Wisconsin Judicial Commission v. Douglas R. Stern
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SUPREME COURT OF WISCONSIN Case No.: 97-0622-J Complete Title of Case: In the Matter of Judicial Disciplinary Proceedings Against the Honorable Douglas R. Stern, Municipal Judge. Wisconsin Judicial Commission, Complainant, v. The Honorable Douglas R. Stern, Respondent. JUDICIAL DISCIPLINARY PROCEEDINGS AGAINST STERN Opinion Filed: Submitted on Briefs: Oral Argument: March 2, 1999 December 2, 1998 Source of APPEAL COURT: COUNTY: JUDGE: JUSTICES: Concurred: Dissented: Not Participating: ATTORNEYS: For the Honorable Douglas R. Stern, there were briefs by Phillip J. Ramthun and Stern & Ramthun, LLP, Milwaukee and oral argument by Phillip J. Ramthun. For the Wisconsin Judicial Commission there was a brief and oral argument by James C. Alexander, Madison. No. 97-0622-J NOTICE This opinion is subject to further editing and modification. The final version will appear in the bound volume of the official reports. No. 97-0622-J STATE OF WISCONSIN : IN SUPREME COURT FILED In the Matter of Judicial Disciplinary Proceedings Against the Honorable Douglas MAR 2, 1999 R. Stern, Municipal Judge. Marilyn L. Graves Clerk of Supreme Court Madison, WI Wisconsin Judicial Commission, Complainant, v. The Honorable Douglas R. Stern, Respondent. JUDICIAL disciplinary proceeding. ¶1 PER CURIAM § 757.911, of recommendation the for Reprimand imposed. This is a review, pursuant to Wis. Stat. findings of discipline fact, of conclusions the judicial of law, conduct and panel concerning the conduct of the Hon. Douglas R. Stern, municipal judge for Western Judge Stern Waukesha engaged in county. judicial 1 The panel misconduct concluded by holding that two Wis. Stat. § 757.91 provides: Supreme court; disposition. The supreme court shall review the findings of fact, conclusions of law and recommendations under s. 757.89 and determine appropriate discipline in cases of misconduct and appropriate action in cases of permanent disability. The rules of the supreme court applicable to civil cases in the supreme court govern the review proceedings under this section. 1 No. offices of public trust - municipal judge and 97-0622-J school board member - at the same time and recommended that Judge Stern be reprimanded for that judicial misconduct. Judge Stern contested the panel s conclusion that he engaged in judicial misconduct and its recommendation Commission took the that he position be reprimanded. that the The seriousness Judicial of Judge Stern s misconduct warrants his suspension from judicial office for a minimum of 15 days. ¶2 Judge We determine that the panel properly concluded that Stern violated the provision of the former Code of Judicial Ethics2 that prohibited a judge, including a municipal judge, from hold[ing] any office of public trust except a judicial office during the term for which he or she is elected or appointed. SCR 60.04.3 We also determine that the appropriate discipline to impose on Judge Stern for that misconduct is the reprimand recommended by the panel. Following his reelection as school board member and simultaneous election to the office of municipal judge, Judge Stern repeatedly sought an authoritative answer to the question of whether he could hold both offices at the same time, and he ultimately presented a good faith, albeit unsuccessful, argument that the prohibition did not apply to his 2 The Code of Judicial Ethics was replaced, effective January 1, 1997, by the Code of Judicial Conduct, SCR Chapter 60. References in this opinion to chapter 60 of the Supreme Court Rules are to the Code of Judicial Ethics. 3 The prohibition was applicable to occupants of part-time judicial offices such as reserve judges and municipal judges. SCR 60.39(2). 2 No. 97-0622-J circumstances. Nonetheless, Judge Stern took office as municipal judge while continuing as a member of the school board without having his question answered, thereby accepting the risk that his doing so would violate the Code of Judicial Ethics. Yet, once he learned the Judicial Commission had found probable cause to believe that his conduct violated the Code of Judicial Ethics and would file a disciplinary complaint with this court, he Court of resigned from the school board. ¶3 The judicial conduct panel, consisting of Appeals Judges Ted E. Wedemeyer, Jr., Margaret J. Vergeront, and David G. Deininger, made findings of fact based on a stipulation of the parties and on testimony presented at a hearing. None of those facts is in dispute. ¶4 At the 1996 spring election, Douglas Stern was reelected member of a high school board of education and elected municipal judge for Western Waukesha county. He took office as municipal judge May 1, 1996, and continues to serve in that part-time position, spending from 12 to 15 hours per week on court business. He continued to serve as school board president until November 20, 1996, when he tendered his letter of resignation confirming the resignation he had announced at the Board s November 13, 1996 meeting. That resignation was effective December 11, 1996. ¶5 After becoming a candidate for both positions in January 1996 and while the Supreme Court had under consideration a proposed revision of the Code of Judicial Ethics, Attorney Stern wrote a member of this court questioning the wisdom of the 3 No. 97-0622-J Code s prohibition of a judge s holding two offices of public trust when one of them is a part-time municipal judgeship. He did not cite any constitutional or statutory authority for the proposition that the rule did not or should not apply in such circumstance. ¶6 On March 12, 1996, Attorney Stern requested an Attorney General s Opinion on the question of whether, under Wisconsin law, an attorney who already is a part-time elected official may be elected to a part-time municipal judgeship. Assistant Attorney General Alan Lee responded that the statutes do not authorize the attorney general to provide opinions to school boards or their members, but he noted that the Supreme Court Rules, particularly SCR 60.04, seem to be quite clear, including that the prohibition of a judge s holding any office of public trust except a judicial office during the term for which elected or appointed applied to municipal judges. ¶7 Lee, Attorney Stern again wrote Assistant Attorney General citing a state constitutional provision and a statute4 imposing a similar prohibition but limited to judges of a court of record and noting that, pursuant to Wis. Stat. § 755.01(1), a 4 Article VII, sec. 10(1), Wis. Const., provides, in pertinent part: No justice of the supreme court or judge of any court of record shall hold any other office of public trust, except a judicial office, during the term for which elected. Wis. Stat. § 757.02(2) provides: The judge of any court of record in this state shall be ineligible to hold any office of public trust, except a judicial office, during the term for which he or she was elected or appointed. 4 No. 97-0622-J municipal court is not a court of record. Responding to that communication, Attorney Assistant Stern s Supreme Court Attorney conclusion from General that acting the Lee disagreed statute independently with precluded the adopting the in prohibition in SCR 60.04: The statute and the supreme court rule are not necessarily in conflict; since the statute is silent [in respect to judges of courts not of record], the supreme court s rule could be viewed as supplementing the statute. Legislature There is only specifically a spoke conflict to the if the matter and stated that municipal judges could hold other offices and the supreme court s rule said they could not. He also disagreed with Attorney Stern s conclusion that the statute would trump the supreme court rule. ¶8 Following the spring election, Judge-elect Stern sought assistance in the matter from a state senator, who then wrote the perceived to justice of this be an apparent Conduct Judicial the court Wisconsin holding chief Constitution of other in offices court conflict recently respect of public between had to concerning what the Code judge s trust. The of and promulgated a she the simultaneous chief justice declined comment on the matter because the issue had arisen in the context of a judicial disciplinary proceeding involving Judge Stern, which was pending before a judicial conduct panel. The chief justice invited the senator to bring her concern to 5 No. the court s attention after the pending 97-0622-J proceeding was concluded. ¶9 The Judicial Commission notified Judge Stern April 30, 1996, that it was investigating his holding two offices. Prior to being informed of its investigation, Judge Stern never contacted anyone at the Judicial Commission to ask whether he could hold both offices. A few days after learning of the Judicial Commission s investigation, Judge Stern asked the State Ethics Board for an opinion, and it responded that it did not interpret the Code of Judicial Ethics. He informed the Judicial Commission May 3, 1996, that he held both positions and believed the SCR 60.04 prohibition to be in conflict with state law. ¶10 Judge Stern then filed a petition for writ of mandamus in this court May 13, 1996, asking that the Judicial Commission be ordered to respect the limited prohibition set forth in the constitution and the statute and that the court declare that the SCR 60.04 prohibition did not apply to the office of municipal judge. The court denied that petition ex parte June 11, 1996. ¶11 Judicial Following a hearing Commission notified held Judge October Stern that 24, it 1996, had the found probable cause to believe he had engaged in a wilful violation of SCR 60.04 and that it intended to file a complaint with the Supreme Court seeking discipline. Judge Stern then resigned from the school board and by letter of November 22, 1996, informed the Judicial Commission of his resignation. The Judicial Commission filed a complaint in this matter three months later. 6 No. ¶12 panel On the made basis the of those notwithstanding following the facts, the conclusions state 97-0622-J judicial of constitutional law. and conduct First, statutory provisions prohibiting a judge of a court of record from holding more than one office of public trust, the Supreme Court is not precluded from extending that prohibition to municipal judges under its Code of Judicial Ethics. Second, as the school board membership and the municipal judgeship are offices of public trust, until his resignation from the school board, Judge Stern violated SCR 60.04. Third, Judge Stern s violation of that rule was wilful and thus constituted judicial misconduct under Wis. Stat. § 757.81(4)(a).5 ¶13 In determined respect that in to the its third context of conclusion, a judicial the panel disciplinary proceeding, a judge s conduct is wilful if it is the result of the judge s coercion, free citing will and Judicial not as a Disciplinary result of duress Proceedings or Against Pressentin, 139 Wis. 2d 150, 406 N.W.2d 779 (1987). There, a municipal judge ran for the office of county supervisor without first resigning his judgeship, contrary to the prohibition of SCR 60.05 that a judge shall not become a candidate for a federal, state or local nonjudicial elective office without first resigning his or her judgeship. This court rejected the judge s contention that his violation of the rule was not wilful 5 Wis. Stat. § 757.81(4)(a) defines judicial misconduct to include Wilful violation of a rule of the code of judicial ethics. 7 No. 97-0622-J because he did not know of the rule s provisions, holding that the judge s violation was wilful whether or not he had actual knowledge of the rule. ¶14 The panel rejected Judge Stern s contention that his conduct could not be considered wilful because he never received a definitive answer to the question of whether he could hold both offices until after the Judicial Commission hearing held October 24, 1996. Pointing out that a great deal of judicial conduct would escape scrutiny if wilfulness did not attach until after the judge had made a formal appearance before the Judicial Commission, unreasonable the panel refused interpretation to of adopt the what Code. it The called panel an also rejected Judge Stern s other arguments: that he was entitled to a reasonable time to comply with the rule after his challenge to it was rejected, that there was no formal advice-giving body to consider the propriety of his conduct, and that, as he no longer held both elective offices, the disciplinary proceeding should be dismissed. ¶15 In determining the discipline to recommend for Judge Stern s misconduct, the panel acknowledged that in many respects the offices of part-time municipal judge and school board member are community service positions, with minimal compensation and a substantial time commitment, and that the discharge of the responsibilities of those positions is laudatory. Nonetheless, the panel understood the Supreme Court s rule - what it termed a bright line prohibition - to be based on the concept of separation of powers and intended to protect the judiciary from 8 No. 97-0622-J inevitable conflicts that would face a judge who holds another office of public trust. ¶16 In the latter respect, Judge Stern testified that between May 1, 1996, and October 24, 1996, he had presided over from 10 to 20 ordinance violation cases, such as possession of tobacco and loitering on school grounds, that arose out of the school district he served. Noting there was no suggestion that Judge Stern had acted inappropriately in any municipal prosecution involving a student or a school policy, the panel deemed the absence of actual conflict or impropriety immaterial. ¶17 The panel also noted that before taking office as municipal judge, Judge Stern inquired of several sources whether he could hold both offices. Yet, he did not contact the Judicial Commission - the agency statutorily charged with investigating and, where it deems appropriate, prosecuting alleged violations of the Code of Judicial Ethics. ¶18 The appropriate panel s discipline recommendation to be of imposed a for reprimand Judge as Stern s misconduct is based in part on its perception of the public s need for protection from similar misconduct by other judges in the future. It is also based on the panel s belief that similar misconduct by Judge Stern is unlikely. ¶19 In this review, Judge Stern first argued that the judicial conduct panel improperly interpreted the term wilful to mean the absence of duress or coercion. He would have the court interpret it to mean intentional and without excuse. He averred that his running for 9 municipal judge and for No. 97-0622-J reelection as school board member and his subsequent holding of both offices were not done intentionally to flout the Supreme Court Rules. He contended that his attempts to obtain a ruling on the application of the prohibition by filing a writ of mandamus and by recourse to a state senator and to the attorney general distinguish his conduct from an intentional violation of a rule with the evil purpose he believes is required by the ordinary meaning of wilful. ¶20 For Stern s its part, testimony prohibition candidate in for that January the the he Judicial first 1996, office of Commission learned shortly of after municipal court cited the he Judge SCR 60.04 filed judge, as a when a circuit judge told him of the rule s prohibition and said she did not think he could serve as both a municipal judge and a school board member. Also in January 1996, the program attorney for municipal judge education in the Supreme Court s Office of Judicial Education advised Judge Stern of the SCR 60.04 prohibition. Thus, the Commission argued, it was clear to Judge Stern when he read the rule that, by its terms, it prohibited a municipal court judge from simultaneously serving as a school board member. ¶21 The panel s conclusion that Judge Stern s violation of SCR 60.04 was wilful was properly drawn from the undisputed facts. While that conclusion focused on the free will - duress - coercion aspects of the term, the panel s findings support a determination actual or of wilfulness imputed. Prior from the judicial 10 aspect of disciplinary knowledge cases - have No. 97-0622-J established that wilful means that the judge s conduct was not the result of duress or coercion and that the judge knew or should have known that the conduct was prohibited by the Code of Judicial Ethics. Judicial Disciplinary Proceedings Against Tesmer, 219 Wis. 2d 709, 730, 580 N.W.2d 317, (1998). ¶22 The element of knowledge in respect to Judge Stern s conduct is established by the undisputed fact that Judge Stern was aware of the provisions of SCR 60.04 almost two months before the election and four months prior to being sworn in as municipal judge. The panel said, The language of SCR 60.04 is unambiguous and Pressentin expressly held that municipal judges were subject to the Code of Judicial Ethics. Thus, not only was Judge Stern chargeable with knowledge of the prohibitions set forth in the Code of Judicial Ethics, but he also had actual knowledge of the specific prohibition as early as January of 1996 when a circuit judge advised him of the rule s prohibition and of her belief that it prohibited him from serving as municipal judge and school board member. ¶23 Judge Stern next argued that the application of SCR 60.04 to him was vague for the reason that a provision of the Wisconsin Constitution prohibition against and holding a statute two offices set of forth a similar public trust but explicitly limit it to judges of courts of record. He took the position that it was reasonable for him to interpret the interplay between the constitutional and statutory prohibitions on the one hand and the Supreme Court Rule prohibition on the other so as to be in conformity, that is, that the Supreme 11 No. 97-0622-J Court s rule would not conflict with the constitution and the statute. Judge Stern also contended that when the legislature created municipal courts, it was aware of the constitutional and statutory prohibitions and intentionally made municipal courts not courts of record so that municipal court judges would not be subject to the prohibition of holding two offices of public trust. ¶24 In addition, Judge Stern suggested that because municipal courts are creatures of the legislature, this court should defer to the legislature in respect to determinations concerning those courts that do not impair their ability to function impartially or impugn their integrity. He urged that the legislature s determination not to apply the statutory prohibition of a judge s holding two offices of public trust to courts that asserting are that not by courts of record extending the should constitutional be and respected, statutory prohibitions to municipal judges in its own rule, this court effectively has amended the Wisconsin Constitution and state statutes. ¶25 We find constitutional no merit provision to Judge and a Stern s statute argument setting that forth a a prohibition limited to judges of courts of record similar to this court s prohibition applicable to municipal court judges as well created either a conflict that he was entitled to presume the court s rule could not countenance or an ambiguity regarding the rule s application to him. This court has the authority to promulgate rules of conduct applicable to municipal court judges 12 No. 97-0622-J and to other persons or matters under its jurisdiction where the legislature has not acted. The legislature and the Constitution are silent in respect to the simultaneous holding of two offices of public trust by a judge of a court not of record. The prohibition of SCR 60.04 was clear and unambiguous, as was its application to part-time municipal judges, not only by virtue of the rule itself but also by the court s decision in Pressentin. ¶26 Having determined that Judge Stern engaged in judicial misconduct by simultaneously holding two offices of public trust, we turn to the issue of the discipline to be imposed for that misconduct. The Judicial Commission took the position that the seriousness of that misconduct, in terms of the adverse effect it had on the public s perception of the integrity of the judiciary, and recurrence of the need similar to protect misconduct the warrant public his from any suspension from office for at least 15 days. The Judicial Commission expressed particular concern with the fact that Judge Stern s violation of the Code of Judicial Ethics was open and notorious, as the issue of his eligibility to hold both offices was a matter of public knowledge raised and discussed during the election. ¶27 In support of its position, the Judicial Commission cites Pressentin, Id., in which we suspended a municipal judge from office for election to a resigning his six months nonjudicial judicial as discipline elective office, in for violation sought without office having first of the Code of Judicial Ethics. However, Judge Stern s case is distinguishable from Judge Pressentin s in several 13 respects. First, Judge No. 97-0622-J Pressentin, who had been a municipal judge for more than 17 years, chose to violate the Code by pursuing election to a nonjudicial elective position. Judge Stern s violation occurred not during the simultaneous election campaigns but only upon his swearings in to both offices. Thus, Judge Pressentin was in a position to use his judicial office as an advantage during the election; Judge Stern was not. Moreover, until he was sworn in to both offices, Judge Stern retained the option of declining either of them and not violating the Code. ¶28 Second, unlike the several attempts Judge Stern made to obtain an opinion or ruling that the Code prohibition did not apply to him, Judge Pressentin merely relied on his continuing campaign for the office of county supervisor as constituting a legitimate challenge to the Code prohibition. In that respect, we stated in Pressentin that the judge had means other than a campaign challenge for the election rule to nonjudicial prohibiting his office conduct, available . . . to [f]or example, by seeking an injunction against enforcement of the rule or declaratory judgment with respect to the rule s validity or applicability. Pressentin, Id., 156. Here, unlike Judge Pressentin, Judge Stern pursued those means, albeit after he chose to violate the rule he was challenging. Also, once the Judicial Commission found probable cause to believe he had engaged in a wilful violation of the Code and announced that it would file a complaint with this court seeking discipline, Judge Stern brought his misconduct to an end by resigning from the nonjudicial office. 14 No. ¶29 97-0622-J Nonetheless, we are concerned that Judge Stern, after being made aware of the clear, unambiguous prohibition of his holding two offices of public trust simultaneously, chose to take both offices and continued to occupy them without having obtained an authoritative affirmation of his good faith legal argument that the rule did not apply to him. Indeed, he never posed his question to the Judicial Commission, even if its answer would not have been definitive, and he did not seek the injunction or declaratory judgment we suggested in Pressentin until after he had assumed both offices. ¶30 Under the circumstances, we determine that the appropriate discipline for Judge Stern s judicial misconduct is a reprimand. The likelihood of similar misconduct by Judge Stern is minimal, and the reprimand we impose on him should provide adequate protection to the public from any further Hon. Douglas judicial misconduct of this kind by others. ¶31 IT reprimanded IS for ORDERED that judicial the misconduct proceeding. 15 R. established Stern in is this 1
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