Supcoe v. Shearer
Annotate this CaseSeptember 1998
__________
No. 24995
_________
SUSAN SHEARER SUPCOE, PLAINTIFF
BELOW, Appellee
v.
DAN L. SHEARER, DEFENDANT BELOW,
Appellant
__________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Monongalia County
Honorable Russell M. Clawges, Jr., Judge
Civil Action No. 92-C-20
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, REMANDED
__________________________________________________________________
Submitted: September 23, 1998
Filed: December 14, 1998
Michael J. Del Guidice,
Esq.
Edmund
J. Rollo, Esq.
Ciccarello, Del Guidice &
LaFon
Morgantown, West Virginia
Charleston, West
Virginia
Attorney
for Appellant
Attorneys for Appellee
The Opinion of the Court was delivered PER CURIAM.
CHIEF JUSTICE DAVIS and JUSTICE STARCHER deeming themselves disqualified, did not
participate in this case.
Special Judges FRED RISOVICH II and DARRELL PRATT sitting by special
assignment.
JUSTICE MCGRAW did not participate.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1. "In reviewing
challenges to findings made by a family law master that also were adopted by a circuit
court, a three-pronged standard of review is applied. Under these circumstances, a final
equitable distribution order is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard; the
underlying factual findings are reviewed under a clearly erroneous standard; and questions
of law and statutory interpretations are subject to a de novo review." Syl. Pt. 1,
Burnside v. Burnside, 194 W. Va. 263, 460 S.E.2d 264 (1995).
2. " 'This Court
reviews the circuit court's final order and ultimate disposition under an abuse of
discretion standard. We review challenges to findings of fact under a clearly erroneous
standard; conclusions of law are reviewed de novo.' Syl. pt. 4, Burgess v. Porterfield,
196 W. Va. 178, 469 S.E.2d 114 (1996)." Syl. Pt. 1, State ex rel. Martin v. Spry, 196
W. Va. 508, 474 S.E.2d 175 (1996).
3. "The duty of a
parent to support a child is a basic duty owed by the parent to the child, and a parent
cannot waive or contract away the child's right to support." Syl. Pt. 3, Wyatt v.
Wyatt, 185 W. Va. 472, 408 S.E.2d 51 (1991).
4. "Mere delay will not bar relief in
equity on the ground of laches. 'Laches is a delay in the assertion of a known right which
works to the disadvantage of another, or such delay as will warrant the presumption that
the party has waived his right.' Syllabus point 2, Bank of Marlinton v. McLaughlin, 123 W.
Va. 608, 17 S.E.2d 213 (1941)." Syl. Pt. 1, State ex rel. Smith v. Abbot, 187 W. Va.
261, 418 S.E.2d 575 (1992).
Per Curiam:
This is an appeal by Dan
L. Shearer (hereinafter "Mr. Shearer" or "Appellant") from a child
support order of the Circuit Court of Monongalia County obligating Mr. Shearer to pay his
former wife, Appellee Susan Shearer Supcoe (hereinafter "Mrs. Supcoe" or
"Appellee"), retroactive child support of $8970.41 and prospective monthly
support of $356.10. Mr. Shearer contends that retroactive child support is patently unfair
based upon Mrs. Supcoe's failure to request court-ordered child support in a timely
fashion. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand.
I. Facts
Mr. Shearer and Mrs.
Supcoe were divorced in 1992, and custody of their child was originally granted to Mr.
Shearer. By opinion filed in July 1994, in Shearer v. Shearer, 191 W. Va. 734, 448 S.E.2d 165 (1994), this Court reversed the circuit court decision and ordered that custody be
granted to Mrs. Supcoe. Although Mr. Shearer voluntarily provided custody to Mrs. Supcoe
subsequent to this Court's decision, a circuit court order reflecting the alteration in
custody was not immediately entered, and no child support order was entered. Mr. Shearer
maintained regular visitation with the child, but he did not make formal child support
payments. He subsequently fathered a child by a different woman, and is voluntarily,
without court order, paying $600 per month in support of that child.
In February 1996, Mr.
Shearer and Mrs. Supcoe allegedly agreed that Mr. Shearer would pay $200 per month in
child support for their child, and Mr. Shearer has made payments pursuant to that
agreement. In January 1997, Mrs. Supcoe requested court-ordered child support during a
hearing before a family law master. On February 4, 1997, the lower court entered an order
reflecting this Court's July 1994 decision regarding change of custody. The family law
master filed findings of fact and conclusions of law on April 25, 1997, recommending that
Mr. Shearer pay $376.53 per month in child support prospectively and concluding that Mr.
Shearer owed $9283.70 in back support dating from the August 1, 1994, change of custody
from Mr. Shearer to Mrs. Supcoe.
The lower court, by order dated August 1, 1997, reduced the family law master's recommendation of support from $376.53 to $356.10 monthly and recalculated the arrearage at $8970.41. Mr. Shearer appeals that determination, and Mrs. Supcoe has also filed cross assignments of error. Mr. Shearer first maintains that the lower court erred by ordering him to pay child support from August 1, 1994, the date of the de facto change of custody, rather than January 29, 1997, the date upon which Mrs. Supcoe first requested court- ordered child support. Second, Mr. Shearer contends that the lower court erred by ordering
that no part of the $600 voluntarily paid to another child should be an
offset to the amount owed to Mrs. Supcoe. Third, Mr. Shearer argues that the lower court
erred by finding that he knew of his obligation to support his child and should therefore
be required to pay the retroactive support. Fourth, Mr. Shearer alleges that the lower
court erred by finding that Mrs. Supcoe's request was not barred by laches.
Mrs. Supcoe assigns the
following cross-assignments of error: The lower court erred by failing to award
interest on the arrearage; and the lower court erred by failing to utilize the child
support guidelines which became effective on July 1, 1997.
II. Standard of Review
Syllabus point one of
Burnside v. Burnside, 194 W. Va. 263, 460 S.E.2d 264 (1995), instructs as follows:
In reviewing
challenges to findings made by a family law master that also were adopted by a circuit
court, a three-pronged standard of review is applied. Under these circumstances, a final
equitable distribution order is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard; the
underlying factual findings are reviewed under a clearly erroneous standard; and questions
of law and statutory interpretations are subject to a de novo review.
" 'This Court reviews the circuit court's final order and ultimate
disposition under an abuse of discretion standard. We review challenges to findings of
fact under a clearly erroneous standard; conclusions of law are reviewed de novo.' Syl.
Pt. 4, Burgess v. Porterfield, 196 W. Va. 178, 469 S.E.2d 114 (1996)." Syl. Pt. 1,
State ex rel. Martin v. Spry, 196 W. Va. 508, 474 S.E.2d 175 (1996).
III. Retroactivity
West Virginia Code §
48-2-15(b)(2) (1998), discussing relief available upon an order of divorce, provides as
follows:
When the action
involves a minor child or children, the court shall require either party to pay child
support in the form of periodic installments for the maintenance of the minor children of
the parties in accordance with support guidelines promulgated pursuant to section one,
article one-b, chapter forty-eight-a of this code.
In the present case, when custody was transferred from Mr. Shearer to Mrs.
Supcoe in August 1994, the lower court was statutorily authorized to determine the amount
to be ordered as child support for the child. This Court remanded the case to the lower
court, with directions to award Mrs. Supcoe custody of the child. Implicit in that ruling
was the acknowledgment of the authority of the lower court to order such other relief as
might be deemed necessary, including child support. While such relief was not immediately
granted, the lower court, in the ruling presently before us, recognized the need to make
the child support order retroactive to the date of transfer of custody.
Rule 19 of the Rules of
Practice and Procedure for Family Law provides that child support can be made retroactive
to the date of service of the motion for relief upon the opposing party, as follows:
"A family law master or circuit court granting relief in the form of alimony or child
support shall, except for good cause shown, make such award of alimony or child support
retroactive to the date of service of the motion for relief upon the opposing party."
See Wood v. Wood, 190 W. Va. 445, 438 S.E.2d 788 (1993).
In State of West Virginia
Dep't of Health and Human Resources, Child Support Division, ex rel. Laura F. M. v. Cline,
197 W. Va. 79, 475 S.E.2d 79 (1996), we explained as follows:
Furthermore, if there is any question as
to the retroactivity of any child support award, "[t]here is a presumption that
reimbursement child support is retroactive to the child's date of birth, absent any
assertion and proof that the doctrine of laches or other affirmative defense is applicable
to said reimbursement support." State of W. Va. Dep't of Health and Human Resources,
Child Advocate Office ex rel. Robert Michael B. v. Robert Morris N., 195 W. Va. 759, 764,
466 S.E.2d 827, 832 and Syl. Pt. 3 (1995).
197 W. Va. at 84, 475 S.E.2d at 84.
The obligation of child support is
grounded in the moral and legal duty of support of one's children from the time of birth.
In syllabus point three of Wyatt v. Wyatt, 185 W. Va. 472, 408 S.E.2d 51, 54 (1991), this
Court explained: "The duty of a parent to support a child is a basic duty owed by the
parent to the child, and a parent cannot waive or contract away the child's right to
support." See also Lang v. Iams, 201 W. Va. 24, 491 S.E.2d 24 (1997). A child support
order sets the amount to be paid and provides an effective basis for legal action should
the obligor fail to pay. As the court succinctly explained in State v. Carbonaro, 712 So. 2d 1225 (Fla. App. 2 Dist. 1998), "[a] child support order, however, is never
retroactive in the sense that it imposes a duty to pay for a period prior to a time when
the legal and moral obligation existed."See
footnote 1 1 712 So. 2d at 1227.
Since child support is for
the benefit of the child, the obligation persists regardless of the existence of an order.
In Fonken v. Fonken, 976 S.W.2d 952 (Ark. 1998), the Arkansas court stated: "We hold
that a parent has a legal duty to support his minor children, regardless of the existence
of a support order." 976 S.W.2d at 954 (citations omitted.) Even where "[t]here
was no valid order of any court requiring the father to support his minor child[,]"
the father "continued to have both a legal and moral duty to do so." Id. at 955,
citing McCall v. McCall, 172 S.W.2d 677, 678 (1943).
In Tamez v. Tamez, 822 S.W.2d 688 (Tex.App.--Corpus Christi 1991, writ denied), the court discussed the
constitutionality of contempt and garnishment as a means to enforce child support orders
and acknowledged that public policy imposes an obligation upon parents to support their
children. Child support payments are therefore not considered a debt, but rather a legal
duty. Id. at 691.
In the present case, child
support was originally requested in the divorce complaint. That date was understandably
not employed in this retroactive order since the mother did not obtain custody until
August 1, 1994. We find no abuse of discretion by lower court in setting the date of
transfer of custody as the date upon which the obligation of child support would commence.
The father's legal duty to support his child existed prior to the entry of an order
setting the dollar amount of such duty. We affirm the lower court on this issue.
IV. Other Support Obligations
Mr. Shearer also contends
that the lower court erred by ordering that no part of the $600 voluntarily paid to the
other child should be an offset to the amount owed to Mrs. Supcoe. West Virginia Code §
48-2-16(b)(15) provides that a court may consider other legal obligations in calculating
child support payments.See footnote 2 2 Mr.
Shearer contends that the $600 should be considered as an offset to the payments owed to
Mrs. Supcoe even though that amount was not court-ordered. We disagree and affirm the
judgment of the lower court on this issue.
While Mr. Shearer's
appellate brief does not address 78 CSR 16, Guidelines for Child Support Awards, we note
that payments for the benefit of children are to be considered in the calculation of the
obligor's net income. 78 CSR 16-2.1.8. The term "payments for the benefit of
children" is defined in section 13.1 as "an amount or amounts paid by a support
obligor to third parties on a regular, recurring basis for the benefit of the support
obligor's children, including, but not limited to, tuition, health care expense, hospital
insurance, and medical, dental or optical insurance." While Mr. Shearer did present
evidence regarding alleged monthly payments of $600 made on behalf of a second child, no
legal obligation to make such payments was alleged. Nor was there any indication that the
amount allegedly being paid was the amount which would have been required by law under the
formula. Whatever amounts Mr. Shearer has paid in support of the second child were
voluntary only. If payments made on behalf of other children are to be considered in
determining child support obligations, documented evidence of such payments and court
orders mandating such payments must be provided. In the absence of a valid court order
requiring the obligor to pay child support for the benefit of another child, no deduction
or credit should be provided. Otherwise, opportunities for collusion and subterfuge would
abound.
V. Mr. Shearer's Awareness of His Obligations
Mr. Shearer maintains that
the lower court erred by finding that Mr. Shearer "was aware of and knew that he had
an obligation to support his child." Mr. Shearer argues that such finding was
misleading and that in reality, Mr. Shearer only understood that he would be obligated at
some future time for child support and had no idea that such support would be applied
retroactively.
Regardless of Mr.
Shearer's perception of the child support issue, the lower court was correct in finding
him responsible for child support from the time custody was transferred. We find Mr.
Shearer's arguments to the contrary specious.
VI. Laches
The final one-page
argument contained in Mr. Shearer's appellate brief forwards the proposition that laches
should bar Mrs. Supcoe's action seeking child support since she did not seek court-ordered
support or enforcement of this Court's remand order until approximately two and one-half
years after the transfer of custody. Mr. Shearer objects to the family law master's
characterization of the two and one-half years as a "relatively short period of
time," and maintains that the record demonstrated that he has changed his position as
a result of the delay.
In his laches argument, Mr. Shearer is basically contending, once again, that he should not be held responsible for child support during a period in which no child support order was in existence. Our statutory and case law deprive us of the ability to endow his argument with the credence he believes it deserves. Child support orders may be applied retroactively, thereby forcing parents to pay child support for periods of time during which no order was in place. In some instances, child support orders have been made retroactive,
as Rule 19 permits, to the date of service of the motion requesting such
relief. In the present case, as Mrs. Supcoe emphasized, that date would be the date upon
which the original divorce petition was served. The lower court quite properly did not
order retroactive child support to that date.
After the August 1994
transfer of custody, Mrs. Supcoe personally sought child support from Mr. Shearer. Mrs.
Supcoe's counsel sent several letters to Mr. Shearer requesting child support, and in
February 1996, Mr. Shearer did begin paying $200 per month, an amount for which he was
credited by the lower court in its determination of the arrearage owed.
One who seeks to assert
the defense of laches must show "(1) lack of diligence by the party against whom the
defense is asserted, and (2) prejudice to the party asserting the defense." State ex
rel. Smith v. Abbot, 187 W. Va. 261, 264, 418 S.E.2d 575, 578 (1992). Syllabus point one
of Abbot instructs:
"Mere delay
will not bar relief in equity on the ground of laches. 'Laches is a delay in the assertion
of a known right which works to the disadvantage of another, or such delay as will warrant
the presumption that the party has waived his right.'" Syllabus point 2, Bank of
Marlinton v. McLaughlin, 123 W. Va. 608, 17 S.E.2d 213 (1941).
As the lower court correctly concluded, neither lack of diligence on the
part of Mrs. Supcoe nor prejudice to Mr. Shearer were adequately demonstrated to justify
imposition of the doctrine of laches.
VII. Mrs. Supcoe's Cross-Assignments of Error
Mrs. Supcoe contends that
the lower court erred by failing to grant an award of interest on the child support
arrearage. Mrs. Supcoe also argues that the lower court should have granted additional
child support, based upon the new statutory child support calculations effective July 1,
1997.
We agree with the
contentions of Mrs. Supcoe that the arrearage should be subject to interest at the rate of
10% per annum. In Goff v. Goff, 177 W. Va. 742, 356 S.E.2d 496 (1987), this Court
explained as follows:
Matured alimony and child support
installments are judgments for money which accrue statutory interest from the date the
payments are due. Statutory interest is mandatory, and the circuit court was in error and
exceeded its legitimate powers in refusing to award the appellant interest on the past due
installments.
177 W. Va. at 747, 356 S.E.2d at 501.
We also agree that any
recalculation of the monthly payments made by the circuit court should have been based
upon the statutory child support calculations in effect at the time. The family law
master's calculations were made on May 6, 1997, prior to the July 1, 1997, effective date
of the new statutory support guidelines. The circuit court made a twenty-dollar downward
adjustment on August 1, 1997. On remand, the child support calculation shall be made in
accordance with the current statutory calculations as enacted in West Virginia Code §
48A-1B-3, effective July 1, 1997.
Affirmed
in part, reversed in part, and remanded.
Footnote: 1 1 Missouri courts
have applied this principle to permit retroactive child support orders even where no
request for such was made. Section 452.340.1 of the Missouri Code (1996) governs child
support awards and states, in relevant part: "In a proceeding for dissolution of
marriage, legal separation or child support, the court may order either or both parents
owing a duty of support to a child of the marriage to pay an amount reasonable or
necessary for his support ... after considering all relevant factors ...." In re
Marriage of Kovach, 873 S.W.2d 604 (Mo.App.1993), the court held that a retroactive child
support order could be made pursuant to section 452.340 regardless of whether the party
prayed for it in his or her petition. See also Hembree-Shanaberger v. Shanaberger
903 S.W.2d 202, 204 (Miss. Ct. App.West.Dis.1995).
Footnote: 2 2 Specifically, West Virginia Code § 48-2-16(b)(15) provides that a court may consider "[t]he legal obligations of each party to support himself or herself and to support any other person[.]"
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