In re Brendan G.
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS STATE OF ARIZONA DIVISION ONE ) ) IN RE BRENDAN G. ) ) ) ) ) ) ) __________________________________) No. DIVISION ONE FILED: 04/02/09 PHILIP G. URRY,CLERK BY: DN 1 CA-JV-08-0081 DEPARTMENT A O P I N I O N Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County Cause No. JV 171335 The Honorable Crane McClennen, Judge AFFIRMED James Haas, Maricopa County Public Defender By Eleanor Terpstra, Deputy Public Defender Attorneys for Appellant Phoenix Andrew P. Thomas, Maricopa County Attorney By Diane Gunnels Rowley, Assistant County Attorney Attorneys for Appellee Phoenix D O W N I E, Judge ¶1 Brendan G. ( Brendan ) was found delinquent of misdemeanor assault. On appeal, he challenges that portion of the restitution juvenile court s order that requires him to reimburse the victim for interest and fees incurred on a credit account used to pay for dental treatment necessitated by the assault. For the reasons that follow, we affirm. 1 FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND ¶2 On April 16, 2007, Brendan assaulted classmate J.P. ( Victim ) at school. Victim s head and lips were severely swollen, his front tooth was knocked loose, and his bottom teeth were damaged. The nerve in Victim s front tooth died, requiring a root canal and crown. His bottom teeth required bonding. Victim s family incurred $5882 in medical and dental expenses as a result of the assault. ¶3 Brendan entered admitted assaulting into Victim a in plea agreement violation of Statutes ( A.R.S. ) section 13-1203(A)(1). hearing, the probation. juvenile court placed whereby Arizona he Revised At the disposition Brendan on standard Because Victim had moved to Colorado, the court set a restitution hearing for a later date. ¶4 At the restitution hearing on February 25, 2008, the parties agreed Brendan was liable dental expenses in the sum of $5882. to pay this amount. Victim s for Victim s medical and The court ordered Brendan mother also requested reimbursement for interest charges and fees she incurred on a CareCredit® account1 that she opened through the dental providers as a means of paying for J.P. s treatment. 1 The juvenile court CareCredit is a patient financing program available through participating health care providers. See CareCredit Healthcare Finance, http://www.carecredit.com/index.html (last visited Mar. 24, 2009). 2 continued the restitution hearing to consider this issue. ¶5 On April 10, 2008, the restitution hearing reconvened. Victim s mother testified that she incurred CareCredit interest and fees totaling $1006.19 on a principal balance of $3527.2 Only some of J.P. s dental expenses were charged account, which carried a credit limit of $3500. featured a 90-day interest-free introductory to this The account period. Had Victim s family paid the entire balance during that introductory period, no interest would have accrued. However, at the end of the 90-day period, the family had paid only $235--roughly the minimum amount due for that time period. Thus, interest was assessed both retroactively and prospectively. The account was also by charged fees for: (1) payments made exceeding the credit limit;3 and (3) late payments. rate ultimately payment history. rose to 27.99% Victim s APR mother based testified on phone; (2) The interest the about account s unexpected financial reversals the family experienced after her son was assaulted, and the record reflects that the family made good 2 Victim s mother testified about the interest and fees at both the February 25, 2008, and April 10, 2008, restitution hearings. Our discussion encompasses her testimony from both proceedings. 3 The credit limit was exceeded by $27 at the outset, when dental expenses totaling $3527 were charged. Thereafter, interest and fees significantly increased the balance over the stated limit. 3 faith efforts to pay the account within its limited means.4 ¶6 At the conclusion of the restitution hearing, the juvenile court entered the following order: THE COURT FINDS that the victim has sustained a monetary loss of $1,006.19 in addition to the restitution previously ordered on 02/26/2008 in the amount of $5,882.00 for a total of $6,888.19 as the result of the actions for which the juvenile was adjudicated delinquent. ¶7 Brendan timely appealed, arguing that the court erred in imposing the additional $1,006.19 in restitution. jurisdiction pursuant to A.R.S. § 8-235(A). We have See also In re Kevin A., 201 Ariz. 161, 163, ¶ 6, 32 P.3d 1088, 1090 (App. 2001) (restitution order constitutes final order for appeal purposes). DISCUSSION ¶8 We typically review a trial court s restitution order for an abuse of discretion. In re William L., 211 Ariz. 236, 239, 1042 ¶ 10, 119 P.3d 1039, (App. 2005). However, in exercising its discretion, a trial court may not misapply the law or a legal principle. 128676, 177 Ariz. 352, Maricopa County Juv. Action No. JV- 353, 868 P.2d 365, 366 (App. 1994). Whether a court may include credit card interest and fees in a restitution award is a question of law that we review de novo by interpreting statutes and applying 4 common law principles For example, the family initially paid at least minimum balance due on the account in a timely fashion. 4 the regarding restitution. ¶9 Victims have the right to prompt losses they incur as a result of a crime.5 § 2.1(A)(8). restitution for Ariz. Const. art. 2, A juvenile offender is required to make full or partial restitution to the victim of the offense for which the juvenile was adjudicated delinquent . . . . A.R.S. § 8-344(A). [W]e look to the restitution statutes and case law employed in the adult determining criminal whether juvenile matter. prosecution restitution context should for be guidance awarded in in [a] No. JV-128676, 177 Ariz. at 353, 868 P.2d at 366. ¶10 Arizona s statutory scheme requiring restitution in criminal cases is based on the principle that the offender should make reparations to the victim by restoring the victim to his economic status quo that existed before the crime occurred. William L., Pursuant to 211 Ariz. A.R.S. § at 239, 13-603(C) ¶ 11, (2001), 119 P.3d courts at 1042. must award restitution in the full amount of the [victim s] economic loss . . . . A.R.S. § 13-105(16) 5 defines economic loss as Victim s mother may recover restitution for expenses she incurred in obtaining necessary care for her son. See In re Erika V., 194 Ariz. 399, 401, ¶¶ 5.0.0.1, 7, 983 P.2d 768, 770 (App. 1999) ( parents are legally required to provide [juveniles] with necessary medical treatment and may be awarded restitution where they stand[] in the shoes of the victim because [they are] legally required to suffer the victim s own precise loss ). 5 follows: Economic loss means any loss incurred by a person as a result of the commission of an offense. Economic loss includes lost interest, lost earnings and other losses that would not have been incurred but for the offense. Economic loss does not include losses incurred by the convicted person, damages for pain and suffering, punitive damages or consequential damages. A.R.S. § 13-105(16) (Supp. 2008) (emphasis added). ¶11 In (2002), our State v. Wilkinson, 202 Ariz. 27, 39 P.3d 1131 supreme court enunciated a three-part test for determining when a loss is compensable via a restitution award: (1) the loss must be economic; (2) the loss must be one that the victim would not have incurred but for the criminal offense; and (3) the criminal conduct must directly cause the economic loss- i.e., the damages must not be consequential. Id. at 29, ¶ 7, 39 P.3d directly at 1133. defendant s If a criminal loss does activity, recoverable consequential damage. in juvenile delinquency cases. not flow it is Id. from the a non- considered This same test applies In re Andrew C., 215 Ariz. 366, 368, ¶ 9, 160 P.3d 687, 689 (App. 2007); In re Stephanie B., 204 Ariz. 466, 469, ¶ 10, 65 P.3d 114, 117 (App. 2003). ¶12 Wilkinson The dispute here focuses on application of the third prong: whether Brendan s assault directly caused Victim to incur interest and fees on the CareCredit account. Brendan argues that such damages are consequential, not direct, 6 and therefore should not have been included in the restitution order.6 The State, on the other hand, contends that it was reasonably foreseeable that Victim s family would be forced to charge the dental expenses and incur associated fees and interest. ¶13 The foreseeability test urged by the State has been supplanted by Wilkinson and its progeny. Even before Wilkinson, the into foreseeability standard had fallen disfavor. See, e.g., State v. Lindsley, 191 Ariz. 195, 198, 953 P.2d 1248, 1251 (App. 1997) ( Although we previously said if a loss is a foreseeable loss it is not merely a consequential loss . . . the proper focus is upon how directly the loss flows from the defendant s acts. ). the foreseeability In any event, the record does not support argument. The State makes unsupported assumptions in this regard, arguing that, because the juvenile and the victim were formerly good friends, the juvenile probably had some actual knowledge of the victim s family s financial situation. (Emphasis added.) Even assuming arguendo that high school-aged Brendan knew of J.P. s family s finances, nothing reflects that he could or should have anticipated the financial straits the family experienced after the assault. Victim s mother testified that their finances deteriorated unexpectedly 6 Alternatively, Brendan asks us to reduce the interest rate to a more reasonable level of 10% per annum. 7 due to a tenant who defaulted on a lease, a family move to Colorado, and the unanticipated need to pay two mortgages. ¶14 Consequential produced without damages the are those concurrence of that some are other not event attributable to the same origin or cause; such damage, loss, or injury as does not flow directly and immediately from the act of the party, but only from the consequences or results of such act. n.4. William L., 211 Ariz. at 240 n.4, ¶ 14, 119 P.3d at 1043 Recognized examples of consequential damages include a company s loss of lease profits from the conversion of its property, State v. Pearce, 156 Ariz. 287, 289-90, 751 P.2d 603, 605-06 (App. 1988); post-judgment interest on awards of restitution, State v. Foy, 176 Ariz. 166, 170-71, 859 P.2d 789, 793-94 (App. 1993); expenses incurred by victims in completing or repairing Wilkinson, 202 attorneys fees connection with homicide, State work performed Ariz. at incurred 29, by prosecution v. Slover, by ¶ a 10, 39 deceased of ___ unlicensed a P.3d at victim s motorist Ariz. contractors, Adv. 1133; and spouse in for Rep. negligent ___, ¶ 8, (___2009), 2009 WL 295027, at *2, ¶ 8 (App. 2009). ¶15 the Although Foy pre-dates Wilkinson, its explanation of rationale for excepting consequential damages restitution awards remains accurate: Our legislature has narrowed the definition 8 from of economic loss, as that term is used in reference to restitution, in A.R.S. section 13-603(C). The definitional parameters selected by the legislature demonstrate an intelligent choice between competing interests. If the phrase full amount of the economic loss were defined broadly to permit the recovery of unliquidated damages, i.e. pain and suffering, punitive damages, decreased earning capacity, loss of consortium and the like, the criminal trial courts would be forced to make difficult and time-consuming evaluations of losses usually reserved for civil juries. Our courts have repeatedly recognized that the goals of restitution in a criminal case differ from damages imposed in a civil action. 176 Ariz. at 170, 859 P.2d at 793. ¶16 In the liquidated amounts. case at bar, the fees and interest are Additionally, this is not a situation where a victim intentionally or even negligently caused her damages to increase. Faced with unexpected and pressing dental needs, J.P. s family took reasonable steps to obtain treatment and to pay for it with credit obtained through the dentist s office. ¶17 In different circumstances, where a victim fails to reasonably mitigate damages, a trial court has broad discretion to limit restitution to those amounts reasonably incurred as a direct result of the criminal conduct. See, e.g., Lindsley, 191 Ariz. at 197, 953 P.2d at 1250 (trial court has discretion to set restitution amount according to facts of the case in order to make the victim whole). Here, Victim s mother testified regarding the family s good faith efforts to pay its bills and 9 thereby mitigate evidence. damages. Brendan presented no contrary The juvenile court found that the credit charges were reasonably and necessarily incurred to obtain treatment for J.P.7 Moreover, this is not a case where it is difficult to determine what portion of the credit debt is attributable to Victim s dental expenses. for J.P. s The CareCredit account was used exclusively dental care. Finally, we are not reimbursement for collateral financial losses. dealing with For example, had Victim s mother claimed that, due to the unanticipated expenses associated with the assault, she had to juggle or ignore other financial credit obligations debt), (e.g., thereby utilities, incurring late mortgage, fees, unrelated returned check charges, penalties, and the like on those accounts, the court would have been faced with a closer call vis-à -vis the prohibition against consequential damages. ¶18 As to the CreditCare account, we hold that the interest and fees constitute an economic loss within the meaning 7 During the restitution hearing, the trial court remarked: Now as far as the interest is concerned, that s somewhat problematical, and that s a pretty high rate. But the problem is, he was injured, [J.P.] was injured, and he and his mother had to do something about the injuries. And unfortunately they didn t have cash on hand to take out of the bank to pay for it. The only thing they could do was to put it on a credit card, and that s how much they were paying, and so that s what they re out of pocket. 10 of A.R.S. § 13-105(16). Our conclusion is consistent with the principle that juvenile offenders should make reparations . . . by restoring the victim to his economic status quo that existed before the crime occurred. 119 P.3d at 1042. William L., 211 Ariz. at 239, ¶ 11, Reversing the restitution order would place this victim in a substantially worse financial position than before the assault.8 Nor does our prohibited windfall to the victim. decision result in a See, e.g., State v. Freeman, 174 Ariz. 303, 306, 848 P.2d 882, 885 (App. 1993) (payments beyond those required to compensate a victim or payments that would constitute determination is a also windfall consistent should with be A.R.S. avoided). § Our 8-417, addresses victims rights in juvenile cases and states: which This article shall be liberally construed to preserve and protect the rights to which victims are entitled. holding would penalize uninsured and Finally, a contrary financially strapped victims who, through no fault of their own, cannot independently absorb the financial consequences imposed on them by another s criminal conduct. The juvenile court recognized this reality when addressing Brendan at the restitution hearing, stating: Now, it would have certainly have [sic] been a lot more convenient if you had selected a victim who was more financially well off, 8 Even the contested order fails to make the victim whole, as the amount of restitution is now fixed, while the account fees and interest continue to mount. 11 but one of the doctrines in a different area is you take your victim as you find your victim, and if your actions cause more damage than they would have done to another victim, you are responsible for the damage you do to the victim you damaged. ¶19 We agree that those who commit crimes must generally take their victims as they find them and may not complain that a person suffered more injury or economic loss than a differently situated victim would have. 590, ¶ 23, 5 P.3d 918, See State v. Cotton, 197 Ariz. 584, 924 (App. 2000) ( a perpetrator of illegal conduct takes his victims as he finds them . . . . ) (quoting People v. Hall, 158 A.D.2d 69, 79, 557 N.Y.S.2d 879, 885 (1990)). CONCLUSION ¶20 For the reasons stated above, we affirm the juvenile court s restitution order in its entirety. MARGARET H. DOWNIE, Judge CONCURRING: MICHAEL J. BROWN, Presiding Judge DANIEL A. BARKER, Judge 12
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