State of West Virginia v. Carter
Annotate this CaseSeptember 1998 Term
__________
No. 25186
__________
STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA,
Appellee
v.
ROBERT EUGENE CARTER,
Appellant
__________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Berkeley County
Honorable David H. Sanders, Judge
Civil Action No. 94-F-124
AFFIRMED
__________________________________________________________________
Submitted: November 12, 1998
Filed: December 11, 1998
Pamela Games-Neely,
Esq.
Thomas H. Sayre,
Esq.
Prosecuting
Attorney
Law
Offices of Thomas H. Sayre
Christopher C. Quasebarth,
Esq.
Front Royal, Virginia
Assistant Prosecuting
Attorney
Attorney for the Appellant
Martinsburg, West Virginia
Attorneys for the Appellee
JUSTICE MAYNARD delivered the Opinion of the Court and was joined by CHIEF JUSTICE
DAVIS and JUSTICES WORKMAN, STARCHER and McCUSKEY.
JUSTICE McGRAW did not participate in the decision of this case.
SYLLABUS
Pursuant to W.Va. Code § 62-3-21 (1959), when an accused is charged with a felony or misdemeanor and arraigned in a court of competent jurisdiction, if three regular terms of court pass without trial after the presentment or indictment, the accused shall be forever discharged from prosecution for the felony or misdemeanor charged unless the failure to try the accused is caused by one of the exceptions enumerated in the statute.
Maynard, Justice:
The appellant, Robert Eugene Carter,
appeals the September 26, 1997 final order of the Circuit Court of Berkeley County, West
Virginia, wherein he was sentenced for the conviction of two counts of malicious assault
on a correctional officer and one count of battery upon a correctional officer. He
contends he should not have been brought to trial because the State violated the
three-term rule, W.Va. Code § 62-3-21 (1959). The State argues it complied with the
three-term rule because the appellant had not been arraigned, even though he had been
indicted, for more than three regular terms of court before he was brought to trial. We
agree with the State, and, therefore, affirm the judgment of the circuit court.
The appellant was in federal custody
pending federal trial for bank robbery and other charges while being detained at the
Eastern Regional Jail in Martinsburg, West Virginia. On August 28, 1994, the appellant and
two other inmates instigated an assault on four correctional officers. The incident began
when Officer Floyd Ackerman observed two inmates cleaning up what appeared to be blood on
the floor of a cell. Officer Ackerman called the shift supervisor, Officer Benjamin
Shreve, Jr., who responded with Officer Gerald Rose, Officer Ron Lloyd, and Officer Gary
Reed. Officer Shreve instructed the inmates in the day room to lock down in their
individual cells. Three inmates, including the appellant, refused to return to their
cells.
The appellant struck Officer Shreve in
the face, knocking him unconscious. The other three correctional officers were attacked as
they tried to assist Officer Shreve and move him from the area. The bones that surround
Officer Shreve's eye were broken and his nose was shattered; he suffered a spinal
concussion and a brain concussion. Officer Shreve was transported by ambulance to City
Hospital in Martinsburg, West Virginia. From there he was flown to Washington Hospital
Center in Washington, D.C. Officer Lloyd suffered facial injuries, including a broken
nose, rib injuries, and a broken thumb. Officer Reed suffered broken ribs and multiple
bruises on his face, arms, and legs. Officer Rose suffered minor injuries.
On October 28, 1994, the appellant was indicted on four counts of malicious assault in violation of W.Va. Code § 61-2-10b (1998),See footnote 1 1 with each count pertaining to a different officer.See footnote 2 2 His pre-trial motions included a motion to dismiss for violation of the three-term rule pursuant to W.Va. Code § 62-3-21.See footnote 3 3 By order entered July 14, 1997, the court denied the motion. A jury trial was held for the appellant on July 16-17, 1997. He was convicted of two counts of malicious assault and one count of battery. On September 26, 1997, the appellant was sentenced to three to fifteen years in prison on each of the assault convictions and to one year in prison for battery, to be served consecutively. The appellant appealed his conviction to this Court. We granted the petition for appeal solely on the issue of the three-term rule.
On appeal, the appellant contends the
circuit court erred in holding that the three-term rule, W.Va. Code § 62-3-21, was not
violated. He alleges this error because he was not tried within three terms of court after
he was indicted. The State argues the three-term rule does not apply to the appellant
because he was not arraigned until March 6, 1997. We agree.
The facts in the record regarding the
appellant's history while in federal custody are sketchy at best. The appellant had one
prior offense. On October 13, 1989, he committed the offense of aggravated robbery of a
bank. He pleaded guilty in U.S. District Court to one count of bank robbery and was
sentenced to forty-eight months of incarceration with five years of supervised release. In
April of 1993, the appellant was released from custody on probation. Then in 1994, he was
charged with bank robbery, conspiracy, and use of a firearm in a crime of violence, all
federal charges. He was incarcerated in the Eastern Regional Jail pending trial on these
charges when the altercation with the correctional officers occurred. In December 1994, he
was tried and acquitted of the federal charges. Meanwhile, during the time the appellant
was on probation, he tested positive on two occasions for drug use. He also failed to
report to his supervising probation officer. As a result, at the completion of the federal
criminal trial, the appellant, while still in federal custody, was removed from West
Virginia to face federal parole revocation. His probation was revoked, and he was sent
back to the penitentiary for an additional thirty-six months of incarceration, which began
on January 31, 1995. It seems West Virginia lost track of the appellant at this point but
diligently attempted to have him returned.
The appellant was in continuous federal
custody from the time of the altercation with the correctional officers until he was
secured by the State of West Virginia and brought before the circuit court for arraignment
on March 6, 1997. Between indictment and actually securing custody of the appellant, West
Virginia attempted to have the appellant returned to face the state charges. The State
requested a capias and the court entered an order on November 17, 1994 which states,
"It appearing to the Court that the Defendant failed to appear for arraignment
herein, the Court hereby ORDERS, a Capias to issue for Defendant's failure to appear in
this matter[.]" A continuing capias was ordered by the court on January 3, 1995. That
order states, "[T]he Court was advised that this defendant is still within federal
custody. The federal authorities had notified the State in error that he was being
released to our detainer. Accordingly, it is ORDERED that the Capias against this
defendant shall continue." In its brief to this Court, the State says a detainer was
lodged with the United States Department of Justice on May 15, 1995. Once again the State
moved for a capias on May 19, 1995. On June 9, 1995, the court ordered that the capias
continue and that the matter be retired to the active capias docket. The State moved for a
capias on November 3, 1995, which request was granted and order was entered by the court
on November 15, 1995.
The State thereafter learned the
appellant had been transferred to a federal facility in Colorado. The State requested a
warrant seeking the extradition of the appellant from the State of Colorado. The Governor
issued the warrant on December 18, 1996. The appellant was then brought to the
jurisdiction and custody of the State of West Virginia, where he was arraigned on March 6,
1997. As we stated previously, his trial was held on July 16 and 17, 1997, and he was
sentenced on September 26, 1997.
The issue that we must resolve in this
case is whether the three-term rule began to run when the appellant was indicted or when
he was arraigned. Our case law on this issue is somewhat confusing. In State v.
Kellison, 56 W.Va. 690, 47 S.E. 166 (1904), overruled on other grounds by State ex
rel. May v. Boles, 149 W.Va. 155, 139 S.E.2d 177 (1964), the accused claimed he should
be discharged from prosecution for violation of the three-term rule. He was indicted by
order entered October 4, 1899. No other order was entered in the case until October 2,
1901, when the accused was arraigned and offered his plea to the court. This Court held
that the accused was not within the provisions of the statute because the record did not
show that more than three terms of court had passed without a trial after he was taken
into custody, in other words, he had not been arraigned. In Syllabus Point 1 of Kellison,
id., this Court held,
The fact that the
record in a felony case shows that more than three terms of the court have passed without
a trial, after the finding of the indictments, affords no ground for the discharge of the
accused, under section 25 of chapter 159 of the Code of 1899, from prosecution for the
offense with which he is charged. It must further appear that he has been held for trial,
as well as charged with the crime, for such period, without a trial.See footnote 4 4
However, in Syllabus Point 1 of Ex
parte Bracey, 82 W.Va. 69, 95 S.E. 593 (1918), this Court held,
One charged with
crime is entitled to be forever discharged from prosecution upon such charge, if there be
three regular terms of the court in which the indictment is pending after an indictment is
found against him without a trial thereof, unless the failure to try him is because of
some of the reasons contained in section 25 of chapter 159 of Code 1913 (sec. 5601)
excusing such delay.
The facts in Bracey show the Court was considering a different issue from that
presented in the case at bar.
In Bracey, the accused filed a
demurrer to the indictments. The demurrer was to be submitted to the circuit court on
briefs instead of oral argument. The briefs were not all timely filed and the case was
continued from the March term of court to the May term. The court then took the demurrer
under advisement and continued the case to the next term of court. The demurrer was
finally overruled, the accused pleaded not guilty, and the case was set for trial in the
succeeding November term of court. The accused had insisted upon a trial in the September
term of court. The trial still did not take place in the November term of court. The
prosecutor became ill and the trial was continued to the January term. The issue presented
to the Court was whether the burden was on the accused to show that the failure to try him
within the time prescribed in the statute was because of any of the exceptions contained
therein. The Bracey Court held that when an accused seeks to be discharged from
further prosecution due to a delay in bringing him to trial and the record fails to
disclose the reason therefor, the obligation rests upon the accused to show that the
continuances were not for any of the reasons which excuse the delay.
Counsel for the State then argued that the failure to bring the accused to trial during the March, May, and July terms of court was "excused because of the interposition of a demurrer to the indictment." Id. at 75, 95 S.E. at 596. The Bracey Court concluded, "The state must be as ready to make good its indictment as matter of law when the same is challenged by demurrer, as to make it good in fact when challenged by a plea of not guilty." Id. at 76, 95 S.E. at 596. In essence the Court held that filing a demurrer did not toll the running of the three-term rule.
More recently, this Court commented on State
v. Adkins, 182 W.Va. 443, 388 S.E.2d 316 (1989), by stating, "[W]e tacitly ruled
that W.Va. Code, 62-3-21 [1959], the three-term rule, is activated by an
indictment, regardless of whether the indictment is subsequently dismissed." State
ex rel. Webb v. Wilson, 182 W.Va. 538, 390 S.E.2d 9 (1990). When this comment is read
in context, clearly neither Adkins nor Webb has any application to the facts
presented in the case sub judice. Adkins involved several defendants who
were indicted on April 7, 1988 for misdemeanor and felony election law violations. In May
1989, the defendants filed motions to dismiss the indictments for failure to provide a
speedy trial. On June 3, 1989, the State obtained superseding indictments. The State
subsequently moved to dismiss the 1988 indictments, claiming these indictments had been
superseded by the 1989 indictments. The 1988 indictments were dismissed by the court due
to improper impaneling of the special grand jury.
The defendants moved to dismiss the 1989
indictments on the grounds that trials were barred by the three-term rule. The court
dismissed the 1989 indictments as barred by the three-term rule. The issue before this
Court was whether the 1989 indictments were bad or insufficient, pursuant to W.Va. Code
58-5-30 (1966), so as to allow the State to appeal the dismissal. The Adkins Court
specifically stated they were concerned with an analysis of the State's right to appeal
rather than with a review of the three-term rule. The Court determined the prosecution
rather than the underlying indictment was bad and the State had no right to appeal.
"To hold otherwise would allow the State to simply circumvent the three term rule by
securing superseding indictments." Adkins at 447, 388 S.E.2d at 321.
The petitioners in Webb were
indicted on October 26, 1987 in connection with a political corruption investigation.
After more than three unexcused regular terms of court had expired, the indictments were
dismissed as void due to an improperly impaneled grand jury. The petitioners were
reindicted for the same charges on July 18, 1989. The sole issue before this Court was
whether the State could reindict an accused after three unexcused terms of court expired
without bringing the accused to trial on the original indictment, which was dismissed as
void because of the manner in which the grand jury was impaneled. The State assumed it
could reindict because the dismissal of the original indictments was not based on the
three-term rule. The Webb Court held that the State could not reindict the
petitioners when the original indictments were dismissed as void after three unexcused
terms of court had passed. Webb at 544, 309 S.E.2d at 15. Adkins and Webb
obviously dealt with reindictment, which is not the issue in the case at bar.
The issue in the case sub judice
is whether the three-term rule was violated when the appellant was not tried within three
terms of court after he was indicted, but not arraigned. W.Va. Code § 62-3-21 should be
interpreted just as it is written. This section clearly states that after an accused has
been (1) charged with a crime, and (2) remanded to a court of competent jurisdiction for
trial or arraigned, then if the three-term rule is violated, the accused will be
discharged from prosecution for the crime so charged. We therefore hold that pursuant to
W.Va. Code § 62-3-21 (1959), when an accused is charged with a felony or misdemeanor and
arraigned in a court of competent jurisdiction, if three regular terms of court pass
without trial after the presentment or indictment, the accused shall be forever discharged
from prosecution for the felony or misdemeanor charged unless the failure to try the
accused is caused by one of the exceptions enumerated in the statute.
In the case sub judice, the
appellant was in continuous federal custody from the time he was indicted until he was
secured by the State of West Virginia and brought before the circuit court for arraignment
on March 6, 1997. Following arraignment, he was brought to trial and convicted during the
very next term of court. Three terms of court did not pass without trial following
indictment and arraignment; therefore, the three-term rule was not violated.
The judgment of the Circuit Court of
Berkeley County is affirmed.
Affirmed.
Footnote: 1 1 W.Va. Code § 61-2-10b(a)
(1998) states:
(a) Malicious assault.--Any person who maliciously shoots, stabs, cuts or wounds or by any means causes bodily injury with intent to main, disfigure, disable or kill a police officer, conservation officer, humane officer, emergency medical service personnel, firefighter, state fire marshal or employee, county correctional employee or state correctional employee acting in his or her official capacity and the person committing the malicious assault knows or has reason to know that the victim is a police officer,
conservation officer, humane officer, emergency medical service personnel, firefighter, state fire marshal or employee, county correctional employee, or state correctional employee acting in his or her official capacity, is guilty of a felony and, upon conviction, shall be confined in a correctional facility for not less than three nor more than fifteen years.
Footnote: 2 2 The count of the indictment which charged malicious assault on Officer Gary Reed was dismissed by the State prior to trial due to Officer Reed's failure to appear despite service.
Footnote: 3 3 W.Va. Code § 62-3-21 (1959)
states in pertinent part:
Every person charged by presentment or indictment with a felony
or misdemeanor, and remanded to a court of competent jurisdiction for trial, shall be
forever discharged from prosecution for the offense, if there be three regular terms of
such court, after the presentment is made or the indictment is found against him, without
a trial, unless the failure to try him was caused by his insanity; or by the witnesses for
the State being enticed or kept away, or prevented from attending by sickness or
inevitable accident; or by a continuance granted on the motion of the accused; or by
reason of his escaping from jail, or failing to appear according to his recognizance, or
of the inability of the jury to agree in their verdict[.]
Footnote: 4 4 Chapter 159 Section 25 of the Code of 1899 is substantially similar to W.Va.Code § 62-3-21 (1959); this section was amended to include misdemeanors as well as felonies.
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