In Re: Petition of Robert Jeffries etc.
Annotate this CaseSeptember 1998 Term
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No. 25198
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IN RE: THE PETITION OF
ROBERT JEFFRIES and JUDY JEFFRIES, his wife,
for the adoption of
REBECCA L. JEFFRIES, an infant
______________________________________________________
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Fayette County
Honorable Charles M. Vickers, Judge
Civil Action No. 97-A-18
REVERSED AND REMANDED
______________________________________________________
Submitted:
November 10, 1998
Filed: December 14, 1998
D. Clinton Gallaher, IV,
Esq. C. Elton
Byron, Jr., Esq.
Fayetteville, West
Virginia
Abrams & Byron
Attorney for
Appellants
Beckley, West Virginia
Robert and Judy
Jeffries
Attorney for Appellee Timothy L. Davis
Kyle
G. Lusk, Esq.
Beckley,
West Virginia
Attorney
for Appellee Tonya Jeffries
JUSTICE STARCHER delivered the Opinion of the Court and was joined by CHIEF JUSTICE
DAVIS and JUSTICES WORKMAN, MAYNARD and McCUSKEY.
JUSTICE McGRAW did not participate in the decision of this case.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1. "A parent
has the natural right to the custody of his or her infant child and, unless the parent is
an unfit person because of misconduct, neglect, immorality, abandonment, or other
dereliction of duty, or has waived such right, or by agreement or otherwise has
permanently transferred, relinquished or surrendered such custody, the right of the parent
to the custody of his or her infant child will be recognized and enforced by the
courts." Syllabus, State ex rel. Kiger v. Hancock, 153 W.Va. 404, 168 S.E.2d 798 (1969).
2. For a natural
parent to avoid the presumption that he or she has abandoned a child who is over the age
of 6 months, W.Va. Code, 48-4-3c(a)(1) [1997] requires the parent to financially
support the child, within the means of the parent. Furthermore, W.Va. Code,
48-4-3c(a)(2) [1997] requires the parent to visit or otherwise communicate with the child
when the parent: (1) knows where the child resides; (2) is physically and financially able
to do so; and (3) is not prevented by the person or authorized agency having the care or
custody of the child. If there is evidence in a subsequent adoption proceeding that the
natural parent has both failed to financially support the child, and failed to visit or
otherwise communicate with the child in the 6 months preceding the filing of the adoption
petition, a circuit court shall presume the child has been abandoned.
3. "The
standard of proof required to support a court order limiting or terminating parental
rights to the custody of minor children is clear, cogent and convincing proof."
Syllabus Point 6, In re Willis, 157 W.Va. 225, 207 S.E.2d 129 (1973).
Starcher, Justice:
In this adoption case we are asked to
determine whether the Circuit Court of Fayette County, in a final order dated December 11,
1997, erred in its holding that the biological father of a child did not abandon the
child. The appellants, the individuals who have cared for the child since her birth and
who are seeking to adopt her, allege that the appellee, the child's father, has failed to
provide any financial support for the child since she was born 2½ years ago. Furthermore,
the appellants contend that the appellee father never attempted to visit or otherwise
communicate with the child prior to their filing of the adoption petition.
W.Va. Code, 48-4-3c [1997] sets
forth factors whereby a court must presume that a parent has abandoned a child, and after
reviewing the record, we conclude that those factors were met in this case. Accordingly,
as set forth below, we hold that the circuit court erred in finding the appellee father
did not abandon his child. We reverse the circuit court's December 11, 1997 order and
remand the case for further proceedings.
I.
Facts and Background
This case concerns the adoption of Rebecca Lynn Jeffries, a child born on April 23, 1996. The appellants are the individuals who seek to adopt the child, Robert and Judy Jeffries (who are unrelated to the child, though they share the same surname). The appellee, Timothy L. Davis, is the natural father of Rebecca. Mr. Davis resides in North Carolina.
The record indicates that Rebecca's
biological mother, Tonya Jeffries, had a relationship with appellee Davis while living in
North Carolina. At an unknown time, Ms. Jeffries terminated the relationship and moved to
West Virginia to live with her grandmother.
On February 27, 1996, Ms. Jeffries
attempted to contact the appellee by telephone at his mother's house in North Carolina.
During this telephone call, Ms. Jeffries spoke with the appellee's mother, Ramona Davis,
and stated that she was pregnant with the appellee's child. It appears from the record
that appellee Davis was informed shortly thereafter by his mother that Ms. Jeffries was
pregnant with his child.See footnote 1 1
However, the appellee testified that he did not believe he was the father of the
child.
The appellee testified that he contacted
Ms. Jeffries by telephone shortly before Rebecca's birth. In this conversation, the
appellee testified that Ms. Jeffries told the appellee she thought the child was his, but
if he wanted to see the child, he would "have to go to court and fight her in
court."
At an undetermined time before Rebecca's
birth, Ms. Jeffries moved into the house of the appellants, Robert and Judy Jeffries. The
appellants offered care and assistance to Ms. Jeffries during her pregnancy, and she moved
out shortly before the birth. The day after Rebecca was born in April 1996, the appellants
took her home from the hospital, and she has continuously been in the sole custody of the
appellants since that date.See footnote 2 2
After Rebecca's birth, appellee Davis made
no attempt to locate her. He testified that he made no effort to visit or otherwise
communicate because he "didn't know where she was." The appellee indicated that
during this period he moved and lost Ms. Jeffries' telephone number, and said that while
he had visited with Ms. Jeffries' grandmother at her West Virginia residence, he could not
remember the way to get there.
Appellant Robert Jeffries testified that
in July 1996 he telephoned the appellee. He stated that he told the appellee of Rebecca's
birth, and asked the appellee to give his consent to allow the appellants to adopt
Rebecca. The appellee said "he'd have to think about it."
Appellee Davis testified that he first
learned of Rebecca's birth in August 1996, when a lawyer for the appellants mailed a
letter to him in North Carolina. In the letter, the lawyer enclosed a form for the
appellee to sign, through which he would give his consent to Rebecca's adoption by the
appellants. The appellee refused to sign the form.
Three months later, the appellee had a
blood test completed to determine paternity. In December 1996, the test results were
returned confirming that the appellee was the natural father of Rebecca. The appellee
filed a "Petition to Establish Paternity and Custody" in the circuit court on
April 8, 1997, nearly a year after Rebecca's birth.See
footnote 3 3
On September 17, 1997, the appellants
filed the instant petition for the adoption of Rebecca. The natural mother, Ms. Jeffries,
consented to the adoption. The appellants alleged in their petition that the natural
father, appellee Davis, had abandoned the child pursuant to W.Va. Code, 48-4-3c
[1997] because he (1) had failed to financially support the child, and (2) failed to visit
or communicate with the child.
An evidentiary hearing was held on October
14, 1997. At that hearing, the appellee admitted that he had never done anything to
financially support Rebecca.See footnote 4 4
Additionally, he admitted he had never visited or communicated with Rebecca. The
appellee testified that he had a lawyer, and knew that the appellants had a lawyer --
still, he admitted he never tried to communicate through the lawyers to pay any child
support to the appellants, or to ask where Rebecca was located so that he could arrange a
visit or otherwise communicate with her.
In a final order dated December 11, 1997,
the trial court found that the appellee was not aware of Rebecca's birth or her place of
residence. The trial court further found that the appellee "took immediate
action" to have a blood test performed when he received the letter from the
appellants' attorney, and that he filed proceedings to get custody after receiving a
positive test result. The court concluded that appellee Davis had made a "reasonable
effort to try to determine both the location of this child and to make visitation with the
child[.]"
The trial court held that the appellants
had failed to prove the appellee abandoned Rebecca. Accordingly, the trial court denied
the petition for adoption.
This appeal of the circuit court's order
followed.
II.
Standard of Review
"This Court reviews the circuit court's final order and ultimate disposition under an abuse of discretion standard. We review challenges to findings of fact under a clearly erroneous standard; conclusions of law are reviewed de novo." Syllabus Point 4, Burgess v. Porterfield, 196 W.Va. 178, 469 S.E.2d 114 (1996).
III.
Discussion
The appellants contend that appellee Davis
does not have the right to custody of his daughter Rebecca, and contend that the circuit
court erred in its determination that appellee Davis did not abandon her. They argue that
the appellee failed to try to track down the child after first learning that Ms. Jeffries
was pregnant, and later after learning of her birth; failed to financially support the
child, even after learning the child was his; and failed to communicate with the child for
periods in excess of 6 months.
Appellee Davis argues that he did not
abandon his daughter. He takes the position that once he learned the appellants were
trying to adopt his purported daughter, he initiated a blood test to see if he really was
the natural father. When the test confirmed he was the natural father, he filed legal
proceedings to get custody. The appellee argues that he never visited with Rebecca because
he could not locate her, and never realized he could provide financial support for his
daughter through his attorney.
We have often stated that a biological
parent has a right to the custody of his or her child. In the Syllabus to State ex rel.
Kiger v. Hancock, 153 W.Va. 404, 168 S.E.2d 798 (1969), we stated that:
A parent has the natural right to the
custody of his or her infant child and, unless the parent is an unfit person because of
misconduct, neglect, immorality, abandonment, or other dereliction of duty, or has waived
such right, or by agreement or otherwise has permanently transferred, relinquished or
surrendered such custody, the right of the parent to the custody of his or her infant
child will be recognized and enforced by the courts.
In accord, Syllabus Point 2, Hammack v. Wise, 158 W.Va. 343, 211 S.E.2d 118
(1975). While there may be situations where the welfare of the child and the natural
parent are in conflict, "there is a strong presumption that the welfare of the child
is well protected when he is in the custody of an unoffending natural parent." Honaker
v. Burnside, 182 W.Va. 448, 451, 388 S.E.2d 322, 324 (1989), citing Hammack,
158 W.Va. at 347, 211 S.E.2d at 121.
However, as stated in State ex rel.
Kiger, supra, abandonment of a child voids the presumption that a biological
parent is fit to have custody. We have defined abandonment to mean "any conduct on
the part of the parent which evinces a settled purpose to forego all parental duties and
relinquish all claims to the child." Matter of Adoption of Schoffstall, 179
W.Va. 350, 352, 368 S.E.2d 720, 722 (1988) (citations omitted). We gave a broad outline of
what constitutes abandonment in the case of In re Harris, 160 W.Va. 422, 428, 236 S.E.2d 426, 430 (1977):
Where a father abandons his children,
provides no support and maintenance, does not visit the children, and does not in any
other reasonable way, given his position in life and the opportunities for the exercise of
his parental rights, exercise the authority or undertake the responsibilities of a parent,
. . . we would not be concerned with the father's protectable interest because he would
have waived such interest by abandonment.
Similarly, W.Va. Code, 48-1-1(a)
[1997] defines abandonment to mean
. . . any conduct by the birth mother,
legal father, determined father, outsider father, unknown father or putative father that
demonstrates a settled purpose to forego all duties and relinquish all parental claims to
the child[.]
In this case we are guided by W.Va. Code, 48-4-3c(a) [1997], which essentially codifies In re Harris and Schoffstall, and provides clear standards for determining abandonment.See footnote 5 5 W.Va. Code, 48-4-3c(a) [1997] sets forth conduct on the part of the parent that, if found, requires a circuit court to presume that a parent has foregone all parental duties and abandoned a child over the age of 6 months.See footnote 6 6 The statute states, in pertinent part:
(a) Abandonment of a
child over the age of six months shall be presumed when the birth parent:
(1) Fails to
financially support the child within the means of the birth parent; and
(2) Fails to
visit or otherwise communicate with the child when he or she knows where the child
resides, is physically and financially able to do so and is not prevented from doing so by
the person or authorized agency having the care or custody of the child: Provided, That
such failure to act continues uninterrupted for a period of six months immediately
preceding the filing of the adoption petition.
* * *
(d) Notwithstanding any provision in this
section to the contrary, any birth parent shall have the opportunity to demonstrate to the
court the existence of compelling circumstances preventing said parent from supporting,
visiting or otherwise communicating with the child: Provided, That in no event may
incarceration provide such a compelling circumstance if the crime resulting in the
incarceration involved a rape in which the child was conceived.
We recently made clear that if an unwed
father demonstrates a commitment to the responsibilities of parenthood, then the unwed
father has a right to, at a minimum, establish a parent-child relationship with a child.
In Syllabus Point 4 of Kessel v. Leavitt, ___ W.Va. ___, ___ S.E.2d ___ (No. 23577
July 22, 1998), we stated:
The instant a child is born, both unwed
biological parents have a right to establish a parent-child relationship with their child.
To preserve his parental interest vis-a-vis his newborn child, an unwed biological father
must, upon learning of the existence of his child, demonstrate his commitment to assume
the responsibilities of parenthood by coming forward to participate in the care, rearing,
and support of his newborn child and by commencing to establish a meaningful parent-child
relationship with his child.See footnote 7 7
However, "[s]uperior to any rights of
parents to the custody of their own children . . . is the overriding consideration of the
child's best interests. Thus, the natural right of parents to the custody of their
children is always tempered with the courts' overriding concern for the well-being of the
children involved." Kessel, ___ W.Va. at ___, ___ S.E.2d at ___, Slip op. at
174. As we stated in Syllabus Point 7 of Matter of Brian D., 194 W.Va. 623, 461 S.E.2d 129 (1995), "Cases involving children must be decided not just in the context
of competing sets of adults' rights, but also with a regard for the rights of the
child." Accordingly, in an adoption action where it is alleged that a biological
parent has abandoned a child, it is "highly relevant for the circuit court to
consider . . . whether the [biological parent] . . . was dilatory in grasping the
opportunity to assert his parental rights and responsibilities." State ex rel. Roy
Allen S. v. Stone, 196 W.Va. 624, 638, 474 S.E.2d 554, 568 (1996).
The record in this case indicates that
appellee Davis did not demonstrate his commitment to assume the rights and
responsibilities of parenthood. We cannot, on this record, conclude that the appellee did
anything to participate in the care, rearing, and support of his child.
For a natural parent to avoid the
presumption that he or she has abandoned a child who is over the age of 6 months, W.Va.
Code, 48-4-3c(a)(1) [1997] requires the parent to financially support the child,
within the means of the parent. Furthermore, W.Va. Code, 48-4-3c(a)(2) [1997]
requires the parent to visit or otherwise communicate with the child when the parent: (1)
knows where the child resides; (2) is physically and financially able to do so; and (3) is
not prevented by the person or authorized agency having the care or custody of the child.
If there is evidence in a subsequent adoption proceeding that the natural parent has both
failed to financially support the child, and failed to visit or attempt to otherwise
communicate with the child in the 6 months preceding the filing of the adoption petition,
a circuit court shall presume the child has been abandoned.
It is undisputed in this case that since
the birth of Rebecca in April 1996 until today, over 2½ years later, appellee Davis has
failed to provide any financial support for his daughter. There is no evidence in the
record that the appellee was unable to provide support. Instead, appellee Davis testified
that he did not provide support for his daughter, first, because he did not know where she
was located, and second, because he did not realize he could make arrangements through his
attorney or the appellants' attorney to provide support.
Furthermore, it is undisputed that
appellee Davis failed to visit or otherwise communicate with the child for a continuous
period of 6 months immediately preceding the filing of the adoption petition. The trial
court found that the appellee did not know where the child resided, and was therefore
prevented from making contact with his daughter. We disagree with this reading of the
record.
The evidence in this case indicates that
appellant Robert Jeffries contacted the appellee in July 1996, 3 months after Rebecca's
birth. Mr. Jeffries testified that in that conversation the appellee said he would
"think about" allowing the Jeffries to adopt his daughter. However, we find
nothing in Mr. Jeffries' or the appellee's testimony to indicate that the appellee asked
to visit or otherwise communicate with his daughter, or to indicate the Jeffries in any
way prevented any visitation or communication.
Appellee Davis was again made aware of the
appellants' desire to adopt Rebecca when the appellants' attorney mailed him a letter in
August 1996. In response to this letter, the appellee hired a lawyer in North Carolina who
initiated a blood grouping analysis to see if the appellee was the natural father. This
blood testing took place 3 months later, and appears to have involved taking blood samples
from Rebecca. While the parties' attorneys were able to locate Rebecca and arrange to have
blood taken, we see nothing in the record to suggest the appellee made any reasonable
attempt to visit or communicate with his daughter, ostensibly because he "didn't know
where she was."
The blood test results were completed in
December 1996, and indicated that appellee Davis was, in fact, the natural father. Between
that time and the evidentiary hearing before the trial court in October 1997, 10 months
later, the record again reveals the appellee made no efforts to visit or otherwise
communicate with his daughter. The only action taken was that the appellee's attorney
filed a petition for custody in April 1997.See
footnote 8 8
On this evidence, we believe that the
trial court erred in its conclusion that the appellee tried but was unable to determine
the location of the child and to make arrangements for visitation. While the appellee may
not have known where his child was specifically located at the time of her April 1996
birth, we see nothing in the record showing that the appellee himself ever tried to
determine her whereabouts in the 18 months preceding the October 1997 hearing. We
therefore cannot agree with the trial court's finding that the appellee's filing of
proceedings to determine the custody of the child satisfies the requirement in W.Va.
Code, 48-4-3c(a)(2) that a birth parent "visit or otherwise communicate"
with a child.
"The standard of proof required to
support a court order limiting or terminating parental rights to the custody of minor
children is clear, cogent and convincing proof." Syllabus Point 6, In re Willis,
157 W.Va. 225, 207 S.E.2d 129 (1973). We believe that clear, cogent and convincing proof
exists in the record that the appellee has wholly failed to provide financial support for
his daughter, and that the appellee failed, for a continuous period in excess of the 6
months preceding the filing of the adoption petition, to visit or otherwise communicate
with his daughter when he could have reasonably learned where she resided, was not
physically or financially prevented from doing so, and was not prevented by the Jeffries
from doing so.See footnote 9 9
Accordingly, we conclude that trial
court's findings were clearly erroneous, and must be reversed.
IV.
Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the circuit
court's December 11, 1997 order is reversed and this case is remanded for further
proceedings.
Reversed and Remanded.
Footnote: 1 1 The appellee testified that during a visit with his mother she informed him of Tonya Jeffries' phone call. The appellee also testified that Tonya Jeffries had called, not once, but three times.
Footnote: 2 2 An adoption home
study report dated September 26, 1997, states:
It is obvious that Robert and Judy
Jeffries are physically and emotionally stable people and that they love Rebecca and that
she returns that love. Since Rebecca's birth, she has been in their loving care, and as a
result of that care, has responded as a happy and thriving child. The natural father,
Timothy Davis, has abandoned Rebecca and although given many opportunities, has never
financially or emotionally, shown any form of communication or love to his child, nor to
the mother of Rebecca, Tonya Jeffries.
I strongly suggest that the best
interests of Rebecca Lynn Jeffries would be served by the adoption of her by Robert and
Judy Jeffries.
Footnote: 3 3 At oral argument before this Court, counsel for Mr. Davis admitted that this 4-month delay was the result of an oversight solely on counsel's part. Accordingly, in this case we have omitted from our consideration the filing date for the custody petition.
Footnote: 4 4 During oral arguments before this Court on November 10, 1998, counsel for the appellee admitted that the appellee has still made no attempt to financially support the child, nor has he placed any money in escrow or made other arrangements to support and maintain the child.
Footnote: 5 5 The appellee's
conduct in dispute in this case occurred before and after the July 11, 1997 effective date
of W.Va. Code, 48-4-3c. The standards set forth in W.Va. Code, 48-4-3c
establish clear guidelines for establishing abandonment, but we believe these standards
are merely a codification of our existing case law.
Accordingly, while in this case we hold that the appellee's
actions establish abandonment under W.Va. Code, 48-4-3c(a), we believe that the
circuit court could have found abandonment under existing case law as well.
Footnote: 6 6 W.Va. Code,
48-4-3c(b) [1997] defines the conduct whereby a biological father can be found to have
abandoned a child under the age of 6 months. It states:
(b) Abandonment of a child under the age
of six months shall be presumed when the birth father:
(1) Denounces the
child's paternity any time after conception;
(2) Fails to
contribute within his means toward the expense of the prenatal and postnatal care of the
mother and the postnatal care of the child;
(3) Fails to
financially support the child within father's means; and
(4) Fails to
visit the child when he or she knows where the child resides: Provided, That such
denunciations and failure to act continue uninterrupted from the time that the birth
father was told of the conception of the child until the time the petition for adoption
was filed.
In this case, because Rebecca was 1½ years old at the time the petition for adoption was
filed, we do not consider this Code section.
Footnote: 7 7 In discussing the
constitutional dimension of parenthood, we have similarly stated that:
Although an unwed father's biological
link to his child does not, in and of itself, guarantee him a constitutional stake in his
relationship with that child, such a link combined with a substantial parent-child
relationship will do so. When an unwed father demonstrates a full commitment to the
responsibilities of parenthood by coming forward to participate in the rearing of his
child, his interest in personal contact with his child acquires substantial protection under
the Due Process Clause in Section 10 of Article III of the West Virginia Constitution.
Syllabus Point 2, State ex rel. Roy Allen S. v. Stone, 196 W.Va. 624, 474 S.E.2d 554 (1996) (emphasis added).
Footnote: 8 8 W.Va. Code, 48-4-3c(a)(2) requires a biological parent to "visit or otherwise communicate" with a child to avoid the presumption the child has been abandoned. We do not believe that initiating litigation against the custodians of the child, albeit for a proper purpose, can be construed as parental visitation or communication. The statute focuses on whether a biological parent has attempted to maintain a parent-child relationship -- not whether the parent has attempted to assert his or her natural right to physical custody of the child.
Footnote: 9 9 W.Va. Code, 48-4-3c(d) [1997] states that "the existence of compelling circumstances preventing said parent from supporting, visiting or otherwise communicating with the child" can be considered in determining whether a biological parent has abandoned a child. The appellee has not alleged any compelling circumstances in this case.
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