Collins v. Bennett
Annotate this CaseJanuary 1997 Term
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No. 23739
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PHILLIP M. COLLINS,
Appellant
v.
KENNETH G. BENNETT, dba BOB BENNETT HOMES, INC.,
Appellee
____________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Wood County
Honorable Joseph Troisi, Judge
Civil Action No. 90-C-556
AFFIRMED
____________________________________________________________________
Submitted: January 15, 1997
Filed: April 16, 1997
William L. Jacobs, Esq. George J. Cosenza, Esq.
Parkersburg, West Virginia Cosenza & Underwood
Attorney for the Appellant Parkersburg, West Virginia Attorney for Appellee Bennett
The Opinion of the Court was delivered PER CURIAM.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1. "The general rule is that a person accused of an assault does not lose his right to assert self-defense, unless he said or did something calculated to induce an attack upon himself." Syllabus of State v. Smith, 170 W.Va. 654, 295 S.E.2d 820 (1982). 2. "To be admissible at all, similar occurrence evidence must relate to accidents or injuries or defects existing at substantially the same place and under substantially the same conditions. Evidence of injuries occurring under different circumstances or conditions is not admissible." Syllabus point 3, Gable v. Kroger Company, 186 W.Va. 62, 410 S.E.2d 701 (1991).
3. "Rules 402 and 403 of the West Virginia Rules of Evidence [1985] direct
the trial judge to admit relevant evidence, but to exclude evidence whose probative value is
substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice to the defendant." Syllabus point
4, Gable v. Kroger Company, 186 W.Va. 62, 410 S.E.2d 701 (1991).
Per Curiam:
A jury in this battery action returned a verdict for the defendant, Kenneth G.
Bennett, d.b.a. Bob Bennett Homes, Inc. On appeal the appellant, Phillip M. Collins, who
was the plaintiff below, claims that the trial judge erred in instructing the jury, in refusing
to admit evidence of similar violent acts committed by Kenneth G. Bennett, and in refusing
to admit certain medical bills which he offered into evidence. After reviewing the issues
presented and the documents filed, this Court cannot conclude that the trial court committed
reversible error. The judgment of the Circuit Court of Wood County is, therefore, affirmed.
This action grows out of an altercation which occurred between the appellant
and Kenneth G. Bennett on March 28, 1993. On that date, by pre-arrangement, the
appellant, who had a contract with Kenneth G. Bennett, d.b.a. Bob Bennett Homes, Inc., to
roof certain houses being built by Mr. Bennett, met Mr. Bennett at a job site to collect
payment for a roofing job which he had completed. In the course of the meeting an argument
developed, and during the argument, the appellant swung and struck Mr. Bennett. According
to the appellant the blow was very minor and barely brushed Mr. Bennett's face. According
to other witnesses the appellant struck Mr. Bennett in the face with his fist and knocked Mr.
Bennett's hat and glasses off. Mr. Bennett responded by striking and grabbing the appellant.
As a result of the incident, the appellant, who clearly struck the first blow, but
who also believed that he had received certain spinal fractures in the altercation, instituted
the present battery action against Kenneth G. Bennett, d.b.a. Bob Bennett Homes, Inc., in
the Circuit Court of Wood County. Mr. Bennett responded by filing an answer and a
counterclaim in which he sought damages for the battery which the appellant had committed
upon him.
During the pre-trial development of the case, it became apparent that the
appellant intended to introduce evidence of two unrelated violent acts by Mr. Bennett. The
first had occurred a number of years prior to the March 28, 1990, incident. The second
occurred approximately two years after March 28, 1990. Upon learning that the appellant
intended to introduce evidence of these incidents Mr. Bennett filed a motion in limine to
preclude the introduction of the evidence. The trial court granted the motion in limine.
In the course of the trial of the case, the appellant, while admitting that he had
struck the first blow during the March 28, 1990, incident, took the position that he had barely
brushed the side of Mr. Bennett's face. He did indicate, however, that he had knocked Mr.
Bennett's glasses askew and knocked his hat off. On the other hand, witnesses for Mr.
Bennett indicated that the appellant's initial blow had been more substantial. Randall Duane
Schofield, for instance, testified that the appellant, without provocation, struck Mr. Bennett
on the head with his fist. Another witness, Kenneth Warner, testified that the appellant
punched Mr. Bennett on the top of the forehead with his fist and knocked Mr. Bennett's hat
and glasses off. Mr. Bennett himself testified that the appellant struck him with a fist above
his left eye and knocked his hat and glasses off.
During the trial the appellant sought to introduce certain medical bills into
evidence. The attorney for Mr. Bennett objected to the bills essentially on the ground that
the appellant had failed to establish that the bills were incurred for injuries proximately
caused by the March 28, 1990 incident. The trial court ruled that the bills were admissible,
but only if the appellant could show that they were for expenses incurred as a result of the
March 28, 1990, incident. The appellant did not make the appropriate showing, and as a
consequence, the bills were not introduced into evidence.
At the conclusion of the trial the trial court gave a charge to the jury which defined battery in the same way for the purposes of both the complaint and the counterclaim. The Court cannot find in the record that either party objected to this instruction. The Court also gave a self-defense instruction for Mr. Bennett which stated:
In response to the Plaintiff's claim that the Defendant
committed a battery, the Defendant raises the defense of self-defense. This is what the law calls an affirmative defense, and
the Defendant is required to sustain such affirmative defense by
the same measure of proof which applies to the Plaintiff, that is
to say, by the preponderance or the greater weight of the
evidence and if you believe that the Defendant has failed to
prove by a preponderance of the evidence that he acted in self-defense, then you may not return a verdict in favor of the
Defendant based upon a claim of self-defense.
A person who reasonably apprehends bodily harm by
another, or is subjected to bodily harm by another, is privileged
to exercise reasonable force to repel the assault or battery;
however, the amount of force used to defend oneself must not
be excessive and must be reasonable in relation to the perceived
threat or actual harm.
Mere words, however grievous, even when spoken for
the purpose of provoking another person, will not justify a
battery.
A person who is at fault or is the physical aggressor
cannot rely on self-defense.
If you believe Kenneth G. "Bob" Bennett was not the
physical aggressor but defended himself after being placed in
reasonable apprehension that he would suffer bodily harm at the
hands of Phillip M. Collins, or after he was subjected to bodily
harm by Phillip M. Collins, and that the amount of force he used
to defend himself was not excessive and was reasonable in
relation to the perceived threat by Mr. Collins, or the actions of
Mr. Collins, then you shall find for the Defendant, Kenneth G.
"Bob" Bennett and against the Plaintiff, Phillip M. Collins.
After deliberating the jury returned a verdict for Mr. Bennett on the appellant's
claim and for the appellant on Mr. Bennett's counterclaim. In effect, the jury refused to
award either party damages. By order entered March 5, 1996, the trial court entered
judgment for the parties consistent with the jury's verdict. By subsequent order entered
April 4, 1996, the court denied the appellant's motion to set aside the verdict and to award
him a new trial.
In the present appeal the appellant's first assertion is that the trial court's
charge to the jury in this case was defective in that it failed to instruct the jury that in a case
of mutual combat either party may be held responsible and be required to pay damages
irrespective of which party struck the first blow.
In examining the record filed with this appeal, this Court cannot find that the appellant proffered an instruction to this effect to the trial court. The Court does note, however, that the appellant, in his brief, in arguing this point relies principally upon the case of Strawn v. Ingram, 118 W.Va. 603, 191 S.E. 401 (1937), and that the appellant asserts the following proposition in support of his position:
The rule of law is therefore clear and unquestionable,
that consent to an assault is no justification. Where a combat
involves a breach of the peace, the mutual consent of the parties
thereto is generally regarded as unlawful, and as not depriving
the injured party, or for that matter, each injured party, from
recovering damages for injuries received from the unlawful acts
of the other.
The appellant is apparently reading the Strawn case for the proposition that
where two parties are engaged in combat, the fact that one struck the first blow does not
preclude him from recovering, and he is apparently claiming that because he and Mr. Bennett
were engaged in mutual combat Mr. Bennett was legally precluded from advancing the
theory of self-defense and from barring him from recovery on that theory.
This Court does not believe that the Strawn case is applicable to the current
case. A fair reading of the Strawn case shows that its holding is that the defense of consent
is not applicable in a battery action to bar the recovery of an aggressor. The Strawn case did
not involve the defense of self-defense, which is distinct from the defense of consent. In
fact, in Strawn the court noted that: "Defendant testified unequivocally that he and plaintiff
mutually agreed to fight. Defendant admitted striking plaintiff on the head with an iron bar
'not exactly to protect' himself." 118 W.Va. at 604, 191 S.E. at 401.
For this Court to construe the Strawn case as indicating that in any case where
two individuals engage in physical combat, one cannot assert the defense of self-defense
would render the defense as self-defense wholly meaningless in the battery context.
The Court notes that a person who reasonably apprehends bodily harm by another is privileged under our law to exercise reasonable force to repel the battery. The amount of force used in defense must not be excessive and must be reasonable in relation to the perceived threat. See Reynolds v. Griffith, 126 W.Va. 766, 30 S.E.2d 81 (1944), and State v. Miller, 85 W.Va. 326, 102 S.E. 303 (1919). Further, the privilege of self-defense is lost only where one attempting to assert the defense intentionally provokes battery from another. As stated in the syllabus of State v. Smith, 170 W.Va. 654, 295 S.E.2d 820 (1982):
The general rule is that a person accused of an assault
does not lose his right to assert self-defense, unless he said or
did something calculated to induce an attack upon himself.(1)
Under the overall circumstances of the present case where the evidence was,
at best, conflicting as to whether the parties involved in the type of consensual mutual
combat discussed in Strawn v. Ingram, supra, where there was evidence that the appellant
struck the first blow, and where the trial court properly instructed the jury on the law relating
to self-defense, this Court cannot conclude that the appellant's assertions with relation to the
trial court's charge to the jury are meritorious.
The appellant next claims that the trial court erred in refusing to allow him to
introduce evidence of the two other, unrelated incidents of violence.
In Gable v. Kroger Company, 186 W.Va. 62, 410 S.E.2d 701 (1991), this Court recognized that the admission of similar occurrence evidence was clearly discretionary with a trial court in civil actions. In addition, in Syllabus Point 3 of the Gable case the Court stated:
To be admissible at all, similar occurrence evidence must
relate to accidents or injuries or defects existing at substantially
the same place and under substantially the same conditions.
Evidence of injuries occurring under different circumstances or
conditions is not admissible.
The Court went on to state in Syllabus Point 4:
Rules 402 and 403 of the West Virginia Rules of
Evidence [1985] direct the trial judge to admit relevant
evidence, but to exclude evidence whose probative value is
substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice to the
defendant.
As previously indicated, one of the two incidents about which the appellant
sought to introduce evidence occurred years before the incident involved in the present case.
The other occurred years later. Given the distance in time as well as the difference in
location, of this other incident evidence from the incident in issue in the present case, and
its potential for unfair prejudice, this Court cannot conclude that under the principles
enunciated in Gable v. Kroger Company, Id., that the circuit judge abused his discretion in
refusing to allow admission of that evidence.
Lastly, the appellant claims that the circuit court erred in refusing to introduce
medical bills which he sought to introduce in the evidence.
As previously indicated, the trial court did not absolutely preclude the
admission of the medical bills in question. The court did, however, rule that it was
incumbent upon the appellant to establish a foundation for the admission of the bills by
showing that the services for which the bills were rendered were incurred as a proximate
result or for treatment of injuries which the appellant claimed that he had sustained at the
hands of Mr. Bennett.
The appellant did not develop such foundation for the bills which the appellant
claims the trial court erred in refusing to admit.
Although this Court can find no West Virginia decision precisely on this point, the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia in McMunn v. Tatum, 237 Va. 558, 379 S.E.2d 908 (1989), has, stated:
"[W]here the defendant objects to the introduction of
medical bills, indicating that the defendant's evidence will raise
a substantial contest as to either the question of medical
necessity or the question of causal relationship, the court may
admit the challenged medical bills only with foundation expert
testimony tending to establish medical necessity or causal
relationship, or both, as appropriate."
237 Va. at 569, 379 S.E.2d at 914.
In Syllabus Point 4 of Konopka v. Montgomery Ward & Co., 133 W.Va. 775, 58 S.E.2d 128 (1950), this Court did state:
"In an action for personal injuries, no recovery can be
had for medical, hospital and nursing services, unless it appears
from the evidence that such services were fairly necessary and
that the changes therefor are reasonable."
Since the proof must show that medical and hospital services were reasonably
necessitated by a personal injury, it must necessarily follow that bills for services must be
for services reasonably necessary before they are admissible into evidence, and in Pygman
v. Helton, 148 W.Va. 281, 134 S.E.2d 717 (1964), the Court implicitly did recognize that
there must be a causal relationship between a defendant's acts and the plaintiff's injuries
before evidence of the injuries may be admitted into evidence.
In view of this and the guidance provided by the Virginia Court in McMunn v. Tatum, supra, this Court cannot conclude that the trial court in the present case erred
by ruling that it was incumbent upon the appellant to establish an appropriate foundation for
the medical bills in question before those bills would be introduced into evidence. Further,
since no such foundation was established, this Court cannot conclude that the trial court
erred in refusing to admit the bills.
For the reasons stated the judgment in the Circuit Court of Wood County is affirmed.
Affirmed.
1. Although the word "assault" was used in the Smith case, a battery was actually involved since striking and actual physical grabbing were involved. Further, although the Smith case was a criminal case, our law is that the law of self-defense in battery cases does not vary in its application in felony, misdemeanor, or civil cases. Teel v. Coal and Coke Railway Company, 66 W.Va. 315, 66 S.E. 470 (1909).
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