Napier v. Stratton, et al.
Annotate this CaseSeptember 1998 Term
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No. 25060
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DANNY NAPIER,
Plaintiff Below, Appellant
v.
TIM STRATTON, AN INDIVIDUAL,
RANDY BRONSON, AN INDIVIDUAL,
AND LOWE'S HOME CENTERS, INC,
A FOREIGN CORPORATION,
Defendants Below, Appellees
______________________________________________________
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cabell County
Honorable L. D. Egnor, Jr., Judge
Civil Action No. 96-C-0336
AFFIRMED
______________________________________________________
Submitted: October 7, 1998
Filed: December 11, 1998
William S.
Thompson
Dina M. Mohler
Cook &
Cook
Rita A. Massie
Madison, West
Virginia Kay,
Casto, Chaney, Love & Wise
Attorney for the
Appellant Charleston,
West Virginia
Attorneys
for the Appellees
The Opinion of the Court was delivered PER CURIAM.
JUSTICE MCGRAW did not participate in the decision of this case.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1. "A circuit court's entry of
summary judgment is reviewed de novo." Syllabus Point 1, Painter v. Peavy,
192 W.Va. 189, 451 S.E.2d 755 (1994).
2. "If there is no genuine issue
as to any material fact summary judgment should be granted but such judgment must be
denied if there is a genuine issue as to a material fact." Syllabus Point 4, Aetna
Casualty & Surety Company v. Federal Insurance Company of New York, 148 W.Va. 160,
133 S.E.2d 770 (1963).
Per Curiam:
The appellant in this proceeding, Danny Napier, sued Lowe's Home
Centers, Inc., and certain of its employees for wrongfully terminating his employment and
for violating the West Virginia Human Rights Act. After extensive discovery, the Circuit
Court of Cabell County granted the defendants summary judgment. In this appeal, the
appellant claims that the circuit court erred in granting the summary judgment and that
the court should have allowed the case to go to a jury.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
The appellant, who weighed 320 pounds and who had previously
suffered an umbilical hernia, began working for Lowe's Home Centers, Inc., in 1993. His
work was not entirely satisfactory. In March 1995, he received an evaluation of
"two" on a scale of "five." Thereafter, in June 1995, he re-injured
his hernia in the course of employment. He then filed a Workers' Compensation claim,
which, over the protest of his employer, was held compensable. He remained off work due to
the injury until November 1995. On the first day of that month, Tim Stratton, who was a
Lowe's employee, and who is one of the appellees in this proceeding, wrote the appellant
and stated that if he didn't return to work on November 15, 1995, Lowe's would consider
him to have voluntarily resigned his job. The appellant returned to work for a short
period. He reaggravated his injury and was not released by his doctor to return to work
until January 29, 1996.
On February 2, 1996, less than a week after he returned to
work, he received a "write- up" for leaving work early and for failing to punch
out on a time clock. Two weeks later, on February 16, 1996, he received a second
"write-up" and was discharged for falsifying his time records.
Following his discharge, the appellant instituted the present
proceeding against Lowe's Home Centers, Inc., and certain of its employees. In his
complaint, he alleged that the discharge was in retaliation for his having filed a
workers' compensation claim. He also alleged that in discharging him, Lowe's Home Centers,
Inc., had violated the West Virginia Human Rights Act as it relates to handicapped
individuals. Further, he claimed that he had been subjected to a hostile work environment
in the course of his employment; that he had been the victim of the reckless or
intentional infliction of emotional distress; and that Lowe's Home Centers, Inc., had
breached an implied contract in discharging him.
After substantial discovery, Lowe's Home Centers, Inc., and the
other defendants, moved for summary judgment. After conducting a hearing, the circuit
court granted the motion. The judge also found that there was no "triable issue"
of material fact as to the issues and ruled that Lowe's Home Center, Inc. and the other
defendants were entitled to judgment as a matter of law on those issues.
In the present proceeding, the appellant claims that there were
questions of material fact in the case. Therefore, the court erred in granting summary
judgment.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
This Court has recognized that: "A circuit court's entry
of summary judgment is reviewed de novo." Syllabus Point 1, Painter v.
Peavy, 192 W.Va. 189, 451 S.E.2d 755 (1994). Further, the court has held that:
"If there is no genuine issue as to any material fact summary judgment should be
granted but such judgment must be denied if there is a genuine issue as to a material
fact." Syllabus Point 4, Aetna Casualty & Surety Company v. Federal Insurance
Company of New York, 148 W.Va. 160, 133 S.E.2d 770 (1963).
DISCUSSION
One of the appellant's claims was that he had been wrongfully
discharged from his employment because he filed a workers' compensation claim. West
Virginia Code § 23-5A- 1 establishes the predicate for bringing a wrongful discharge
claim on that basis. The Code section provides: "No employer shall discriminate in
any manner against any of his present or former employees because of such present or
former employee's receipt of or attempt to receive benefits under this chapter [The
Workers' Compensation Act]."
In Powell v. Wyoming Cablevision, Inc., 184 W.Va. 700, 403 S.E.2d 717 (1991), we discussed the proof required to establish a prima facie case
for wrongful discharge for filing a workers' compensation claim. In Syllabus Point 1 of
that case, we said:
In order to make a prima facie case of discrimination under W.Va. Code, 23-5A-1, the
employee must prove that: (1) an on- the-job injury was sustained; (2) proceedings were
instituted under the Workers' Compensation Act, W.Va. Code, 23-1-1, et seq.; and
(3) the filing of a workers' compensation claim was a significant factor in the employer's
decision to discharge or otherwise discriminate against the employee.
In Powell we also explained that where there is a prima facie case, the employer may rebut the prima facie case by showing that there was a legitimate, non-pretextual, and non- retaliatory reason for the discharge. We said:
Because of the usual lack of direct evidence, court's have looked to a variety of
factors. Proximity in time of the claim and the firing is relevant, of course. Evidence of
satisfactory work performance and supervisory evaluations before the accident can rebut an
employer's claim of poor job performance. Any evidence of an actual pattern of harassing
conduct for submitting the claim is very persuasive.
Powell v. Wyoming Cablevision, Inc., Id. at 704, 403 S.E.2d at 721.
In the present case, although there is some proximity in time
between the appellant's receipt of workers' compensation benefits and the termination of
his employment, there is additional evidence that immediately before his termination he
failed to comply with his employer's rules and that he falsified his work records.
While arguably the appellant made a sufficient showing to
raise a prima facie suggestion that he was discharged because of his workers'
compensation claim, there is also compelling evidence proving that he was actually fired
for falsifying his time records which was conduct impacting on a vital interest of the
employer. In this Court's opinion, such conduct, which was unrelated to his workers'
compensation claim justified his dismissal. We, therefore, conclude that there was no
genuine issue of material fact relating to the wrongful discharge claim at the time
summary judgment was entered. Therefore, the trial court properly entered summary judgment
on that claim.
The appellant's second claim was that he was a
"handicapped" person and that his discharge violated The West Virginia Human
Rights Act, W.Va. Code § 5-11-1, et seq. In Syllabus Point 3 of Conaway v.
Eastern Associated Coal Corporation, 178 W.Va. 164, 358 S.E.2d 423 (1986), this Court
held:
In order to make a prima facie case of employment discrimination under the West
Virginia Human Rights Act, W.Va. Code § 5-11-1 et seq. (1979), the plaintiff must
offer proof of the following: (1) That the plaintiff is a member of a protected class. (2)
That the employer made an adverse decision concerning the plaintiff. (3) But for the
plaintiff's protected status, the adverse decision would not have been made.
Conaway also explained that a prima facie case
may be overcome by the employer showing that there was some legitimate and
non-discriminatory reason for the employer's action.
In the present case, the employer clearly made an adverse
decision concerning the appellant, but the parties dispute whether he was actually a
"handicapped" person, that is, whether he was a member of a protected class. The
evidence on that question showed that he was overweight and that he had had an umbilical
hernia. There was also evidence that his physician had authorized his return to work and
that his work was a sedentary, desk position. While some development of the evidence might
be desirable to determine whether he was actually "handicapped," there is
compelling evidence that he falsified his time records and that was the reason for his
termination.
The appellant's third claim is that he was subjected to a
hostile work environment in his workplace. In support of this claim, the appellant,
produced evidence suggesting that several employees of Lowe's, on six occasions, had made
mocking or hurtful oblique references to his umbilical hernia.
To create a hostile work environment, inappropriate conduct
must be sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of an employee's
employment. See Hanlon v. Chambers, 195 W.Va. 99, 464 S.E.2d 741 (1995). The events
about which the appellant complains occurred over six months, and several of them occurred
while the appellant was not at work. At least one of them involved a Christmas wish list
which poked fun at numerous employees. Additionally, the evidence shows that instead of
objecting to the conduct, the appellant joined in and participated in the conduct. He, for
instance, added a mocking or hurtful comment about one of the defendants on the Christmas
wish list.
Overall, the incidents cited in support of the hostile
environment claim do not show the pervasiveness or severity sufficient to establish such
an environment. Thus, the Court cannot conclude that further development of the evidence
could establish the requisite pervasiveness or severity.
Another assertion of the appellant was that he had been
subjected to intentional infliction of emotional distress. For there to be intentional
infliction of emotional distress, there must be extreme and outrageous conduct which
causes severe emotional distress to another. Annoying or mean-spirited conduct is not
sufficient to support a claim. Harless v. First National Bank of Fairmont, 169
W.Va. 673, 289 S.E.2d 692 (1982).
The conduct complained of involved the six mocking or hurtful
oblique remarks. The appellant never complained about those remarks to anyone with
authority. In fact, as has been previously indicated, he himself made remarks. As was the
case with the hostile environment claim, this Court does not believe that the remarks were
of the severity sufficient to support the claim. Additionally, the Court cannot see how
additional development of the evidence could establish the claim.
Lastly, the appellant claims that the handbook or
"Workbook" issued to him by Lowe's created an implied contract which altered his
at-will employment status and that his termination violated that implied contract. The
documents filed indicate that the handbook contained the following statement:
Your employment relationship with Lowe's is governed by the "Employment At Will"
doctrine. This simply means that the contract of employment between you and the company is
terminable at the will of either party, with or without cause, at any time and for any
reason. This policy cannot be modified by any statements or omissions of statements by any
member of management or Company representative, manuals, guides, employment documents or
Company materials or memorandums provided in connection with your employment, whether made
pre or post employment unless approved in writing by the president of Lowe's.
We believe that this language plainly indicates that the
appellant's employment was at-will. No further development of the facts could alter this
conclusion in light of this language. Certainly, the handbook cannot be construed as
creating an implied contract.
Having determined that there was no genuine issue of material
fact in this case and having further determined that the evidence is not desirable to
clarify the application of the law, we conclude that the circuit court properly awarded
the appellee summary judgment.
The judgment of the Circuit Court of Cabell County is,
therefore, affirmed.
Affirmed.
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