Thomas Jones v. Secura Insurance Company
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2002 WI 11 SUPREME COURT CASE NO.: OF WISCONSIN 00-3037 COMPLETE TITLE: Thomas Jones and Joan Jones, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Secura Insurance Company, Defendant-Respondent. ON CERTIFICATION FROM THE COURT OF APPEALS OPINION FILED: SUBMITTED ON BRIEFS: ORAL ARGUMENT: December 4, 2001 SOURCE OF APPEAL: COURT: COUNTY: JUDGE: Circuit Vilas James B. Mohr February 1, 2002 JUSTICES: CONCURRED: DISSENTED: NOT PARTICIPATING: ATTORNEYS: For the plaintiffs-appellants there were briefs by Shane W. Falk and Seidl & Stingl, S.C., Wausau, and oral argument by Shane W. Falk. For the defendant-respondent there was a brief by Todd Joseph Koback and Terwilliger, Wakeen, Piehler & Conway, S.C., Wausau, and oral argument by Todd Joseph Koback. 2002 WI 11 NOTICE This opinion is subject to further editing and modification. The final version will appear in the bound volume of the official reports. No. 00-3037 (L.C. No. 99CV000046) STATE OF WISCONSIN : IN SUPREME COURT Thomas Jones and Joan Jones, FILED Plaintiffs-Appellants, FEB 1, 2002 v. Secura Insurance Company, Cornelia G. Clark Clerk of Supreme Court Defendant-Respondent. APPEAL from an order of the Circuit Court for Vilas County, Honorable James B. Mohr, Circuit Court Judge. Reversed and cause remanded. ¶1 on N. PATRICK CROOKS, J. certification pursuant to from the Court Wis. Stat. § 809.61 This case is before the court of Appeals, (1999-2000).1 District The III, parties dispute what damages an insured can pursue in a bad faith action against an insurer. Specifically, we address whether bad faith tort damages include those damages that could also be pursued in 1 All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 19992000 version unless otherwise noted. No. 00-3037 a breach of a fire insurance contract cause of action, such as the policy proceeds. We further address whether an insured is barred from pursuing those damages in a bad faith claim when the insured's breach of a fire insurance contract claim is barred by the statute of limitations. ¶2 After reviewing the development of the tort of bad faith in Wisconsin, we conclude that the circuit court's order prohibiting the plaintiffs from attempting to collect any damages otherwise recoverable under a breach of contract claim was an erroneous exercise of discretion. Although we agree with the circuit court's conclusion that the tort of bad faith is a separate cause of action from a breach of an insurance contract claim, the absence of a valid breach of contract claim does not prohibit the plaintiffs from pursuing certain damages in a bad faith claim. We specifically rely on language from DeChant v. Monarch Insurance Life Company, 200 Wis. 2d 559, 571, 547 N.W.2d 592 (1996), stating, "when an insurer acts in bad faith by denying benefits, it is liable to the insured in tort for any damages which are the proximate result of that conduct." Accordingly, we conclude that the plaintiffs are entitled to pursue any damages which defendant's alleged bad otherwise recoverable in are the faith, a proximate including breach of an result damages of that insurance the were contract claim. ¶3 We further conclude that the circuit court's dismissal of the plaintiffs' breach of a fire insurance contract claim due to the failure to comply with the statute of limitations, does 2 No. not alter our holding in this case. A bad faith 00-3037 claim is governed by a two-year statute of limitations, rather than the one-year statute of limitations governing a breach of a fire insurance contract claim. While plaintiffs should not be able to recover duplicative damages under both a bad faith tort claim and a breach of contract claim, we do not face that potential here because their breach of an insurance contract claim has been dismissed. Consequently, we conclude that the circuit court erred by concluding that the plaintiffs' ability to pursue damages under their bad faith claim is controlled by the absence of a valid breach of a fire insurance contract claim. They were thus otherwise prohibited recoverable from under attempting such a to breach collect of damages contract claim. Under DeChant, we conclude that the plaintiffs are able to pursue "any damages which are the proximate result" of the defendant's alleged bad faith, if bad faith is established at trial. I ¶4 The approximately relevant 1985, facts Thomas are and not Joan in Jones dispute.2 (hereinafter Since the Joneses) owned a residence and motel located near a lake in Woodruff, Wisconsin. In 1993, the Joneses insured the property 2 In their brief, Thomas and Joan Jones allege several facts relating to the merits of their bad faith claim. The merits of their bad faith claim, however, are not before this court, which makes it unnecessary to discuss those facts alleged in their brief. 3 No. with Secura Insurance Company (hereinafter Secura).3 00-3037 In the process of approving the insurance coverage, a representative from Secura did an inspection of the Joneses' property and graded the risk as "good."4 ¶5 In approximately May 1997, the Joneses presented a notice of loss to Secura for damages to their residence and motel. The leaning Joneses toward the reported lake, the that their chimney house, and the deck is slanting. home is appears separating to be from the On May 21, 1997, Wayne Bognar, a Secura Claims Adjuster, inspected the Joneses' property and denied coverage for their claim. Bognar concluded that the damage was the result of an on-going situation, rather than a collapse, and was not covered by the Joneses' policy. ¶6 against On March Secura in 18, 1999, Vilas the County Joneses Circuit filed Court. this lawsuit The Joneses claimed, among other things, breach of the insurance contract and bad faith. On May 17, 2000, the circuit court, the Honorable James B. Mohr, presiding, granted summary judgment in favor of Secura on the breach of contract claim. The circuit court concluded that the breach of contract claim was barred by 3 We find it unnecessary to lay out the specific language of the insurance policy because the circuit court's grant of summary judgment on the breach of contract claim is not before this court. Furthermore, we do not rely on the policy language in determining what damages the Joneses can pursue under their bad faith claim. 4 The grading of risk appears on the Secura Dwelling Survey Report. The grading of risk for the Joneses' property was "Good" out of a scale of Excellent, Good, Fair, and Poor. 4 No. the one-year statute Wis. Stat. § 631.83(1)(a).5 of limitations 00-3037 pursuant to At the same time, the circuit court denied Secura's motion for summary judgment on the bad faith claim. ¶7 In response to the circuit court's grant of summary judgment on the breach of contract claim, Secura filed a motion for declaratory judgment. Secura requested that the circuit court declare that the Joneses' claims for damages, as a result of the lost use of their property, lost property, and lost business, were not recoverable under their bad faith tort claim. Secura argued that the alleged damages are not recoverable under the bad 5 faith tort claim, because they are contract damages Wisconsin Stat. § 631.83(1)(a) provides in part: An action on a fire insurance policy must be commenced within 12 months after the inception of the loss. This rule also applies to riders or endorsements attached to a fire insurance policy covering loss or damage to property or to the use of or income from property from any cause, and to separate windstorm or hail insurance policies. The Joneses' insurance policy is a fire insurance policy governed by the statute of limitations in § 631.83. The phrase "fire insurance" includes all types of property indemnity insurance. Borgen v. Economy Preferred Ins. Co., 176 Wis. 2d 498, 502-503, 500 N.W.2d 419 (Ct. App. 1993) (citing Villa Clement, Inc. v. National Union Fire Ins. Co., 120 Wis. 2d 140, 147, 353 N.W.2d 369 (Ct. App. 1984). The Joneses' policy is a fire insurance policy and therefore, any cause of action based on the policy must be commenced within the one-year statute of limitations. Accordingly, all subsequent references to "breach of insurance contract claim" or "breach of insurance contract cause of action" refer to a cause of action on a fire insurance policy governed by the statute of limitations in § 631.83. 5 No. 00-3037 properly dismissed with the Joneses' breach of contract claim. The Joneses responded by claiming that Secura is liable for any damages which are the proximate result of Secura's bad faith. ¶8 On October 5, 2000, the circuit court held a hearing on Secura's declaratory judgment motion. At the end of the hearing, the circuit court judge granted Secura's motion. The court recognized that this was an issue of first impression in Wisconsin and acknowledged difficulty in making its decision. I must admit after having read the briefs and several of the cases that the parties cited, the DeChant case, Anderson, Poling, I think Heyden was cited, I was somewhat surprised that this issue specifically apparently has never been addressed. . . . And I had some difficulty in making my way through the earlier court decisions dealing with the facts of this particular case. However, since I must make a ruling one way or another here, I am satisfied, after reading those cases and, obviously, your brief[s], that the courts in the past have essentially noted a basic difference between a breach of contract and a bad faith claim, and they have indicated that the tort of bad faith is a separate, intentional wrong and creates damages, from what I can glean, that are unrelated to contract damages. . . . I guess my holding is going to be that in a bad faith action, what is recoverable are damages that would not have been incurred but for the insurer's tortious conduct. And, I am just holding that I accept the argument of defendants in this action. I'm troubled with [the] situation, and it seems to go both ways, the plaintiff talks about the policy concerning insurer, insurance liability, and insurance company talks about, well, we have these statutes of limitations that apply as well. But, it would seem to me, if the court were to now allow plaintiff to recover the same damages the court previously held are not recoverable after having then dismissed the contract action, would really be unpalatable to the court. 6 No. 00-3037 On October 19, 2000, the circuit court issued a written order prohibiting the Joneses from attempting to collect any damages which would have been recoverable under their previously dismissed contract claim. ¶9 The Joneses appealed the circuit court's nonfinal order to the Wisconsin Court of Appeals, District III. The court and of appeals granted the interlocutory appeal, subsequently certified the appeal to this court. We granted review of all issues raised on appeal. II ¶10 we Since both parties rely largely on a handful of cases, first use development those of the cases bad specifically focus on to faith what provide tort damages an claim are overview the Wisconsin. in of We recoverable in a bad faith action. ¶11 This court first recognized a bad faith claim in Anderson v. Continental Insurance Co., 85 Wis. 2d 675, 686, 271 N.W.2d 368 (1978). sounding in tort, relationship. parties We explicitly recognized a bad faith claim Id. created by although arising out of a contractual "By virtue of the relationship between the the contract, a special duty arises, the breach of which duty is a tort and is unrelated to contract damages." faith Id. and The duty referred to is the special duty of good relationship. fair dealing arising out of the contractual Id. at 686, 689 (citing Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 231 (Tentative Drafts Nos. 1-7, Rev. and Edited, 1973)). This court also made clear that "the tort of bad faith 7 No. is not for the breach of a contract. 00-3037 It is a separate tort." Id. at 696. ¶12 In adopting the tort of bad faith, we relied on the rationale of Gruenberg v. Aetna Insurance Co., 510 P.2d 1032 (Cal. 1973), and this court's decision in Hilker v. Western Automobile Insurance Co., 204 Wis. 1, 231 N.W. 257 (1930), on reargument, 204 Wis. 12, 235 N.W. 413 (1931). Wis. 2d at 687. Anderson, 85 In Hilker, the court found that the insurance company acted in bad faith in settling a claim of a third party against an insured. insurance 204 Wis. at 10. company's acknowledged that an conduct was insurer owes analogous to that of a fiduciary. In recognizing that the bad a faith, duty Id. at 13. to the the court insured, The Hilker court also emphasized that an insurance company's decision on a claim is in good faith, if it is based upon a knowledge of the facts and circumstances upon which liability is predicated. 15. Id. at "The lack of reasonable diligence and the insurer's refusal to determine the nature and extent of the liability evidenced bad faith." ¶13 Anderson, 85 Wis. 2d at 688 (discussing Hilker). In Gruenberg, the California Supreme Court concluded that an insurance company has a duty to deal fairly and in good faith with its insured. 510 P.2d at 1037. In Anderson, we expressly adopted the following statement from Gruenberg as the law in Wisconsin: It is manifest that a common legal principle underlies all of the foregoing decisions; namely, that in every insurance contract there is an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. The duty to so act is 8 No. 00-3037 imminent in the contract whether the company is attending to the claims of third persons against the insured or the claims of the insured itself. Accordingly, when the insurer unreasonably and in bad faith withholds payment of the claim of its insured, it is subject to liability in tort. 85 Wis. 2d at 689 (quoting Gruenberg, 510 P.2d at 1038). In Anderson we also went on to establish what a plaintiff must show in order to prove bad faith. plaintiff must show the "To show a claim for bad faith, a absence of a reasonable basis for denying benefits of the policy and the defendant's knowledge or reckless disregard of the lack of a reasonable basis for denying the claim." ¶14 Id. at 691. In addition to recognizing the tort of bad faith in Anderson, this court addressed what damages are available in a bad faith action. We emphasized that bad faith is an intentional tort and that a bad faith action may "result in not only compensatory damages, but also punitive damages and damages for emotional injury." Id. at 694. Recovery for emotional distress caused by an insurer's bad faith should be only allowed for severe distress, and when substantial other suffered apart from the loss of contract benefits. damage is Id. at 696. Furthermore, for punitive damages to be awarded, there must be a 9 No. 00-3037 showing of "evil intent" or of a "special ill-will or wanton disregard of duty." ¶15 Id. at 697.6 After Anderson, the court of appeals addressed damages available in a bad faith tort action in Poling v. Wisconsin Physicians Service, 120 Wis. 2d 603, 357 N.W.2d 293 (Ct. App. 1984), and Heyden v. Safeco Title Insurance Wis. 2d 508, 498 N.W.2d 905 (Ct. App. 1993). Co., 175 In Poling, the court of appeals affirmed the jury's finding of bad faith and the jury's award of damages for emotional distress, substantial other damages, and punitive damages. 120 Wis. 2d at 609-611. Similarly, in Heyden, the court of appeals addressed damages available under the tort of bad faith.7 "[A]n insured may 6 The standard for punitive damages is currently codified in Wis. Stat. § 895.85. Section 895.85(3) states: "The plaintiff may receive punitive damages if evidence is submitted showing that the defendant acted maliciously toward the plaintiff or in an intentional disregard of the rights of the plaintiff." See also Unified Catholic Sch. of Beaver Dam Educ. Ass'n v. Universal Card Services Corp., 34 F. Supp. 2d 714, 718 (E.D. Wis. 1999). Section 895.85 changed the previous standard which allowed punitive damages if the defendant's conduct was "outrageous." Wis. JI-Civil 1707.1 n.1 (citing Brown v. Maxey, 124 Wis. 2d 426, 369 N.W.2d 677 (1985)). 7 The court of appeals also addressed whether expert testimony is required in order to establish a claim of bad faith. Heyden v. Safeco Title Ins. Co., 175 Wis. 2d 508, 522, 498 N.W.2d 905 (Ct. App. 1993). In Weiss v. United Fire & Casualty Co., 197 Wis. 2d 365, 382, 541 N.W.2d 753 (1995), this court overruled Heyden to the extent it was contrary to our decision that "when an insurer's alleged breach of its duty of good faith and fair dealing toward its insured involves facts and circumstances within the common knowledge or ordinary experience of an average juror, an insured need not introduce expert testimony to establish a bad faith claim." 10 No. 00-3037 recover compensatory damages sustained as a consequence of the insurance company's tort of 'bad faith' and these damages are of a different species than those that may be recovered for breach of the insurance contract." ¶16 Heyden, 175 Wis. 2d at 520. In 1987, this court discussed the claim of bad faith in Warmka v. Hartland Cicero Mutual Insurance, 136 Wis. 2d 31, 400 N.W.2d 923 (1987). Although damages were not at issue, Warmka is significant because it clearly established that the tort of bad faith is governed by limitations in Wis. Stat. § 893.57.8 the two-year Id. at 35. statute of We explicitly rejected the argument that a bad faith claim is governed by the one-year statute of limitations in § 631.83(1)(a), because the one-year statute of limitations applies only to actions "on the policy." ¶17 Id. After Warmka, this court again addressed what damages are available in a bad faith tort action in DeChant v. Monarch Life Insurance Co., 200 Wis. 2d 559, 547 N.W.2d 592 (1996). Specifically, we reviewed the jury's award of damages, including attorneys' damages. fees, bond premiums, 200 Wis. 2d at 566. and "all other" bad faith Relying on Anderson, we first reviewed the nature of the tort of first-party bad faith and the damages generally available. 8 Wisconsin Stat. § 893.57 provides: "An action to recover damages for libel, slander, assault, battery, invasion of privacy, false imprisonment or other intentional tort to the person shall be commenced within 2 years after the cause of action accrues or be barred." 11 No. 00-3037 By virtue of the relationship between the parties created by an insurance contract, a special duty arises, the breach of which duty is a tort and is unrelated to contract damages. . . . The tort of bad faith "is a separate intentional wrong, which results from a breach of duty imposed as a consequence of the relationship established by contract." . . . When such a breach occurs, the insurer is liable for any damages which are the proximate result of that breach. Id. at 569-570 (quoting Anderson, 85 Wis. 2d at 687) (emphasis added). We subsequently reiterated the purpose and standard for bad faith damages several times throughout the opinion: primary purpose is to redress all caused by an insurer's bad faith." economic harm "Its proximately Id. at 570 (emphasis added). "We conclude that when an insurer acts in bad faith by denying benefits, it is liable to the insured in tort for any damages which are the proximate result of that conduct." (emphasis added). "When an insurer acts in Id. at 571 bad faith, a plaintiff is allowed to recover for all detriment proximately resulting from the (emphasis added). we concluded insurer's bad faith." Id. at 572-573 Applying this "proximately caused" standard, "that attorney's fees and bond premiums are recoverable by a prevailing party in a first-party bad faith action as part of those compensatory damages resulting from the insurer's bad faith." ¶18 Several Id. at 577. subsequent cases have applied DeChant, especially regarding the validity of awarding attorneys' fees as damages in a bad faith action. 2001 WI 90, ¶79, 245 See Danner v. Auto-Owners Ins., Wis. 2d 49, 629 N.W.2d 159; Allied Processors, Inc. v. W. Nat'l Mut. Ins. Co., 2001 WI App 129, 12 No. ¶43, 246 affirm Wis. 2d 579, the trial recoverable, and 629 N.W.2d 329 court's further ruling (relying awarding DeChant to attorney that fees are witness fees and expert on 00-3037 attorneys' travel expenses as compensatory damages for bad faith claim); Majorowicz v. Allied Mut. Ins. Co., 212 Wis. 2d 513, 536, 569 N.W.2d 472 (Ct. App. 1997) (applying "proximate result" standard for bad faith damages, including attorneys' fees); see also McEvoy v. Group Health Coop., 213 Wis. 2d 507, 570 N.W.2d 397 (1997) (applying bad faith tort to HMOs and relying on "proximate result" standard for damages). III ¶19 We whether now turn contract directly damages, to such the as issue in policy this case, proceeds, are recoverable in a bad faith tort action, even when the insured's breach of a fire insurance statute of limitations. contract claim is barred by the "In a declaratory judgment action, the granting or denying of relief is a matter within the discretion of the circuit court." Co., 222 uphold Wis. 2d 627, the circuit See Hull v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. 635, court's 586 N.W.2d 863 decision as (1998). long as the We will circuit court's exercise of discretion was not "based on an error of law." Id. at 636 (citation omitted). What damages an insured can recover in a bad faith action is a question of law, which we review independently, analysis. benefiting from the circuit court's See DeChant, 200 Wis. 2d at 568 (whether an insured can recover attorney's fees as damages in a bad faith action is a question of law) (citing Newhouse v. Citizens Security Mut. 13 No. Ins., 176 Wis. 2d 824, 837, 501 (1993)); N.W.2d 1 00-3037 Allied Processors, 2001 WI App 129, ¶50 ("[W]hat damages a prevailing plaintiff in a bad faith claim may recover presents a legal issue."). ¶20 The Joneses argue that the circuit court erroneously exercised its discretion declaratory judgment. in granting Secura's motion for a In support of their position, the Joneses argue: (1) the circuit court failed to apply the unambiguous holding in DeChant and subsequent cases holding the insurer liable for all damages proximately caused by the insurer's bad faith; (2) the circuit court confused "claim" with "recovery," because the statute of limitations applies only to claims and does not preclude recovery of damages pursuant to a separate claim; and (3) the circuit court's decision eviscerates the public policy behind the allowance of bad faith claims. ¶21 First, according to the Joneses, the circuit court failed to apply the unambiguous holding of DeChant, which holds the insurer liable for "any damages which are the proximate result" of the insurer's bad faith. 200 Wis. 2d at 570. The Joneses contend damages the holding in that DeChant, their contract because those result of Secura's bad faith. failed to apply DeChant, the damages fall are within the proximate In arguing that the circuit court Joneses also contend that the unambiguous language in DeChant overruled any contrary language in Poling and Heyden. Specifically, the Joneses argue that DeChant's holding that "the insurer is liable for any damages which are the proximate result" of bad faith, overrules language 14 No. 00-3037 indicating that an insured can recover only damages "other than those attributable to the breach of contract," Poling, 120 Wis. 2d at 609, and damages that are "a different species than those that may contract." be recovered for breach Heyden, 175 Wis. 2d at 520. of the insurance Furthermore, according to the Joneses, subsequent cases, including Danner and Allied Processors, rely on the proximate result rationale. See also Crookston v. Fire Ins. Exch., 817 P.2d 789 (Utah 1991) (holding that a bad faith tort claim is not an action on the contract, therefore, since tort of bad faith is not barred by statute of limitations, insureds allowed to recover all damages attributable to the tort). In Danner, this court affirmed an award fees of action, actual and compensatory attorneys' attorneys' damages. fees 2001 in WI for the the 90, bad ¶¶77, underlying faith 79. contract action, as Moreover, in Allied Processors, the court of appeals affirmed an award of attorneys' fees and concluded that the trial court erred in not allowing expert witness expenses and attorneys' travel expenses as compensatory damages in the bad faith action. 129. 2001 WI App The Joneses argue that the circuit court erred by not applying the "proximate cause" rationale, and therefore, they should be allowed to pursue all damages in their bad faith claim, including those otherwise recoverable in a breach of an insurance contract action. ¶22 The Joneses further argue that allowing an insured to recover contract damages fulfills the purpose of a bad faith claim. In DeChant, this court stated that the "primary purpose 15 No. 00-3037 [of the tort of bad faith] is to redress all economic harm proximately caused by an insurer's bad faith." 570. 200 Wis. 2d at According to the Joneses, the circuit court's order is an erroneous exercise of discretion, because the court is prohibiting their ability to pursue recovery of all economic harm proximately caused by Secura's bad faith. ¶23 Second, the Joneses argue that the decision confuses "claim" with "recovery." that the one-year Wis. Stat. § 631.83(1)(a) statute applies to court's The Joneses contend of only circuit limitations their breach in of an insurance contract claim, and not all damages that would have been recoverable under that claim. claim is governed by the Because their bad faith tort two-year statute of limitations in § 893.57, and their bad faith action was timely commenced, their inability to bring the breach of contract claim does not preclude the "recovery" of damages pursuant to their separate and distinct bad faith tort claim.9 The Joneses urge us to follow the reasoning in Taylor v. State Farm Fire and Casualty Co., 981 P.2d 1253 (Okla. 1999), where the Supreme Court of Oklahoma directly addressed this issue. In Taylor, the plaintiff's breach of contract claim was barred by the statute 9 The Joneses make clear that they are not seeking a double recovery. A plaintiff should not be allowed to recover damages under a breach of contract theory and then recover the same damages again under a bad faith tort theory. As noted previously, the Joneses' breach of contract claim was dismissed on summary judgment, therefore, there is no potential for a double recovery in this case. 16 No. 00-3037 of limitations, but the trial court allowed the jury to award the plaintiff bad faith damages for the loss payable under the policy and for damages "consistent with [the] harm flowing from [the] insurer's bad-faith breach." Id. at 1258. In addition to relying on Taylor, the Joneses analogize to products liability cases where a court's dismissal of a warranty claim based in contract does not limit the injured plaintiff's recovery for property damages and personal injuries in its strict products liability claim. See Austin v. Ford Motor Co., 86 Wis. 2d 628, 644, 273 N.W.2d 233 (1979) (holding that in light of the court's development of products liability, "it is inappropriate to bring an action sought"). the for breach of warranty where a tort remedy is Under both Taylor and the products liability analogy, Joneses argue that the circuit court's order was an erroneous exercise of discretion, because the court confused the idea of "claim" with that of "recovery." ¶24 The Joneses' circuit court's behind allowance of Joneses contend that final would order argument "eviscerate" bad faith is claims. upholding the that the In circuit upholding public their policy brief, court's the the decision would effectively create a bifurcated statute of limitations for bad faith claims where homeowner's and property insurance policy damages are governed by a one-year statute of limitations, but all other damages limitations. public governed by a two-year statute of According to the Joneses, this eviscerates the policy accountable are for behind bad breaching faith their 17 claims holding fiduciary duty to insurers their own No. insured. argue Anderson, 85 Wis. 2d at 689. that this bifurcated 00-3037 Furthermore, the Joneses statute of limitations is inconsistent with the notion that the tort of bad faith is a separate intentional tort, apart from the breach of contract. See DeChant, 200 Wis. 2d at 569; Anderson, 85 Wis. 2d at 696. Using the one-year statute of limitations for some damages in a bad faith action, fails to acknowledge that the tort of bad faith is an independent claim governed by a two-year statute of limitations. court's Accordingly, the Joneses contend that the circuit decision was an erroneous exercise of discretion, because it fails to follow DeChant and hold Secura liable for "any damages which are the proximate result" of Secura's bad faith. 200 Wis. 2d at 570. ¶25 that the In response to the Joneses' arguments, Secura contends circuit court's grant of its declaratory judgment motion is within the circuit court's discretion and should be upheld. Specifically, DeChant, damages Secura recoverable argues in a (1) bad under faith Anderson claim and are "unrelated" and "separate" from damages recoverable in a breach of contract claim; (2) this court should not rely on Taylor or the Joneses' analogy to products liability cases; and (3) Wisconsin's public policy regarding bad faith claims is narrow and restrictive. ¶26 Secura first argues that the Joneses' interpretation of DeChant is incorrect and that DeChant actually supports the circuit court's order. According to Secura, DeChant holds that the tort of bad faith is a separate intentional wrong, which 18 No. creates damages "unrelated to contract damages." 569. the 00-3037 200 Wis. 2d at Secura argues that DeChant, relying on Anderson, clarifies court of appeals decisions in Poling and Heyden by distinguishing between damages arising from the breach of the special duty created by contract and the breach of contract. Id. According to Secura, the circuit court's decision was correct because the Joneses' contract damages were extinguished when the circuit court granted summary judgment on that claim in favor of Secura. Consequently, the Joneses' were appropriately prohibited from attempting to collect any damages recoverable under the contract claim, because the Joneses' bad faith claim is a separate action with "unrelated" damages. ¶27 Second, Secura argues that this court should not find guidance in Taylor or the Joneses' analogy to products liability cases. Secura contends that Taylor is not controlling because it an is persuasive, Oklahoma because case, and Oklahoma's furthermore, bad faith Taylor public is not policies are different than those of Wisconsin. Specifically, Secura argues that different Oklahoma is significantly because, unlike Wisconsin's intentional requirement to prove bad faith, Oklahoma adopted the expansive definition of bad faith, requiring an insured to prove only that the insurer unreasonably interpreted the contract. See Christian v. Am. Home Assurance Co., 577 P.2d 899, 905 (Okla. 1977). that Wisconsin should Based on this difference, Secura argues not look regarding the tort of bad faith. 19 to Oklahoma for guidance No. ¶28 Secura further contends that the Joneses' analogy to products liability cases is misleading. the 00-3037 Joneses' analogy breaks down According to Secura, because courts have not restricted causes of action arising from a breach of contract (a breach of an insurance contract may give rise to both a breach of contract action and a bad faith tort action), but have restricted claims based on allegations concerning a defective product.10 Secura further argues that the products liability analogy is unpersuasive, because in order to prevail on the bad faith action, an insured usually must prove that he or she is entitled to a directed verdict on the breach of contract claim. See Universe Life Ins. Co. v. Giles, 950 S.W.2d 48, 68 (Tex. 1997). Accordingly, defendant argues that the circuit court's decision was correct, because it followed DeChant, concluding that breach of contract and bad faith actions are separate and the damages for each are "unrelated." ¶29 Finally, Secura argues that the Joneses' public policy argument is misplaced, because Wisconsin's regarding bad faith is narrow and restrictive. public policy In adopting the tort of bad faith, Wisconsin adopted a narrow version of the claim by making bad faith an intentional tort. Wis. 2d at 693-694. In Anderson, this See Anderson, 85 court explicitly recognized that an insurance company will be found liable only 10 Specifically, Secura relies on Austin v. Ford Motor Co., 86 Wis. 2d 628, 645-646, 273 N.W.2d 233 (1979), and at pages 26 and 27 in its brief, Secura argues it is "clear that no contract action exists in the product liability setting; rather, only a tort action for strict liability exists." 20 No. 00-3037 where it has "intentionally denied (or failed to process or pay) a claim without a reasonable basis." Id. at 693. Compared to California's bad faith action in Gruenberg, which requires an insured only to interpreted the Wisconsin's bad establish insurance faith claim that the contract, is insurer 510 unreasonably P.2d considerably at more 1038, narrow. According to Secura, the damages available under the tort of bad faith should be similarly restricted, as contract damages cannot be re-characterized and recovered as tort damages to avoid the effect of the statute of limitations.11 Secura's final public policy argument is that the circuit court's order is correct in light of a growing nationwide concern that bad faith has been 11 Secura also notes that even California, with a broad bad faith policy, prohibits recovery of contract damages in a bad faith action by holding that the tort of bad faith is an action "on the policy" and is governed by the same one-year statute of limitations as a breach of a fire insurance contract claim. See Prieto v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 225 Cal. App. 3d 1188, 1193 (Cal. Ct. App. 1990) (citing Abari v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 205 Cal. App. 3d 530, 536 (Cal. Ct. App. 1988). We decline to address this reasoning any further in light of clear Wisconsin precedent that a bad faith tort action is not an action "on the policy" and is governed by the two-year statute of limitations in Wis. Stat. § 893.57, rather than the one-year statute of limitations in § 631.83(1)(a). Warmka v. Hartland Cicero Mut. Ins. Co., 136 Wis. 2d 31, 35, 400 N.W.2d 923 (1987). 21 No. expanded too far.12 00-3037 Secura urges this court not to expand bad faith in Wisconsin by allowing insureds to attempt to collect damages otherwise recoverable under a dismissed contract claim. According to Secura, by enacting Wis. Stat. § 631.83(1), the legislature made a policy decision that claims seeking policy benefits for the breach of an insurance contract must be brought within one year of the inception of the loss. The circuit court's erroneous exercise distinguished bad order, discretion, therefore, because it was not an appropriately of faith tort damages as unrelated to contract damages, and prohibited the Joneses from pursuing contract damages in their bad faith tort claim. ¶30 We conclude that the circuit court's order was an erroneous exercise of discretion, because it was based on an error of law. however, that See Hull, 222 Wis. 2d at 636. the circuit court faced a We recognize, difficult decision, because this case presents the issue directly for the first time in Wisconsin. ¶31 Under Anderson and Warmka, it is clear that breach of contract and the tort of bad faith are two separate claims or 12 Secura cites a Texas case and several law review articles to support its position regarding the growing national concern over the expansion of bad faith. See Universe Life Ins. Co. v. Giles, 950 S.W.2d 48, 63 (Tex. 1997) (J. Hecht, concurring); Douglas R. Richmond, An Overview of Insurance Bad Faith Law and Litigation, 25 Seton Hall L. Rev. 74, 76 (1994); Alan O. Sykes, "Bad Faith" Breach of Contract by First-Party Insurers, 25 J. Legal Stud. 405, 443 (1996); Robert H. Jerry, II, The Wrong Side of the Mountain: A Comment on Bad Faith's Unnatural History, 72 Tex. L. Rev. 1317, 1343 (1994). 22 No. causes of action. 00-3037 In Anderson, we recognized the tort of bad faith as a separate and distinct claim, 85 Wis. 2d at 686, and in Warmka we further distinguished the claims by holding that the tort of bad faith is governed by the two-year statute of limitations, governing rather breach Wis. 2d at 36. of than the fire However, one-year insurance in Anderson statute contract and of limitations claims. Warmka it 136 remains unclear, whether damages for the tort of bad faith and breach of an insurance contract must be similarly separate and distinct, or whether damages in a bad faith claim may include damages otherwise available in a breach of insurance contract claim. ¶32 The Joneses and Secura both rely heavily on language from DeChant in support of their respective arguments. Secura focuses on language citing Anderson, concluding that the tort of bad faith is "unrelated Wis. 2d at 569. to contract damages." DeChant, 200 In contrast, the Joneses focus on the court's conclusion that "when an insurer acts in bad faith by denying benefits, it is liable to the insured for any damages which are the proximate result of that conduct." Id. at 571. While the language in DeChant seems to support both positions, we conclude that the language Secura relies on is simply a reiteration of this court's holding in Anderson. The DeChant case centered on damages for the tort of bad faith, specifically attorneys' fees and bond premiums. Therefore, in deciding what damages the Joneses are able to pursue in this bad faith case, we rely on the court's conclusion in DeChant that an insurer is "liable to 23 No. the insured . . . for any damages result" of the insurer's bad faith.13 ¶33 find it overruled which are the 00-3037 proximate Id. While we find the language in DeChant controlling, we unnecessary to by DeChant. conclude that The language Poling and Heyden in and Poling were Heyden, referring to bad faith damages as not attributable to breach of contract and a different species than contract damages, is similar to language in DeChant that a bad faith claim gives rise to damages "unrelated" to contract damages. 200 Wis. 2d at 569. Because this is the first time we directly address this issue, we now clarify any discrepancy among the cases by holding that an insurer is liable for any damages which are the proximate result of the insurer's bad faith. In order to prevent further confusion or potential misapplication of language in DeChant, 13 We base our decision on controlling Wisconsin case law, but we find several cases from foreign jurisdictions instructive, including Taylor v. State Farm Fire and Casualty Co., 981 P.2d 1253 (Okla. 1999), Crookston v. Fire Insurance Exchange, 817 P.2d 789 (Utah 1991) and Universe Life at 68. Also, we find it unnecessary to ground our holding on an analogy to products liability case law. We, therefore, do not address the parties' arguments comparing bad faith claims to products liability case law. 24 No. 00-3037 Poling, or Heyden, we now withdraw any language from those cases to the contrary.14 ¶34 This court's "proximate result" language from DeChant controls our conclusion in this case. We interpret the language in which DeChant, "liable for any damages are the proximate result" of bad faith, as inclusive of any and all damages caused by the insurer's tort of bad faith. Consequently, "any damages" may include damages that could also be recoverable independently in a breach of insurance contract action. As recognized above, the tort of bad faith and breach of an insurance contract are two separate claims or causes separate statutes of limitations. of action, governed by two As two separate claims, they appropriately lead to recovery of separate, but not necessarily exclusive, damages. prohibit pursuit It would be inconsistent, therefore, to of some bad faith damages because of application of the statute of limitations for a breach of an insurance contract claim. ¶35 can Furthermore, we recognize that the tort of bad faith lead to recovery of the same 14 damages as the breach of For example, we withdraw language from DeChant v. Monarch Life Insurance Co., 200 Wis. 2d 559, 569, 547 N.W.2d 592 (1996), indicating that bad faith damages are "unrelated to contract damages" and language from Heyden v. Safeco Title Insurance Co., 175 Wis. 2d 508, 520, 498 N.W.2d 905 (Ct. App. 1993), discussing bad faith damages as "of a different species than those that may be recovered for breach of the insurance contract." We also withdraw similar language from Poling v. Wisconsin Physicians Service, 120 Wis. 2d 603, 609, 357 N.W.2d 293 (Ct. App. 1984), stating, "Anderson requires a plaintiff seeking bad faith damages to prove emotional distress and substantial damages other than those attributable to the breach of contract." 25 No. contract action, "proximate if result" and of only the if, insurer's those damages tortious 00-3037 are the conduct. The "proximate result" standard from DeChant controls the scope of damages available in a bad faith action, regardless of whether damages falling within that scope would be otherwise recoverable in a breach of an insurance contract claim. ¶36 The policy behind the tort of bad faith supports this conclusion. In DeChant we recognized that the "primary purpose [of the tort of bad faith] is to redress all economic harm proximately caused by an insurer's bad faith." 570. 200 Wis. 2d at "The underlying rationale of the tort [of bad faith] is that an insurance company should have something more to lose than the contract payment if it intentionally denies a claim it knows it should pay. not enough." The contract amount due plus interest is Arnold P. Anderson, Wisconsin Insurance Law § 9.1 (4th ed. 1998). We therefore have not limited the scope of a bad faith claim to recovery of only those damages not otherwise recoverable in Accordingly, the a breach "proximate of insurance result" contract standard action. controls what damages are available, and does not exclude from recovery those damages otherwise available in a breach of an insurance contract claim. ¶37 We disagree with Secura's contention that our conclusion expands the doctrine of bad faith in Wisconsin and is inconsistent with Wisconsin's narrow and restrictive version of the tort of bad faith. While we acknowledge that the tort of bad is faith in Wisconsin an 26 intentional tort, we find it No. 00-3037 unpersuasive that we should therefore restrict what damages a plaintiff can recover in a bad faith action. The fact that the tort of bad faith is an intentional tort means that plaintiffs alleging bad faith are subject to the burden of proving intent. See Anderson, 85 Wis. 2d at 693 (Insurance company "liable only where it has intentionally denied (or failed to process or pay) a claim without a reasonable basis.") Because of this burden of proving intent, we recognize that often times a bad faith claim may be more difficult to establish than a breach of contract claim. We conclude, therefore, that the intentional nature of the tort of bad faith is not a valid reason to limit damages. If an insured successfully proves that the insurer intentionally denied a claim without a reasonable basis, the insured is entitled to recover all damages which are the proximate result of the insurer's bad faith.15 ¶38 Finally, we turn to the practical impact of the statute of limitations and Secura's argument that allowing the Joneses to pursue contract damages in their bad faith action effectively extends the one-year statute of limitations breach of a fire insurance contract to two years. for The Joneses have filed their bad faith action in a timely fashion, and are entitled to pursue any damages that are the proximate result of Secura's bad faith. If the Joneses' prove their allegations 15 We note, however, that our decision in this case does not rely on, or interpret, the language of the insurance policy. Our holding, therefore, does not contemplate or address the impact of the insurance policy limits. 27 No. 00-3037 that but for Secura's bad faith they would not have suffered their claimed damages, and that those damages are the proximate result of Secura's bad faith, the Joneses may recover any such damages. The fact that some of those damages would have otherwise been recoverable in a timely filed breach of insurance contract action makes no difference in this case. IV ¶39 In sum, we have concluded that the circuit court's order limiting damages was an erroneous exercise of discretion because it was based on an error of law. We have examined the case law, starting with Anderson and continuing through DeChant, and have clarified what damages an insured can pursue in a bad faith action. Based on DeChant and the public policy behind the tort of bad faith, we have concluded that in a first-party bad faith action, damages an insurer which are the is liable to proximate result the of insured the for any insurer's bad faith, including damages otherwise recoverable in a breach of an insurance contract action. We have concluded that even though the one-year statute of limitations on the Joneses' contract claim passed before this action was commenced, the Joneses are not barred from pursuing and recovering damages on their bad faith claim, including damages otherwise recoverable in a breach of an insurance contract action. The Joneses are allowed to recover any damages that are the proximate result of Secura's alleged bad faith, if bad faith is established at trial. By the Court. The order of the circuit court is reversed and the cause is remanded. 28 No. 29 00-3037 No. 1 00-3037
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