Trombi v. Hon. Donahoe/Alvarez-Miranda

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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS STATE OF ARIZONA DIVISION ONE DEPUTY CHIEF DAVID TROMBI, ) ) Petitioner, ) ) v. ) ) THE HONORABLE GARY E. DONAHOE, ) Judge of the SUPERIOR COURT OF ) THE STATE OF ARIZONA, in and for ) the County of MARICOPA, ) ) Respondent Judge, ) ) JAMIE ALVAREZ-MIRANDA, ) ) Real Party in Interest. ) __________________________________) DIVISION ONE FILED: 12/22/09 PHILIP G. URRY,CLERK BY: DN No. 1 CA-SA 09-0260 DEPARTMENT C OPINION Petition for Special Action From the Superior Court in Maricopa County Cause No. CR2009-153343-002 DT The Honorable Gary E. Donahoe, Judge JURISDICTION ACCEPTED; RELIEF GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART Iafrate & Associates By Michele M. Iafrate Co-Counsel for Petitioner Phoenix Andrew P. Thomas, Maricopa County Attorney By Thomas P. Liddy, Deputy County Attorney Co-Counsel for Petitioner Phoenix Terry Goddard, Attorney General By Rex Nowlan, Section Chief Counsel Hunter Perlmeter, Assistant Attorney General Attorneys for Respondent Judge Phoenix Allen Tunac & Coughlon PLLC By Shannon Peters Attorneys for Real Party in Interest Phoenix S W A N N, Judge ¶1 Deputy Sheriff s Office challenge an Chief David ( MCSO ) order of Trombi brought the of the this criminal Maricopa special presiding County action judge of to the Maricopa County Superior Court finding him in contempt of court in his role as the officer in charge of prisoner transport. The contempt order, which the court viewed as civil in nature, arose from the court s finding that MCSO had failed in thirty cases to timely transport in-custody defendants to scheduled court proceedings. ¶2 We hold that the court had the authority to conduct the contempt proceedings at issue. We further hold that the Legislature has conferred upon the court the power to require the sheriff to transport timely fashion. inmates to court proceedings in a However, we hold that (with one exception) the contempt sanctions were invalid because they were in the nature of criminal (not civil) with Ariz. R. Crim. P. 33. sanctions entered without compliance Therefore, for the reasons set forth below, we accept jurisdiction and grant Trombi s request for relief in part and deny it in part. 2 FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY Pursuant to A.R.S. § 11-441(A)(4) (Supp. 2008),1 the ¶3 sheriff has a mandatory duty to [a]ttend all courts, except justice and municipal courts, when an element of danger is anticipated and attendance is requested by the presiding judge, and obey lawful orders and directions issued by the judge. ¶4 On November 5, 2007, Judge Anna M. Baca, then the criminal presiding judge of the Superior Court in Maricopa County, ordered MCSO to comply with A.R.S. § 11-441(A)(4), all minute entries and morning calendar as of November 6, 2007 and each day thereafter. Judge Baca advised those present that further proceedings will be held, including but not limited to Order to Show Cause and contempt proceedings for further failure to transport in-custody defendants and failure criminal court morning calendar proceedings. to attend MCSO did not seek review of Judge Baca s order. ¶5 On July 28, 2009, Judge Barbara Rodriguez Mundell, the presiding judge of the Superior Court in Maricopa County, sent a letter to Sheriff Joseph Arpaio. The letter addressed court delays caused by MCSO failures to transport in-custody criminal defendants to scheduled hearings 1 and trials. Judge Mundell We cite the current version of the statute because the portions material to this opinion have remained unchanged. 3 advised the sheriff that the court expected MCSO to follow the law and the orders of the court by timely transporting all incustody defendants to their scheduled court appearances. ¶6 After receiving Judge Mundell s letter, MCSO continued to fail to timely transport many in-custody defendants to court appearances. In August 2009, the court issued orders to show cause regarding contempt in thirty criminal cases. directed Trombi, as the overseer of MCSO s Each order inmate transport operations, to appear before the criminal presiding judge, Judge Gary E. Donahoe, and show cause why he should not be held in contempt for violating Judge Baca s November 5, 2007 order. ¶7 On September 25, 2009, Judge Donahoe conducted a consolidated evidentiary hearing on the orders to show cause. At the outset of the hearing, Trombi s counsel acknowledged that Trombi is responsible for staffing the court with sufficient MCSO deputies criminal to ensure defendants to Counsel further stated: the timely their transport scheduled of court in-custody appearances. [T]he real time decisions that are made are made by subordinates who actually make those decisions underneath the command other deputy chiefs. structure of Deputy Chief Trombi and And, of course, Deputy Chief Trombi will stand responsible for the appropriate decisions. ¶8 Trombi s counsel called MCSO Sergeant G.T. Czapski, a court security supervisor assigned to inmate escort duties, to 4 testify about deputy staffing issues and the transport problems in the cases at issue. At the conclusion of the hearing, Judge Donahoe took the matter under advisement. ¶9 On September 28, 2009, Judge Donahoe entered a signed minute entry finding specifically held Trombi that the in contempt. contempt Judge proceeding was Donahoe civil in nature, and that any sanction imposed was not punitive, but rather remedial or intended to obtain compliance with earlier court orders. contempt was convincing Judge Donahoe further noted that because the civil, the evidence and standard it was of not proof was necessary clear and find that to Trombi s failure to comply with the orders was willful. ¶10 the The court found that the evidence demonstrated that as result of a conscious decision, the court division of MCSO is chronically understaffed. security In all but one of the cases at issue, Judge Donahoe found Trombi in indirect civil contempt for violating lawful orders to attend the court. In one of the cases, jurors and attorneys in DUI court had twice been made to wait because the defendant was not timely transported, and in two other cases, defendants were not timely transported to their sentencing hearings. Additionally, twenty- five defendants missed their status conferences on August 20, 2009 because they were not delivered to the courtrooms. that all sanctions would be imposed 5 against Trombi Noting as a representative of MCSO, the court ordered him to pay by October 16, 2009 designated sums to the defendants, defense attorneys, prosecutors, and jurors in those cases in which contempt was found. The court explained that the payments to defendants were for the delay caused by MCSO s failure to timely transport [them], and the payments to attorneys and jurors were for the inconvenience occasioned by having to wait. ¶11 Judge Donahoe further ordered Trombi to pay to the superior court the amount of $2,000, for the disruption in the administration in [sic] justice, wasted court time caused by the failure to abide by the court s lawful orders and as discipline for failing to obey the lawful orders of the court. As to this payment condition, only, Judge Donahoe specified a purge ordering that Trombi would be relieved of making the $2,000 payment by presenting to this Court before October 16, 2009, an agreement signed by an authorized representative of MCSO that absent extraordinary circumstances (1) MCSO will obey all lawful orders of the court for timely delivery to court of inmates in the custody of the Sheriff, and (2) that MCSO will obey the requirement of A.R.S. § 11-441(A)(4) to attend the court each business day with sufficient delivery of all jail personnel inmates appearances and trials. 6 to to their assure the timely scheduled court ¶12 Trombi s request for a stay of the contempt order was denied by the superior court.2 His motion to consolidate the cases in which he was found in contempt was granted and this special action followed. Trombi has presented two issues for our review: (1) whether the court had authority to conduct the contempt proceedings in the manner described above, and (2) whether the sanctions imposed were improper because they were in fact criminal contempt sanctions entered in violation of Ariz. R. Crim. P. 33. Trombi has not sought review of the merits of the individual findings of contempt. ¶13 By order filed October 30, 2009, we permitted Judge Donahoe, as the respondent judge, to file a response. See Riley, Hoggatt & Suagee, P.C. v. English, 177 Ariz. 10, 14, 864 P.2d 1042, 1046 (1993); Dunn v. Superior Court (Samaritan Health Serv.), 160 Ariz. 311, 314, 772 P.2d 1164, 1167 (App. 1989). JURISDICTION ¶14 We may accept special action jurisdiction when there is no equally plain, speedy, and adequate remedy by appeal. Ariz. R. P. Spec. Act. 1(a). The sanctions at issue are presented as civil contempt orders, and such orders are not appealable. Berry v. Superior Court (Desert Holding & Inv.), 2 Trombi did not seek a stay of the contempt ruling in this court. 7 163 Ariz. 507, 508, 788 P.2d 1258, 1259 (App. 1989). In the exercise of our discretion, we therefore accept special action jurisdiction. DISCUSSION I. Jurisdiction and Inherent Authority ¶15 Trombi argues that Judge Donahoe acted in excess of his jurisdiction by ordering other judges to issue orders to show cause, and by violating the constitutional principle of separation of powers. ¶16 We disagree. Trombi first contends that Judge Donahoe improperly directed other judges to make specific rulings. In support of that contention, he relies on a comment that Judge Donahoe made at the hearing: I m alerting you to the fact that all the judicial officers have been instructed if they don t get if the defendants are unreasonably late or if they don t get transported at all, to issue an order to show cause. At oral argument further on this special action, Trombi s counsel asserted that Judge Donahoe himself had drafted the language to be used in those orders to show cause. ¶17 As an initial matter, we note that Trombi has provided no evidence that Judge Donahoe issued an order that required other judges to issue orders to show cause. Based on the record before us, we find that no such abuse of authority occurred. An order to by a presiding judge that 8 instructs other judges consider the use of a procedural device here, orders to show cause is nothing more than a case management order and is well within the presiding judge s general administrative authority under Ariz. R. Sup. Ct. 92. Judge Donahoe did not purport to require other judges to make decisions in any specific way in any case, and Trombi has made no showing that the judges of the criminal department were divested of their individual discretion to determine when the issuance of an order to show cause was warranted. ¶18 Trombi next contends that Judge Donahoe did not have jurisdiction to entertain or decide orders to show cause regarding contempt in cases to which he was not assigned, and that the court exceeded its inherent power. ¶19 Jurisdiction was not lacking here. The superior court has original and concurrent subject matter jurisdiction over all criminal A.R.S. § cases 12-123(A) ruling, the contempt. ¶20 in court Arizona. Ariz. Const. (2003). As also statutory has Judge art. Donahoe VI, § noted authority to 14(4); in his redress See A.R.S. § 12-864. Pursuant to A.R.S. § 11-441(A)(4), a judge may order the sheriff to attend court proceedings.3 And pursuant to A.R.S. § 12-864, the superior court may find the failure to obey such 3 A.R.S. § 31-225 (2002) also provides for the transport of state prisoners by the sheriff upon order of the court. 9 an order constitutes civil contempt, punishable in conformity with the practice and usage of the common law. The court may also find a person in criminal contempt pursuant to A.R.S. § 12863; the procedure for criminal contempt proceedings is prescribed by Ariz. R. Crim. P. 33.4 ¶21 Under the holding by this court in Arpaio v. Baca, 217 Ariz. 570, 177 P.3d 312 (App. 2008), Judge Donahoe had inherent authority to conduct the contempt proceedings for the various cases in a single hearing. whether the criminal In Baca, we were asked to decide presiding judge had the procedural authority to conduct a joint hearing for all cases in which an in-custody defendant had filed a motion to restore a previous privileged visitation schedule at jail facilities. ¶ 17, 177 P.3d at 318. Id. at 576, We noted that no criminal rule forbids the limited consolidation of cases for the purpose of resolving a common ancillary issue not directly related to the merits of the cases. Id. at ¶ 18. We held: While the administrative authority granted presiding judges by [Ariz. R. Sup. Ct.] 92 may not alone be enough to support the broad interpretation urged by defendants, the limited hearing conducted by Judge Baca did not require her to hear any evidence or make any rulings directly impacting the merits of the various cases. Instead, the purpose of the joint hearing was to resolve as expeditiously as possible an 4 Courts also have inherent contempt power. Owens v. City Court of City of Tucson, 123 Ariz. 267, 268, 599 P.2d 223, 224 (1979) (holding that in addition to statutory contempt powers, city courts have inherent contempt power). 10 urgent ancillary issue impacting the named defendants constitutional right to communicate with their attorneys in cases pending before the superior court. Because a superior court judge has inherent authority to conduct such proceedings and issue such orders as are necessary to the complete administration of justice, we believe Judge Baca, in her capacity as presiding criminal judge, had inherent authority to schedule a consolidated hearing for the limited purpose of receiving evidence and ruling on the privileged visitation issue. Id. at ¶ 19 (internal citations omitted). Here, the joint hearing conducted by Judge Donahoe served the limited purpose of resolving a common ancillary issue: the failure of MCSO to comply with Judge Baca s order to timely transport in-custody defendants to their scheduled court proceedings. The hearing did not require Judge Donahoe to hear evidence or make rulings directly impacting the merits of the cases. We therefore conclude that Judge Donahoe acted well within his administrative authority in conducting the consolidated hearings. II. ¶22 Separation of Powers Trombi next argues that Judge Donahoe violated the separation of powers doctrine because his ruling micromanag[es] the functions of the county jails and usurps authority statutorily assigned to the executive branch.5 5 Pursuant to the Arizona Constitution, each county has an elected sheriff whose duties, powers, and qualifications are as prescribed by law. Ariz. Const. art. XII, §§ 3, 4. 11 ¶23 Pursuant to Article 3 of the Arizona Constitution, the powers of the state government are divided into separate and distinct legislative, executive, and judicial departments, and no one of such departments shall exercise the powers properly belonging to either of the others. Citing Judd v. Bollman, 166 Ariz. 417, 419, 803 P.2d 138, 140 (App. 1991), Trombi argues that pursuant to the separation of powers doctrine, courts have limited authority to interfere with a sheriff s statutory duty under A.R.S. § 11-441(A)(5) to maintain and operate county jails. ¶24 Here, however, it is the sheriff s duty under A.R.S. § 11-441(A)(4) to attend the court, not the sheriff s power under A.R.S. § 11-441(A)(5) to operate the jails, that is at issue. No court order instructed MCSO to manage the jails or inmate transportation in any particular manner. Judge Baca s order did not micromanage the means it merely directed a simple result: the timely appearance of inmates. The management of the jails and methods of achieving compliance with the court s statutorily authorized order were left where they belonged in the sole control of the sheriff. 441(A)(4), the Legislature (1) expressly In A.R.S. § 11granted to the judiciary the authority to require the sheriff to attend the court, and (2) required the sheriff to obey lawful orders and directions issued by the judge. 12 As we noted in Baca, the sheriff acts as an officer of the court in carrying out that duty. 217 Ariz. at 579, ¶ 27, 177 P.3d at 321; see also Clark v. Campbell, 219 Ariz. 66, 72, 193 P.3d 320, 326 (App 2008). The court has jurisdiction to control and discipline acts that the sheriff commits while acting as an officer of the court.6 Id. We therefore conclude that the doctrine of separation of powers was not offended by Judge Donahoe s ruling. III. Contempt ¶25 imposed Trombi finally argues that Judge Donahoe impermissibly criminal contempt contempt proceeding. sanctions after conducting a civil We agree in substantial part with Trombi in this regard. ¶26 A contempt sanction is considered civil if it either coerce[s] the defendant into compliance with the court s order, [or] . . . compensate[s] the complainant for losses sustained. Int l Union, United Mine Workers of Am. v. Bagwell, 512 U.S. 821, 829 (1994) (alterations in original) (quoting United States v. United Mine Workers of Am., 330 U.S. 258, 303-04 (1947)). 6 At oral argument before this court, Trombi s counsel argued that in one instance, compliance with the court s order to transport 123 in-custody defendants on August 20, 2009 for morning calendar was impossible because the appropriate holding area is designed to hold only 110 people. That issue is beyond the scope of this special action, but we acknowledge that when strict compliance with a court s order to attend the court would be impossible, failure to comply cannot constitute contempt. We note, however, that contempt may still be found in such a situation when substantial compliance is not attempted in good faith. 13 Compensatory civil contempt sanctions are intended to benefit the complainant, and are therefore paid to the complainant. United Mine Workers of Am., 330 U.S. at 304; see also Hicks ex rel. Feiock Compensatory v. Feiock, sanctions given U.S. 624, 631-32 be based upon evidence must complainant s actual loss. at 304. 485 (1988). of the United Mine Workers of Am., 330 U.S. Coercive civil contempt requires that the contemnor be an opportunity to avoid Bagwell, 512 U.S. at 829. punishment through compliance. By contrast, a contempt sanction is considered criminal if it is imposed solely to punish a past act and vindicate the authority of the court, and cannot be avoided through compliance. Gompers v. Buck s Stove & Range Co., 221 U.S. 418, 441-43 (1911). ¶27 In his response brief, Judge Donahoe argues that he imposed sanctions both to compensate and to coerce. He contends that defendants, the attorneys, fines Trombi was ordered and jurors were to imposed pay to to compensate those individuals for the inconvenience they suffered as a result of MCSO s failure to comply with the court s orders. But the defendants, attorneys, and jurors to whom the fines were to be paid were not complainants in the contempt proceeding, therefore were not eligible to receive compensation. and Moreover, there is no indication in the record that the amounts awarded to 14 them were based upon evidence of their actual losses.7 We therefore cannot agree that these fines were compensatory civil contempt sanctions. ¶28 Nor do we agree that the fines payable to defendants, attorneys, and jurors were coercive civil contempt sanctions. Trombi was given no opportunity to reduce or avoid those fines through future opportunity to compliance. avoid the He $2,000 was, fine however, payable to given the the court. Although Judge Donahoe s ruling indicated that the $2,000 fine was imposed in part as discipline, Trombi was given the opportunity to avoid the fine by entering an agreement to comply with the court s orders in the future.8 We conclude, therefore, that the $2,000 fine payable to the court was a coercive civil contempt sanction issued under the appropriate procedure. Indeed, at oral argument, Trombi s counsel conceded that the 7 At oral argument before this court, counsel for Judge Donahoe argued, without citation to authority, that such proof was not necessary here because the amounts of the individual awards were token. We find that argument unpersuasive. The entire purpose of compensation is to provide a remedy that correlates in magnitude to the harm suffered. Where such a correlation cannot be established, a sanction - of whatever amount - is not compensatory in nature. 8 The purge condition provided that any authorized representative of MCSO could enter the agreement Trombi was not specifically named. Although all sanctions were imposed against Trombi as an MCSO representative, the court appropriately recognized in styling the purge condition that Trombi s authority to enter the required agreement may have been limited. 15 $2,000 fine was in the nature of a civil contempt sanction. We uphold that civil contempt sanction, although we note that the date for Trombi s opportunity to avoid the fine through compliance has now passed. ¶29 as Because the other fines, however, cannot be classified civil contempt sanctions, we hold that nature of criminal contempt sanctions. they were in the Before such sanctions can be imposed, the procedures prescribed by Ariz. R. Crim. P. 33 must be followed.9 Moreover, the court must find beyond a reasonable the doubt that accused contemnor acted willfully. Riley v. Superior Court, 124 Ariz. 498, 499, 605 P.2d 900, 901 (App. 1979). ¶30 Though the hearing conducted in the individual cases did not run afoul of the jury right contained in Ariz. R. Crim. P. 33 where the sanctions imposed totaled less than $300, the court did not employ the rigorous burden of proof necessary to support criminal contempt sanctions under Riley. Imposition of a fine of any amount as a criminal contempt sanction required the court to find beyond a reasonable contemptuous conduct was willful. doubt that Trombi s This it did not do. The court also noted that a showing of willfulness was not required, which is a correct legal proposition only in the arena of civil 9 As the Supreme Court noted in Bagwell, greater procedural protections may be required for criminal contempt sanctions. 512 U.S. at 831. 16 contempt. Because the finding expressly applied the standard of proof of clear and convincing evidence, which is a lesser standard than required for criminal contempt, we cannot infer from the language of the ruling that the court nevertheless found the required element of willfulness by the necessary burden of proof. CONCLUSION ¶31 Judge Donahoe, as the criminal presiding judge, had inherent and statutory authority to conduct a consolidated hearing on orders to show cause regarding contempt that were issued in multiple cases by criminal department judges. The orders to show cause were based on MCSO s failure to timely transport in-custody defendants to their scheduled court appearances as ordered by the court pursuant to its express statutory authority under A.R.S. § 11-441(A)(4). conclude that the order compelling timely We therefore transport and the orders to show cause were valid. ¶32 sanctions We further conclude that all but one of the contempt imposed by Judge Donahoe were criminal in nature. Regarding those criminal contempt sanctions, Judge Donahoe did not find beyond a reasonable doubt that Trombi had engaged in willfully contemptuous conduct. contempt sanction to pay the We therefore uphold the civil court 17 $2,000, but vacate the remaining sanctions, without prejudice to further proceedings consistent with this opinion. /S/ ___________________________________ PETER B. SWANN, Presiding Judge CONCURRING: /S/ ____________________________________ LAWRENCE F. WINTHROP, Judge /S/ ____________________________________ MICHAEL J. BROWN, Judge 18

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