Cardoso v. Soldo

Annotate this Case

Download PDF

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS STATE OF ARIZONA DIVISION ONE MARIA C. CARDOSO, ) ) Plaintiff/Appellant, ) ) v. ) ) PAUL SOLDO, ) ) Defendant/Appellee. ) __________________________________) DIVISION ONE FILED: 05/29/2012 RUTH A. WILLINGHAM, CLERK BY: sls No. 1 CA-CV 11-0281 DEPARTMENT C O P I N I O N Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County Cause No. FC2010-050977 The Honorable Mina E. Mendez, Commissioner AFFIRMED Maria Cardoso, In Propria Persona Santa Monica, CA N O R R I S, Judge ¶1 Maria C. Cardoso timely appeals from the superior court s continuance of an order of protection issued in favor of her former protection Cardoso s husband, expired appeal Paul before is arguments on appeal. not Soldo. Although we could hear her moot and address the order appeal, we the merits of of hold her As to the merits, we find her arguments unsupported by the evidence of record and affirm the superior court s decision continuing the order of protection. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND ¶2 On January Municipal Court for Cardoso, citing 27, an 2011, ex Cardoso s Soldo parte petitioned order complete of the Phoenix protection against unrelentless harassment through text and e-mail messages since September 2, 2010. Based on Soldo s petition, that same day the municipal court issued an order of protection which barred Cardoso from having any contact with Soldo and a third party and from communicating with them by any means. ¶3 Cardoso moved to dismiss the order of protection and requested a hearing. The municipal court scheduled but then vacated the hearing and transferred the case to the Maricopa County Superior Court after it learned the superior court had scheduled a hearing on Cardoso s request that the superior court hold Soldo other in contempt court-ordered for non-payment obligations. of See child Ariz. support Rev. and Stat. ( A.R.S. ) § 13-3602(O) (2010) (when post-decree proceeding has been commenced but not finally determined in the superior court, municipal court shall stop further proceedings and forward all papers to superior court which shall proceed as though petition for order of protection had been originally brought in that court). ¶4 After the transfer, Cardoso revoke the order of protection. renewed her motion to After conducting an evidentiary 2 hearing, the superior court denied Cardoso s motion and instead continued the order of protection. 1 DISCUSSION I. Mootness ¶5 Soldo served the order of protection on Cardoso on February 3, 2011. An order of protection expires one year after service on the defendant. A.R.S. § 13-3602(K). Therefore, the order of protection against Cardoso expired before we considered her appeal in April 2012. Because the order of protection has expired, we are presented with a threshold question -- should we dismiss Cardoso s appeal as moot? As we have explained in other contexts, generally, we will dismiss an appeal as moot when our action as a reviewing court will have no effect on the parties. Bank of New York Mellon v. De Meo, 227 Ariz. 192, 194, ¶ 8, 254 P.3d 1138, 1140 (App. 2011). Our reluctance to consider a moot question is not driven by the Arizona Constitution but is a matter exercise of prudential of our or judicial discretion. Big D restraint Const. subject Corp. v. to the Court of Appeals for State of Ariz., Div. One, 163 Ariz. 560, 563, 789 P.2d 1061, 1064 (1990); Phoenix Newspapers, Inc. v. Molera, 200 1 Soldo did not file an answering brief, and we could regard his failure to do so as a confession of reversible error. We are not required to do so, however, and in the exercise of our discretion, we address the substance of Cardoso s appeal. Gonzales v. Gonzales, 134 Ariz. 437, 437, 657 P.2d 425, 425 (App. 1982). 3 Ariz. 457, 460, ¶ 12, 27 P.3d 814, 817 (App. 2001). exercised become that moot importance discretion when or they one and considered present capable of an appeals issue repetition of yet We have that have great public evading review. Id.; see also LaFaro v. Cahill, 203 Ariz. 482, 485, ¶ 9, 56 P.3d 56, 59 (App. 2002) (injunction against harassment restricting political speech not moot because it presented an issue of great public importance that is capable of evading review ). ¶6 Neither of these exceptions to mootness is a good fit here. The issue of great public importance exception to mootness usually involves an issue that will have broad public impact beyond resolution of the specific case. See, for example, Bank of New York Mellon, 227 Ariz. at 194, ¶ 8, 254 P.3d at 1140 (construction of federal Protecting Tenants at Foreclosure Act of 2009, and its application to Arizona forcible entry and detainer statutes), and as discussed above, LaFaro. Cardoso s challenges to the protective order entered here are essentially grounded on the sufficiency of the evidence and the procedures followed entering and then although Cardoso by the municipal continuing argues the the and order municipal of superior courts protection. and superior in And, courts violated her constitutional due process and statutory rights, her arguments are grounded on the events that occurred in this case. Her arguments thus do not present the type of significant 4 public issue that typically triggers this exception to the mootness doctrine. ¶7 Nor is the capable of repetition yet evading review exception to mootness implicated here. Typically, that exception is applicable when, because of time constraints, an issue that is capable of recurring cannot be decided by the appellate court. See, e.g., Ariz. Dep t of Econ. Sec. v. Superior Court, 171 Ariz. 688, 690, 832 P.2d 705, 707 (App. 1992) (order requiring state to provide medical care to child adjudicated dependent but remaining in parents physical custody not moot even though state provided care because issue is a recurrent one, capable of repetition yet evading review ); KPNX Broad. v. Superior Court, 139 Ariz. 246, 250, 678 P.2d 431, 435 (1984) (appeal criminal case challenging from orders contacting prohibiting media and participants requiring in television station to submit courtroom sketches to superior court before being broadcast not moot even though trial was over). ¶8 Here, in contrast, the protective order was effective for a year after service. suggests Soldo has And, nothing in the record before us attempted to obtain another order of protection against Cardoso. Thus, Cardoso s appeal does not fall repetition, within the capable of exception to mootness. 5 yet evading review ¶9 view, Another is collateral appellate exception applicable to consequences court will to mootness expired orders exception. review an exists in our protection of that, -- the Under this exception, otherwise moot order an if the consequences of that order will continue to affect a party. See generally Carafas v. LaVallee, 391 U.S. 234, 237-38, 88 S. Ct. 1556, 1559, 20 L. Ed. 2d 554 (1968) (petitioner s release from custody did not moot habeas corpus proceeding; as a consequence of his conviction, petitioner was unable to vote, serve as a juror or labor union official for a specified period of time, or engage in certain businesses). have recognized the Our supreme court and this court collateral mootness in criminal cases. consequences exception to See, e.g., State v. Cutler, 121 Ariz. 328, 330, 590 P.2d 444, 446 (1979) (although defendant released from jail, appeal challenging confinement not moot); State v. Lane, 128 Ariz. 360, 360-61, 625 P.2d 949, 949-50 (App. 1981) (defendant who has served sentence and been released from custody still entitled to appeal superior court s refusal to order mental appellant examination suffering for competency; collateral legal possibility consequences from of a sentence already served permits us to review his claim on its merits, conviction may be relevant in further criminal proceedings against defendant for determining bail, availability of probation, and sentence enhancement). 6 And, although we did not refer to the doctrine of collateral consequences by name, in Ciulla v. Miller ex rel. Arizona Highway Department, 169 Ariz. 540, 541, 821 P.2d 201, 202 (App. 1991), we reached the merits of a party s challenge to the suspension of his driver s license even though his suspension had expired because it would impact both his driving record and insurance rates. We also considered the merits of an otherwise moot appeal of a court-ordered mental health treatment order due to the Appellant s interests at stake as a result of having a commitment order in her record. In re M.H. 2007-001236, 220 Ariz. 160, 165 n.3, ¶ 12, 204 P.3d 418, 423 n.3 (App. 2008). ¶10 In Arizona, expired orders of protection have ongoing collateral legal consequences. An order of protection is issued for the purpose of restraining a person from committing an act included in determining domestic whether violence. to issue an A.R.S. order § 13-3602(A). of protection, In the requesting party must advise a court whether a prior order of protection has been issued sought to be restrained. concerning the conduct A.R.S. § 13-3602(C)(5). that is Thus, the issuance of a prior, albeit expired, order of protection is a circumstance a court is entitled to consider in deciding whether to issue a subsequent order of protection. Additionally, when a court issues an order of protection, it is required to forward to the sheriff a copy of the order of protection and proof of 7 service on the defendant for registration in a central repository so that its existence and validity can be easily verified. A.R.S. § 13-3602(L). The statute does not, however, direct the sheriff to remove expired orders of protection from the central repository. ¶11 An order of protection, even if expired, also has ongoing significance in a dispute over joint custody of a minor child. Section 25-403.03(A) (2008) prohibits a court from awarding joint custody if it finds by a preponderance of the evidence that there has been a significant history of domestic violence. This statute goes on to instruct that in deciding whether a person has committed an act of domestic violence, a court should another consider, court 403.03(C)(1). of among other competent Further, matters, [f]indings jurisdiction. the statute A.R.S. imposes a from § 25- rebuttable presumption that it is not in a child s best interests to award custody to a parent who has committed an act of domestic violence against the other parent. A.R.S. § 25-403.03(D). In turn, of as the statute defines an act domestic violence including a pattern of behavior for which a court may issue an ex parte order to protect the other parent who is seeking child custody. ¶12 A.R.S. § 25-403.03(D)(3). Further, because an order of protection is issued for the purpose of restraining acts included in domestic violence, 8 its very issuance can significantly harm the defendant s reputation -- a collateral consequence that can have lasting prejudice. have Accordingly, recognized because of expired their courts throughout orders of ongoing the United protection reputational harm are and States not moot stigma. As explained by the Supreme Court of Connecticut, the threat of reputation harm is particularly significant in this context because domestic violence restraining orders will not issue in the absence of the showing of a threat of violence . . . . [and] being the subject of a court order intended to prevent or stop domestic violence may well cause harm to the reputation and legal record of the defendant. Putman v. Kennedy, 900 A.2d 1256, Hamilton 1262 (Conn. 2006); accord ex rel. Lethem v. Lethem, 193 P.3d 839, 846-48 (Haw. 2008); Smith v. Smith, 549 S.E.2d 912, 914 (N.C. Ct. App. 2001); Piper v. Layman, 726 A.2d 887, 891 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1999); Wilder v. Perna, 883 N.E.2d 1095, 1099 (Ohio Ct. App. 2007); Clements v. Haskovec, 251 S.W.3d 79, 84 (Tex. App. 2008). ¶13 order We recognize other jurisdictions have held an expired of protection renders an appeal moot. See, e.g., Schroeder v. Hunn, 341 S.W.3d 167, 168, 168 n.1 (Mo. Ct. App. 2011); In re Justin CC, 927 N.Y.S.2d 431, 432 (N.Y. App. Div. 2011); Barnett v. Adams, 273 P.3d 378, 380 (Utah Ct. App. 2012). These courts have viewed the collateral 9 consequences as too speculative or the stigma inconsequential. We find these cases unpersuasive. Arizona, First, as discussed, in orders of protection give rise to an array of concrete legal consequences that continue beyond their expiration. Second, we agree with the Connecticut Supreme Court that the conclusion reached in these cases -- that the expiration of an order of protection renders an appeal from the order moot -- ignores the gravity of these orders for the individuals involved, and is, therefore, inconsistent with . . . collateral consequences jurisprudence. Putman, 900 A.2d at 1264 n.13. ¶14 Because expired orders of protection carry with them significant collateral legal and reputational consequences, we hold they are not moot for purposes of appellate review. We thus turn to the merits of Cardoso s arguments on appeal. 2 II. Merits ¶15 Cardoso initially argues Soldo failed serve her with the initial order of protection. to properly At the hearing, however, Cardoso explicitly waived her objection to service. ¶16 Cardoso next argues the evidence failed to support the superior court s continuance of 2 the order of protection. Cardoso pursued this appeal with appropriate dispatch. Our willingness to apply the collateral consequences doctrine to orders of protection that expire during the appellate process should not be viewed as an escape hatch for litigants who fail to pursue their appeals with diligence and in accordance with the applicable appellate rules. 10 Reviewing the decision of the superior court for an abuse of discretion, we disagree. P.3d at 59 Cf. LaFaro, 203 Ariz. at 485, ¶ 10, 56 (appellate court reviews injunction against harassment for clear abuse of discretion). ¶17 At the beginning of the hearing, the superior court advised the parties the issue before it was whether there was enough to obtained support based on the order his of protection assertion of which Cardoso s Soldo had complete unrelentless harassment through text and e-mail messages. See generally A.R.S. § 13-3601(A) (2010) (defining domestic violence as including harassment under A.R.S. § 13-2921(A)(1) if victim has a specified relationship with the defendant). the Soldo testified he had told Cardoso to stop sending him messages in early December 2010 -- testimony Cardoso did not dispute -- yet he received further hundreds explained of that messages from although the her thereafter. messages did He not specifically state she was going to come kill him, she made threatening statements such as I know where you live, I know where [the third party] works, I m going to get the last laugh. The third party also testified she had received text messages that stated you scumbag, die already, and things like that. Although Cardozo disputed the number of messages she had sent and their content, the superior court did not abuse its discretion in accepting the testimony and evidence presented by 11 Soldo and the protection. third party and continuing the order of See Goats v. A.J. Bayless Mkts., Inc., 14 Ariz. App. 166, 169, 171, 481 P.2d 536, 539, 541 (1971) (superior court is in the best position to judge credibility of witnesses and resolve conflicting evidence, and appellate court generally defers to its findings). ¶18 Cardoso next argues the superior court violated her due process rights in how it conducted the hearing. She asserts the court did not give her adequate time to present her case or an opportunity to review Soldo s cell phone records. Cardoso did not raise these objections during the hearing, and normally we will not address issues not initially raised in the superior court. Englert v. Carondelet Health Network, 199 Ariz. 21, 26, ¶ 13, 13 P.3d 763, 768 (App. 2000). Nevertheless, the record reflects the court gave her a reasonable opportunity to present her case and to review the cell phone records. ¶19 disagree. Cardoso also argues the superior court was biased. We A trial judge is presumed to be free of bias and prejudice and to overcome this presumption, a party must show by a preponderance of the evidence that the trial judge was, in fact, biased. State v. Ramsey, 211 Ariz. 529, 541, ¶ 38, 124 P.3d 756, 768 (App. 2005). Cardoso has failed to make this showing. 12 ¶20 Finally, Cardoso asserts the superior court failed to make findings pursuant to Rule 82(A) of the Arizona Rules of Family Law Procedure. That rule directs the family court to find the facts specially and state separately its conclusions of law thereon, if a party has requested such findings before trial. The proceedings Arizona family only Rules of rules the to law extent Protective Protective Order P. 1(A)(2). apply not Order to protective order inconsistent with the Procedure. Ariz. R. Rule 8(G) of the protective order rules only requires, however, that a judicial officer shall state the basis for continuing, modifying or revoking the protective order. ¶21 Nevertheless, assuming without deciding that Rule 82(A) is applicable to orders of protection, we reject Cardoso s argument. The only findings she requested were those favorable to her. In deciding to continue the order of protection, the superior court implicitly rejected requested or found them irrelevant. 3 the findings she had See Johnson v. Elson, 192 Ariz. 486, 489, ¶ 11, 967 P.2d 1022, 1025 (App. 1998) ( [W]e may infer additional findings of fact . . . sufficient to sustain 3 Cardoso also argues the superior court improperly denied her separate petition for protective order against Soldo. Cardoso did not appeal the court s denial of her petition. Therefore, this issue is not properly before us. 13 the [superior] court s order as long as those findings are reasonably supported by the evidence. ) (citation omitted). ¶22 Cardoso s appeal protection is not moot. from the now-expired order of Nevertheless, none of her arguments on appeal are supported by the record and we affirm the superior court s order continuing the order of protection. /s/ PATRICIA K. NORRIS, Presiding Judge CONCURRING: /s/ PETER B. SWANN, Judge /s/ MAURICE PORTLEY, Judge 14

Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.

This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.