Wesley Person v. Lillian Person

Annotate this Case

Download PDF

REL: 01/20/2017 Notice: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the advance sheets of Southern Reporter. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions, Alabama Appellate Courts, 300 Dexter Avenue, Montgomery, Alabama 36104-3741 ((334) 229-0649), of any typographical or other errors, in order that corrections may be made before the opinion is printed in Southern Reporter. ALABAMA COURT OF CIVIL APPEALS OCTOBER TERM, 2016-2017 _________________________ 2150225 _________________________ Wesley Person v. Lillian Person Appeal from Crenshaw Circuit Court (DR-13-49) On Application for Rehearing MOORE, Judge. This court's opinion issued on October 21, 2016, is withdrawn, and the following is substituted therefor. 2150225 Wesley Person ("the husband") appeals from a divorce judgment entered by the Crenshaw Circuit Court ("the trial court") to the extent that it ordered him to pay child support and alimony to Lillian Person ("the wife"). He also challenges a pendente lite order entered during the pendency of the divorce proceedings. We reverse the judgment. Procedural History On August 29, 2013, the wife filed a verified complaint seeking a divorce from the husband. In the complaint, the wife averred that she and the husband, who had been married since 1994, had separated on December 1, 2012, and were living apart. The wife further claimed that she was without sufficient funds to provide for herself and the parties' minor children and that the husband had failed to provide any financial support separation. to her and the children during their The wife requested, among other things, that the trial court enter an ex parte temporary restraining order awarding her custody of the children, $6,000 per month in child support, and $10,000 per month in alimony. On September 4, 2013, the trial court entered an order ("the pendente lite order") granting that requested relief. The wife subsequently 2 2150225 served the summons and September 6, 2013. the complaint on the husband on On April 8, 2014, the husband answered the complaint and counterclaimed for a divorce. On February 17, 2015, the wife amended her complaint, adding allegations that the husband had committed adultery. After a trial, the trial court entered a judgment on July 31, 2015, finding that the husband had committed adultery during the parties' marriage, dividing the parties' property, ordering the husband to pay $1,000 per month in alimony, awarding the wife sole physical and legal custody of the parties' minor children, ordering the husband to pay $2,500 per month in child support, and establishing that the husband owed an arrearage of $320,000 arising from the pendente lite order. With regard to child support, the trial court specifically stated: "As to present, and future child support, the provisions of Rule 32, [Ala. R. Jud. Admin.,] have not been followed in the award of child support herein made. This court finds that the application of said guidelines in this case would be manifestly unfair or inequitable because the parties live on an undetermined amount of income." The trial court also stated: "While the Court finds that the [husband] is in fact $320,000.00 in arrears in respect to child 3 2150225 support and spousal support, the court defers, at this time, to make any ruling in respect to the payment of such arrearage. Provisions for the payment of the arrearage will depend upon the manner in which the parties comply with all of the other provisions in this order. A decision will be entered by this court as to the payment of the above arrearage after the court has determined the manner in which each party has complied with all the other provisions in this order." On August 27, 2015, the husband filed a postjudgment motion. On October 26, 2015, the postjudgment motion was denied. On December 7, 2015, the husband filed his notice of appeal. Facts The evidence indicated that the parties had been married over 20 years at the time of the trial. During the marriage, the husband had played for the National Basketball Association ("the NBA") for 11 years and had earned $40 million. At the time of the trial, the parties had a Prudential Annuities Service Account valued at $2.2 million and a Polaris Platinum II Awards Annuity with an estimated value of $91,000; those accounts were awarded to the wife. The husband also had a pension through the NBA that he testified was valued at $711,000; that pension was awarded to the husband. The parties also owned multiple homes, farmland, a community 4 2150225 center, a skating rink, a bowling alley, and approximately 20 vehicles. The evidence also indicated that the wife does not have a college degree and that she had never worked during the marriage. The evidence indicated further that the parties' income in the years leading up to the separation had been solely from their approximately $5 million in investments. The wife testified that the husband had spent over $1 million during the parties' separation. She further testified that she had heard that the husband has secret financial accounts but that she had been unable to locate any additional accounts. Finally, there was evidence presented indicating that the husband had committed adultery. Additionally, the husband admitted that he had failed to pay any pendente lite child support or alimony for over two years during the pendency of this case. Discussion I. On appeal, the husband argues that the judgment is not final because the trial court declined to provide for the 5 2150225 manner of payment of the arrearage accruing from the pendente lite order. The trial court clearly set forth the amount of arrearage owed by the husband for pendente lite alimony and child support. Compare D.M.P.C.P. v. T.J.C., 91 So. 3d 75, 76 (Ala. Civ. App. 2012) (noting that the trial court's "failure to adjudicate the amount of the father's child-support arrearage render[ed] the ... order from which the mother has appealed nonfinal"); Johnson v. Johnson, 191 So. 3d 164, 171 (Ala. Civ. App. 2015) (holding that alimony arrearage arising from pendente lite order becomes part of final judgment when expressly included therein). A determination of a party's arrearage is "the equivalent of a monetary judgment for that amount." Henderson v. Henderson, 680 So. 2d 373, 374 (Ala. Civ. App. 1996). ... process for Such a judgment may be collected by "'any collection of the judgment, such as garnishment.'" State ex rel. Walker v. Walker, 58 So. 3d 823, 828 (Ala. Civ. App. 2010) (quoting Leopold v. Leopold, 955 So. 2d 1031, 1036 (Ala. Civ. App. 2006)). Therefore, we conclude that the divorce judgment is final so as to support the present appeal even though the trial court did not expressly declare the mechanism of enforcement. 6 2150225 II. The husband next argues that the $320,000 arrearage arises from a void order. that the trial court Specifically, the husband contends entered the pendente lite order establishing his interim alimony and child-support obligations in violation of Rule 65(b), Ala. R. Civ. P., thereby rendering the pendente lite order a nullity. Ordinarily, on appeal from a final judgment of divorce, this court cannot review the merits of a pendente lite order. As we explained in Morgan v. Morgan, 183 So. 3d 945, 966 (Ala. Civ. App. 2014): "A pendente lite order is replaced by the entry of a final judgment. Reid v. Reid, 897 So. 2d 349, 355 (Ala. Civ. App. 2004) ('A pendente lite order is one entered during the pendency of litigation, and such an order is generally replaced by a final judgment.'). Thus, a pendente lite order is not made final by the entry of a final judgment such that it may be appealed as a part of the final judgment. Rather, the review of a pendente lite support order 'is by way of mandamus, inasmuch as it is not a final [judgment].' Sizemore v. Sizemore, 423 So. 2d 239, 241 (Ala. Civ. App. 1982). See also Ashbee v. Ashbee, 431 So. 2d 1312, 1313 (Ala. Civ. App. 1983) ('As to the wife's claim that alimony pendente lite should have been awarded, we note that the proper method of seeking appellate review of such an action on the part of the trial court is through a petition for a writ of mandamus. ... Since this issue has been raised improperly, we are unable to consider it [in an appeal of a final divorce judgment].') 7 2150225 (citing Sizemore v. Sizemore, supra). Accordingly, the husband may not raise issues pertaining to the propriety of the ... pendente lite support order in th[e] appeal of the final divorce judgment." However, the husband points out that a void judgment may be attacked "at any time," Hodges v. Archer, 286 Ala. 457, 459, 241 So. 2d 324, 326 (1970), and that our supreme court has considered the validity of a pendente lite order following the entry of a final judgment, see Ex parte Williams, 474 So. 2d 707 (Ala. 1985) (reversing contempt judgment on ground that ex parte temporary restraining order barring mother from taking child to Georgia and awarding father temporary custody of child was invalid). Based on that authority, and considering further that the final judgment includes the arrearage arising from the pendente lite order, we conclude that this court may review the pendente lite order to determine if it is void. The record shows without dispute that the trial court did not notify the husband before entering the pendente lite order. have The husband contends that the trial court could not entered the pendente lite order ex parte without complying with Rule 65(b), Ala. R. Civ. P., which provides: "A temporary restraining order may be granted without written or oral notice to the adverse party or that party's attorney only if (1) it clearly 8 2150225 appears from specific facts shown by affidavit or by the verified complaint that immediate and irreparable injury, loss, or damage will result to the applicant before the adverse party or that party's attorney can be heard in opposition, and (2) the applicant's attorney certifies to the court in writing the efforts, if any, which have been made to give the notice and the reasons supporting the claim that notice should not be required. Every temporary restraining order granted without notice shall be endorsed with the date and hour of issuance; shall be filed forthwith in the clerk's office and entered of record, and shall expire by its terms within such time after entry not to exceed ten (10) days, as the court fixes (except in domestic relations cases, the ten- (10-) day limitation shall not apply), unless within the time so fixed the order for good cause shown is extended or unless the party against whom the order is directed consents that it may be extended for a longer period. In case a temporary restraining order is granted without notice, the motion for a preliminary injunction shall be set down for hearing at the earliest possible time and takes precedence of all matters except older matters of the same character; and when the motion comes on for hearing the party who obtained the temporary restraining order shall proceed with the application for a preliminary injunction and, if he does not do so, the court shall dissolve the temporary restraining order. On two (2) days' notice to the party who obtained the temporary restraining order without notice or on such shorter notice to that party as the court may prescribe, the adverse party may appear and move its dissolution or modification and in that event the court shall proceed to hear and determine such motion as expeditiously as the ends of justice require." The husband contends that the wife violated Rule 65(b) because her verified complaint did not allege or show immediate and 9 2150225 irreparable injury warranting ex parte relief and because her attorney did not certify "in writing the efforts, if any, which have been made to give the notice and the reasons supporting the claim that notice should not be required." The husband also maintains that the trial court failed to comply with Rule 65(b) because it did not endorse the pendente lite order with the "date and hour" of issuance and because it did not set the matter for a hearing on a preliminary injunction as soon as practicable. Those procedural errors, the husband argues, renders the pendente lite order a nullity. The record shows that the wife requested immediate ex parte relief from the trial court in order to obtain pendente lite alimony and child support. This court has previously recognized that such an unusual request must comply with Rule 65(b). In Ex parte Franks, 7 So. 3d 391 (Ala. Civ. App. 2008), this court held that the trial court in that case could not award the proceeding in mother the child absence support of through allegations an and ex parte proof of immediate and irreparable injury as required by Rule 65(b)(1). This court requirement concluded by that merely the alleging 10 mother a had need not for met that financial 2150225 assistance. Consequently, this court issued a writ of mandamus ordering the trial court to vacate its child-support order. This court has also held that the requirements of Rule 65(b)(2) must be observed before a trial court can issue an ex parte temporary restraining order. In Ex parte Hutson, 201 So. 3d 570 (Ala. Civ. App. 2016), based on ex parte motions filed by the mother, the trial court granted the mother emergency visitation and custody of the parties' child in two separate orders. The father filed a petition for a writ of mandamus with this court, arguing that the visitation and custody orders should be vacated because the motions upon which they were grounded did not contain the certification required by Rule 65(b)(2), a fact the mother conceded. court stated: "In International Molders & Allied Workers Union, AFL–CIO–CLC v. Aliceville Veneers Division, Buchanan Lumber Birmingham, 348 So. 2d 1385, 1390 (Ala. 1977), our supreme court concluded that the earlier issuance of a temporary restraining order ('TRO'), which was not challenged in an appellate court, did not create a presumption favoring the granting of subsequent injunctive relief. The court explained: "'Rule 65(b), [Ala. R. Civ. P.], does not permit an ex parte T.R.O. without a 11 This 2150225 certification in writing to the trial court showing the efforts, if any, made to give notice to the adversary, accompanied by reasons supporting [the] claim that notice should not be required. The plain language of this rule assumes that notice is prima facie required and is intended to allow the trial court a studied opportunity to weigh the effect of an absence of notice in deciding to grant or refuse such extraordinary relief.... [T]he validity of the later injunction is not to be governed by the existence of the temporary restraining order which, had the motion been insisted upon, would have been subject to dissolution for the deficiencies identified.' "Id. (emphasis added); see also Jacobs Broad. Grp., Inc. v. Jeff Beck Broad. Grp., LLC, 160 So. 3d 345, 354 (Ala. Civ. App. 2014). "Similarly, commentators have pointed out that a federal court may issue a TRO without notice to the adverse party only if both prongs of Rule 65(b)(1), Fed. R. Civ. P., which is substantially the same as the pertinent portion of Rule 65(b), Ala. R. Civ. P., are met. 13 James Wm. Moore, Moore's Federal Practice § 65.32 (Matthew Bender 3d ed. 2014). 'Because an ex parte order "runs counter to the notion of court action taken before reasonable notice and an opportunity to be heard has been granted both sides of a dispute," the requirements of Rule 65(b)(1) must be scrupulously observed.' Id. (footnotes omitted). As the United States Supreme Court observed in Granny Goose Foods, Inc. v. Brotherhood of Teamsters & Auto Truck Drivers, 415 U.S. 423, 438–39, 94 S.Ct. 1113, 39 L.Ed.2d 435 (1974): 'The stringent restrictions imposed by [Rule 65(b), Fed. R. Civ. P.,] on the availability of ex parte temporary restraining orders reflect the fact that our entire 12 2150225 jurisprudence runs counter to the notion of court action taken before reasonable notice and an opportunity to be heard has been granted both sides of a dispute.' (Footnote omitted.) "The Rules of Civil Procedure cannot be ignored with impunity. Because the mother's attorney failed to comply with the requirements of Rule 65(b), Ala. R. Civ. P., we conclude that the trial court's orders are due to be set aside. International Molders & Allied Workers Union, AFL–CIO–CLC v. Aliceville Veneers Div., Buchanan Lumber Birmingham, supra." 201 So. 3d at 572-73. Without addressing the other procedural irregularities at issue, we conclude that the trial court entered the pendente lite order in violation of Rule 65(b). The record shows that the wife filed her complaint approximately nine months after the parties separated. In that complaint, the wife verified that she needed financial support from the husband, but she did not allege facts sufficient to justify a conclusion that she or the children were in danger of immediate and irreparable injury if they did not receive such support without first giving the husband an opportunity to be heard in opposition. The record also shows that the wife's attorney did not certify to the trial court in writing the efforts taken to notify the husband of the claim for expedited ex 13 2150225 parte relief or explain the reasons why such notice should be excused. In Ex parte Boykin, 656 So. 2d 821, 826 (Ala. Civ. App. 1994), this court held that an "injunction was invalid because neither the mother nor the trial court complied with the requirements of Rule 65 ...." (Emphasis added.) In this case, due to the absence of exigent circumstances of the type justifying ex parte relief, the failure to notify the husband of the claim for financial support and to afford him an opportunity to contest the matter denied the husband basic due process. See Ex parte Franks, supra. A pendente lite order entered in a manner inconsistent with due process is void. See M.G.D. v. L.B., 164 So. 3d 606, 611-12 (Ala. Civ. App. 2014). A void order is a nullity without any legal effect. Ex parte Full Circle Distribution, L.L.C., 883 So. 2d 638, 643 (Ala. 2003). Accordingly, we hold that the husband could not have accrued an arrearage from the void pendente lite order. We therefore reverse the divorce judgment insofar as it awarded the wife $320,000 in past-due child support and alimony. 14 2150225 III. The husband next argues that the trial court erred in awarding child support without receiving evidence as to the parties' respective incomes or the needs of the children. In Morgan, 183 So. 3d at 961-62, this court reasoned: "'"'This court has held that if the record does not reflect compliance with Rule 32(E)[, Ala. R. Jud. Admin.] (which requires the filing of "Child Support O b l i g a t i o n I n c o m e Statement/Affidavit" forms (Forms CS–41) and a "Child Support Guidelines" form (Form CS–42)), and if child support is made an issue on appeal, this court will remand (or reverse and remand) for compliance with the rule. See Martin v. Martin, 637 So. 2d 901, 903 (Ala. Civ. App. 1994). On the other hand, this court has affirmed child-support awards when, despite the absence of the required forms, we could discern from the appellate record what figures the trial court used in computing the child-support obligation. See, e.g., Dunn v. Dunn, 891 So. 2d 891, 896 (Ala. Civ. App. 2004); Rimpf v. Campbell, 853 So. 2d 957, 959 (Ala. Civ. App. 2002); and Dismukes v. Dorsey, 686 So. 2d 298, 301 (Ala. Civ. App. 1996). Nevertheless, without the child-support-guidelines forms, it is sometimes impossible for an 15 2150225 appellate court to determine from the record whether the trial court correctly applied the guidelines in establishing or modifying a child-support obligation. See Horwitz v. Horwitz, 739 So. 2d 1118, 1120 (Ala. Civ. App. 1999).'" "'Harris v. Harris, 59 So. 3d 731, 736–37 (Ala. Civ. App. 2010) (quoting Hayes v. Hayes, 949 So. 2d 150, 154 (Ala. Civ. App. 2006)).' "Wellborn v. Wellborn, 100 So. 3d 1122, 1126 (Ala. Civ. App. 2012). "This court is unable to determine from the record the manner in which the trial court determined the amount of the parties' gross incomes. The trial court is not bound by the income figures advanced by the parties, and it has discretion in determining a parent's gross income. However, '"[t]his court cannot affirm a child-support order if it has to guess at what facts the trial court found in order to enter the support order it entered...."' Willis v. Willis, 45 So. 3d 347, 349 (Ala. Civ. App. 2010) (quoting Mosley v. Mosley, 747 So. 2d 894, 898 (Ala. Civ. App. 1999)). Therefore, we reverse the judgment establishing the child-support award and remand the case to the trial court to redetermine the husband's child-support obligation in compliance with the Rule 32, Ala. R. Jud. Admin., child-support guidelines and this opinion." In the present case, the trial court's judgment expressly states that the court could not determine the parties' incomes. Indeed, there is no evidence of the parties' incomes 16 2150225 or of the needs of the children in the record. The evidence indicated that the parties lived off their investments, but there was no evidence presented regarding the amount of that income. We do not even know if the parties' combined income is outside the maximum combined income set forth in the childsupport guidelines. Without evidence of the parties' incomes and, if the parties' combined income is outside the maximum combined income set forth in the child-support guidelines, evidence of the children's needs, we cannot affirm the childsupport order. Jud. Admin. See Morgan, supra; see also Rule 32, Ala. R. Therefore, we reverse the trial court's judgment regarding the award of child support and remand this cause for the trial court to take additional evidence and to enter a child-support order in compliance with Rule 32 and this opinion.1 1 Id. We note that, on remand, the trial court has Rule 32(B)(2)(a) provides: "'Gross income' includes income from any source, and includes, but is not limited to, salaries, wages, commissions, bonuses, dividends, severance pay, pensions, interest, trust income, annuities, capital gains, Social Security benefits, workers' compensation benefits, unemployment-insurance benefits, disability-insurance benefits, gifts, prizes, and preexisting periodic alimony." We note that the submission of the parties' income-tax returns and other documentation pursuant to Rule 32(F) would assist the trial court in determining the parties' incomes. 17 2150225 the discretion to make its child-support award retroactive to the date the complaint for divorce was filed. See McCaskill v. McCaskill, 104 So. 3d 186, 194 (Ala. Civ. App. 2012) ("'[G]iven this state's policy and law requiring a parent to support a minor child, we hold that a trial court may, in its discretion, award child support retroactive to the filing of the complaint for divorce where the trial court has failed to enter a pendente lite child support order for the period in which the parent had a duty to support the child but failed to provide that support.'" (quoting Brown v. Brown, 719 So. 2d 228, 232 (Ala. Civ. App. 1998))). IV. Finally, the husband argues that the trial court erred in awarding alimony to the wife without receiving regarding a need for alimony. "'"'[W]hen a trial court hears ore tenus testimony, its findings on disputed facts are presumed correct and its judgment based on those findings will not be reversed unless the judgment is palpably erroneous or manifestly unjust.' Philpot v. State, 843 So. 2d 122, 125 (Ala. 2002). '"The presumption of correctness, however, is rebuttable and may be overcome 18 evidence 2150225 where there is insufficient evidence presented to the trial court to sustain its judgment."' Waltman v. Rowell, 913 So. 2d 1083, 1086 (Ala. 2005) (quoting Dennis v. Dobbs, 474 So. 2d 77, 79 (Ala. 1985))." "'Fadalla v. Fadalla, 929 So. 2d 429, 433 (Ala. 2005). "'....' ".... "'"On appeal, the issues of alimony and property division must be considered together. The trial court's judgment on those issues will not be reversed absent a finding that the judgment is so unsupported by the evidence as to amount to an abuse of discretion. [Parrish v. Parrish, 617 So. 2d 1036 (Ala. Civ. App. 1993).] The property division need not be equal, but it must be equitable. Id. The factors the trial court should consider in dividing the marital property include 'the ages and health of the parties, the length of their marriage, their station in life and their future prospects, their standard of living and each party's potential for maintaining that standard after the divorce, the value and type of property they own, and the source of their common property.' Covington v. 19 2150225 Covington, 675 So. 2d 436, 438 (Ala. Civ. App. 1996)." "'Courtright v. Courtright, 757 So. 2d 453, 456 (Ala. Civ. App. 2000).' "Weeks v. Weeks, 27 So. 3d 526, 529 (Ala. Civ. App. 2008)." Sullivan v. Sullivan, [Ms. 2140760, Feb. 26, 2016] ___ So. 3d ___, ___ (Ala. Civ. App. 2016). "Periodic alimony is completely a creature of legislative design." 2008). J.L.M. v. S.A.K., 18 So. 3d 384, 390 (Ala. Civ. App. Section 30–2–51(a), Ala. Code 1975, the operative statute in this case, provides, in part: "If either spouse has no separate estate or if it is insufficient for the maintenance of a spouse, the judge, upon granting a divorce, at his or her discretion, may order to a spouse an allowance out of the estate of the other spouse, taking into consideration the value thereof and the condition of the spouse's family." See also Kean v. Kean, 189 So. 3d 61, 66 (Ala. Civ. App. 2015). In Shewbart v. Shewbart, 64 So. 3d 1080, 1087-88 (Ala. Civ. App. 2010), this court stated: "A petitioning spouse proves a need for periodic alimony by showing that without such financial support he or she will be unable to maintain the parties' former marital lifestyle. See Pickett v. Pickett, 723 So. 2d 71, 74 (Ala. Civ. App. 1998) 20 2150225 (Thompson, J., with one judge concurring and two judges concurring in the result). As a necessary condition to an award of periodic alimony, a petitioning spouse should first establish the standard and mode of living of the parties during the marriage and the nature of the financial costs to the parties of maintaining that station in life. See, e.g., Miller v. Miller, 695 So. 2d 1192, 1194 (Ala. Civ. App. 1997); and Austin v. Austin, 678 So. 2d 1129, 1131 (Ala. Civ. App. 1996). The petitioning spouse should then establish his or her inability to achieve that same standard of living through the use of his or her own individual assets, including his or her own separate estate, the marital property received as part of any settlement or property division, and his or her own wage-earning capacity, see Miller v. Miller, supra, with the last factor taking into account the age, health, education, and work experience of the petitioning spouse as well as prevailing economic conditions, see DeShazo v. DeShazo, 582 So. 2d 564, 565 (Ala. Civ. App. 1991), and any rehabilitative alimony or other benefits that will assist the petitioning spouse in obtaining and maintaining gainful employment. See Treusdell v. Treusdell, 671 So. 2d 699, 704 (Ala. Civ. App. 1995). If the use of his or her assets and wage-earning capacity allows the petitioning spouse to routinely meet only part of the financial costs associated with maintaining the parties' former marital standard of living, the petitioning spouse has proven a need for additional support and maintenance that is measured by that shortfall. See Scott v. Scott, 460 So. 2d 1331, 1332 (Ala. Civ. App. 1984)." In the present case, there was no evidence presented indicating that the wife would be unable to maintain her former marital standard of living absent an award of periodic alimony. In fact, at the 21 hearing on the husband's 2150225 postjudgment motion, the wife's testimony tended to show that she felt that her property award was sufficient to meet her needs. Furthermore, the evidence indicated that the parties had lived solely off of their investments, of which the wife was awarded a portion, and that neither party had been employed at the time of the parties' separation. Without any evidence indicating that the wife will be unable to meet her needs absent an award of alimony, we conclude that the trial court exceeded its discretion in awarding periodic alimony. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment to the extent that it awarded the wife periodic alimony. Because the division of property and the award of alimony are interrelated, we also reverse the division of property. trial See Sullivan, ___ So. 3d at ___. court is permitted to reconsider On remand, the the division of property in light of our reversal of the award of alimony and all the applicable factors, including the finding of fault on the part of the husband. See id. 22 2150225 Conclusion Based on the foregoing, we reverse the trial court's judgment. We remand this cause for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion. APPLICATION GRANTED; OPINION OF OCTOBER 21, 2016, WITHDRAWN; OPINION SUBSTITUTED; REVERSED AND REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS. Pittman and Donaldson, JJ., concur. Thompson, P.J., and Thomas, J., concur in the result, without writings. 23

Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.

This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.