pak without services. Val-Pak Florida s design, printing, and mailing See generally Washington Times-Herald v. District of Columbia, 213 F.2d 23, 24 (D.C. Cir. 1954) (sale of one-time-use 10 cartoon mats constituted sale of professional and personal services rather than sale of mats because their value when blank was inconsequential compared with their value after artwork was complete). ¶15 Under the common understanding test, whether a mixed transaction is all taxable or all nontaxable is determined by the common occupation understanding involves of selling whether products, rendering services . . . on the other. a on trade, the business, one hand, or or Hellerstein ¶ 12.08[2]; see also Qwest, 210 Ariz. at 228, ¶ 23, 109 P.3d at 123. As Hellerstein explains, [s]ince sales tax statutes affect virtually every person within the taxing jurisdiction in everyday transactions, we believe that there is merit to a rule that looks to the understanding that the average individual or business purchaser would attribute to such basic statutory terms as sale and service. . . . We therefore favor the rule that statutory language should be given its ordinary and common significance in distinguishing between what constitutes a sale of tangible personal property and what constitutes the sale of a service. . . . This rule is simply the application of the view embraced by many courts that words in a statute are to be given their common meaning. Hellerstein ¶ 12.08[2] (citations omitted). Thus we attempt to identify characteristics of the transaction at issue that make it either more analogous to what is reasonably and commonly understood to be a sale of goods, or more analogous to what is 11 generally understood intangible right. to be the purchase of a service or City of Boulder v. Leanin Tree, Inc., 72 P.3d 361, 365-66 (Colo. 2003) (citing cases). ¶16 Applying this test here, we conclude Val-Pak is buying services, not tangible personal property, from Val-Pak Florida. Val-Pak is in the cooperative direct mail advertising business. Although people buy paper every day, no one would think Val-Pak is in the business of buying paper and then selling paper to its clients. As discussed, paper qua paper has little value to Val- Pak. Only when Val-Pak Florida takes blank paper and designs, creates, and transforms the paper into coupons promoting sales of pizza, dental services, and the like for Val-Pak s clients does Val-Pak receive what it has ordered from Val-Pak Florida. That the services provided by Val-Pak Florida to Val-Pak allow Val-Pak to meet its obligations to its clients, and are of value to Val-Pak s clients, and may be of value to the ultimate recipients (if they use the coupons to buy the pizza or have their teeth fixed), does not endow the transaction between ValPak and Val-Pak understood Florida characteristics with of the a customary sale of and commonly tangible personal property. ¶17 We then come to the parties dispute over Qwest and Service Merchandise. In our view, neither case controls the result here. 12 ¶18 In Qwest, the Arizona taxpayer was in the business of publishing telephone directories. It contracted with out-of- state printing companies to print the directories; it separately contracted with out-of-state paper mills, however, for the paper which the mills then furnished to the printing companies. The taxpayer allowed the printing companies to accept and pay for the paper on its behalf. The printing companies printed the directories and shipped them to the taxpayer in Arizona. printing companies services and billed separately the taxpayer requested taxpayer for the cost of the paper. for their reimbursement The printing from the The taxpayer argued it was only subject to the use tax on the paper while the Department asserted the taxpayer owed the use tax on all components of the directories -- paper and printing. ¶¶ 2-6, 109 P.3d at 119-20. Qwest, 210 Ariz. at 224-25, Relying on Goodyear, we rejected the Department s argument and held the printing services were not subject to the use tax: [W]e find that the act of printing the directories and the finished product (the physical directories) are distinct and easily separated. The cost is easily separated as Taxpayer (or the printers on behalf of Taxpayer) purchased the paper from another source and paid the paper source for the cost of the paper. The printers charged a fee for the printing of the directories, which was separate and distinct from the cost of the paper. Also, the transaction itself is easily separated into two transactions since one company provided the 13 paper and a wholly different company provided the printing service. Moreover, the cost of the paper in this case was inconsequential to the cost of printing the directories. Id. at 227-28, ¶ 20, 109 P.3d at 122-23. ¶19 As we understand its argument, Val-Pak believes Qwest broadly holds the use tax is not applicable to services provided by out-of-state printers to Arizona taxpayers. The Department - - obviously not happy with the result in Qwest -- argues the case does not stand for this broad rule and, indeed, notes the case did not even involve a situation in which services and tangible personal property were truly mixed as the taxpayer there, not the out-of-state printers, provided the paper. The Department thus takes us to task for even discussing in Qwest the dominant purpose and common understanding tests because those tests, it argues, only apply to bundled transactions -transactions personal that property incorporate and which both cannot services be and tangible disaggregated into taxable and nontaxable components. 5 ¶20 We agree with the Department control the result in this case. Qwest presented and properly 5 that Qwest does not As the Department points out, applied the third scenario In criticizing Qwest, the Department relies, in part, on the criticisms aimed at Qwest in Hellerstein. See Hellerstein, ¶ 12.08[2][a], nn.213-223. 14 discussed in Goodyear -- a transaction partly taxable and partly nontaxable because it involved property and services that were distinct and capable of ready separation. Ariz. App. at 306, 402 P.2d at 427. See Goodyear, 1 Essentially, Qwest can be viewed as presenting two transactions. In one, the taxpayer purchased tangible personal property, the paper, from the paper mills, and in the other, it purchased printing services from the printing companies. paper, much like Thus, it was easy to separate services from the situation presented in Goodyear. In contrast, the facts here do not lend themselves to the type of easy separation of property from services as was presented in Qwest. ¶21 In this case, the admissible evidence in the record reflects the transaction between Val-Pak and Val-Pak Florida was, as the Department would characterize it, bundled. 6 As Val-Pak s President acknowledged, Val-Pak purchased from Val-Pak Florida pretty much a turn-key product and received the paper and printing all together as, basically, a package deal. Although we have concluded Val-Pak is not subject to the use tax 6 A bundled transaction has been described as one in which the services become an integral part of the property such as when an artist s skill and labor become embodied in a painting he or she creates. Cal. State Bd. of Equalization v. Advance Sch., Inc., 2 B.R. 231, 235 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 1980). It has also been described as a transaction in which goods and services are inextricably intertwined in a single sale. Dell, Inc. v. Superior Court, 71 Cal. Rptr. 3d 905, 913 (Ct. App. 2008) (quotation omitted). 15 on its purchases from Val-Pak Florida under the dominant purpose and common understanding tests, we nevertheless agree with the Department Qwest does not address or control the situation presented here. ¶22 That leaves Service Merchandise. us with the Department s reliance on According to the Department, that case adopted a broad rule that any in-state use by a taxpayer of advertising material printed out-of-state is subject to the use tax. As We disagree with the Department s reading of this case. we explain, in making this argument the Department is divorcing the facts of the case from the explicit requirements of the use statute. ¶23 In Service Merchandise, the taxpayer advertising catalogs and flyers out-of-state. many catalogs and flyers it would produce, designed its It decided how what products it would advertise, when its advertising materials would be printed and distributed, and who would receive them. The taxpayer hired out-of-state printers to print and distribute the catalogs and flyers to recipients in Arizona. tax was inapplicable to the The taxpayer argued the use price it paid to out-of-state printers to produce the materials because it was not using the materials in Arizona. 38. 188 Ariz. at 415-16, 937 P.2d at 337- We rejected that argument. After explaining that use and consumption are defined by statute as the exercise of any right 16 or power over tangible personal property incidental to owning the property, we held the distribution of the catalogs and flyers in Arizona was a use by the taxpayer incidental to its ownership of the materials: [The taxpayer] contracted for the right to have the catalogs distributed to specified Arizona customers at particular times during the year. Although the distribution contracts were consummated outside Arizona, the rights to control when, where, how, to whom and whether the catalogs would be delivered were exercised in Arizona through [the taxpayer s] agents. We see no reason to treat [the taxpayer] differently for tax purposes merely because it employed agents to do in Arizona what it could have done itself. Id. at 416, 937 P.2d at 338. ¶24 The pivotal facts in Service Merchandise -- which the Department glosses over here -- demonstrate the taxpayer there was exercising rights and powers over tangible personal property incidental to its ownership of that property. We emphasized this critical point in a subsequent case, Sharper Image Corp. v. Arizona Department (App. 1998). of Revenue, 191 Ariz. 475, 957 P.2d 1369 In Sharper Image, the taxpayer was using out-of- state printers to prepare and mass mail its advertising catalogs to Arizona recipients. As in Service Merchandise, the Sharper Image taxpayer determined what products it would advertise in its catalogs, created and designed the catalogs, and decided how often, how many, when, where, and to whom the catalogs would be 17 sent. Instead of arguing it was delivering its catalogs through agents as the taxpayer had done in Service Merchandise, it argued it was delivering them to Arizona recipients through the United States Postal Service which, as a matter of law, could not be considered its agent. We rejected this distinction explaining: The determinative fact in Service Merchandise was that the non-Arizona taxpayer there accomplished intended dispositions of its personal property in Arizona through other entities acting on its behalf, as its surrogates, instrumentalities, proxies, or, loosely, agents. The details of principal-agent and masterservant law were accordingly immaterial there. They are likewise immaterial here. Id. at 477, ¶ 12, 957 P.2d at 1371 (emphasis added). ¶25 Thus, in both Service Merchandise and Sharper Image the taxpayers were exercising rights incidental to owning the property. Although the use tax statute does not define or describe the meaning of the phrase incidental to owning the property, on its face this wording requires the exercise of a right or power that one has to tangible personal property by virtue of owning it. Under the franchise Here, Val-Pak does not own the coupons. agreement, Val-Pak Florida, not Val-Pak, retains and exercises complete control over each item in each envelope it distributes and mails to the Arizona addressees. And, indeed, as counsel for the Department acknowledged to this 18 court in oral argument, Val-Pak Florida is the owner of the coupons until they are received by these addressees. Under these circumstances, Val-Pak is not exercising any right or power over tangible personal property incidental to owning the property. ¶26 At oral argument, the Department nevertheless argued Val Pak is making an economic use of the coupons because it is selling the advertising printed on the coupons to its clients and this use is sufficient for purposes of our use statute. But, this type of use is not what the use statute requires. The Arizona use statute only applies if the taxpayer exercises any right or power over tangible personal property incidental to owning the property. See A.R.S. § 42-5151(20). We cannot gloss over the statutory requirement that a taxpayer s use must be incidental to owning the property. 7 7 The statutory requirement of incidental to owning the property is a distinctive feature of Arizona s use tax. Without it, the Department s economic use argument would have more force. Compare Val-Pak of Cent. Conn. N., Inc. v. Comm r of Revenue Servs., 670 A.2d 343, 347 (Conn. Super. Ct. 1994), aff d, 669 A.2d 1211 (Conn. 1996) (Val-Pak franchisee not subject to use tax because it did not exercise any right or power incident to the ownership of tangible personal property), with Val-Pak of Omaha, Inc. v. Dep t of Revenue of Neb., 545 N.W.2d 447, 449-50 (Neb. 1996) (Val-Pak franchisee subject to use tax under statute that defined use as either right or power over personal property incident to ownership or possession, and regulation with statutory effect that deemed advertising agencies to be the ultimate consumer[s] of all material and services they purchased). 19 ¶27 In taxpayer owned the to owning incidental Service Merchandise, catalogs the there and, property. was no therefore, Because question its the the use was facts are different here, Service Merchandise is not controlling and we reject the broad, categorical rule the Department argues that case established. 8 CONCLUSION ¶28 For the foregoing reasons, we hold Val-Pak is not subject to the Arizona use tax under the circumstances presented here. We therefore reverse summary judgment in the Department s favor and remand to the tax court for entry of judgment in ValPak s favor. We award Val-Pak its reasonable attorneys fees and expenses on appeal pursuant to A.R.S. § 12-348(B)(1) as well 8 The Department argues we should defer to a substantive policy statement, also known as a tax ruling, it issued in April 2002 that concluded the use tax applies to purchases of printed items from an out-of-state printer who mails the items to Arizona addressees at the purchaser s direction. See Arizona Use Tax Ruling UTR 02-1. The tax ruling also concluded the tax base included the total purchase price for the property purchased from the printer, including any services that were part of the sale, notwithstanding that the printer may have separately itemized the charges on the invoice. The ruling relied on our decision in Service Merchandise. Although ordinarily we defer to an agency s interpretation of a statute it must administer, a substantive policy statement, as UTR 02-1 explicitly states, is advisory only. See also A.R.S. § 41-1001(20) (2004). Further, to the extent this substantive policy statement conflicts with our interpretation and application of the governing statutes, it is not controlling. 20 as costs on appeal subject to its compliance with Rule 21(c) of the Arizona Rules of Civil Appellate Procedure. 9 __/s/_____________________________ PATRICIA K. NORRIS, Judge CONCURRING: __/s/_____________________________ MICHAEL J. BROWN, Presiding Judge __/s/_____________________________ PHILIP HALL, Judge 9 Given our analysis of the foregoing issues, we need not address the other arguments raised by the parties on appeal. 21

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