Kipp v. Chips Estate
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Kipp v. Chips Estate; 169 Vt. 102; 732 A.2d 127
[Filed 26-Feb-1999]
NOTICE: This opinion is subject to motions for reargument under
V.R.A.P. 40 as well as formal revision before publication in the Vermont
Reports. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions,
Vermont Supreme Court, 109 State Street, Montpelier, Vermont 05609-0801 of
any errors in order that corrections may be made before this opinion goes
to press.
No. 97-279
June Kipp Supreme Court
On Appeal from
v. Windham Superior Court
Ervin W. Chips Estate January Term, 1999
Richard W. Norton, J.
Lance C. Shader, Brattleboro, for Plaintiff-Appellant.
Richard M. Gale of Gale & Corum, Brattleboro, for Defendant-Appellee.
PRESENT: Amestoy, C.J., Dooley, Morse, Johnson and Skoglund, JJ.
DOOLEY, J. This dispute over the language in a deed requires us to
decide whether the co-owners of a parcel of land in Newfane held the
property as joint tenants with a right of survivorship so that the death
of a co-owner extinguished the interest of his heirs in the realty.
Concluding that the deed created a tenancy in common, the superior court
awarded an undivided one-half interest to defendant, the estate of
co-owner Ervin W. Chips. Plaintiff and co-owner June Kipp appeals,
contending that the deed provides for a joint tenancy or, alternatively,
that the deed is ambiguous such that the court should have admitted parol
evidence to resolve the ambiguity. We affirm.
The following facts, as found by the Windham Superior Court, are not
in dispute. On
August 7, 1987, plaintiff acquired her interest in the property through a
warranty deed conveying the land from Byllee Lloyd Gould to Ervin W. Chips
and June Kipp. The granting clause of the deed provided that Gould was
conveying the property to "Ervin W. Chips and June Kipp, joint tenants,
and their heirs and assigns forever." The habendum clause,(FN1) however,
described the grantees as "tenants in common, and their heirs and
assigns."
Chips died on October 5, 1994. On January 21, 1997, plaintiff filed a
complaint in the Windham Superior Court seeking a declaratory judgment
that the deed created a joint tenancy and, therefore, that Chips' son and
heir had no interest in the property upon his father's death. Relying
solely on the language of the deed, and the argument and submissions of
counsel, the Windham Superior Court entered judgment in favor of the
estate. The court determined that the language of the deed fully
expressed the intention of the grantor and, therefore, that the court did
not have to look beyond the four corners of the instrument. The court then
ruled that the habendum clause of the deed clarified the granting clause
and created a tenancy in common.
Plaintiff's main argument is that the dispute should have been
resolved based on the rule of deed construction that the wording of the
granting clause controls over the wording of the habendum clause when
there is a conflict between them. In plaintiff's view, the granting clause
of the deed clearly conveys a joint tenancy, while the habendum clearly
conveys a tenancy in common. Since the clauses are in conflict, plaintiff
argues that the granting clause must control
and the deed therefore conveys a joint tenancy. For four reasons, we do
not find this argument persuasive in resolving this case.
First, in interpreting a deed, we look to the language of the written
instrument because it is assumed to declare the intent of the parties.
See Okemo Mountain, Inc. v. Town of Ludlow, 164 Vt. 447, 451, 671 A.2d 1263, 1267 (1995). Our "master rule for the construction of deeds is that
the intention of the parties, when ascertainable from the entire
instrument, prevails over technical terms or their formal arrangement."
Kennedy, Adm'r v. Rutter, Adm'r, 110 Vt. 332, 338, 6 A.2d 17, 20 (1939)
(quoting Vermont Kaolin Corp. v. Lyons, 101 Vt. 367, 376, 143 A. 639, 642
(1928)). We read the entire written instrument as a whole, giving "effect
to every part" so as to understand the words in the context of the full
deed. Aiken v. Clark, 117 Vt. 391, 393, 92 A.2d 620, 621 (1952). In so
doing, we construe the various clauses of the document, wherever possible,
so that the deed has a consistent, or harmonious, meaning. See deNeergaard
v. Dillingham, 123 Vt. 327, 332, 187 A.2d 494, 498 (1963).
As this Court observed in 1912:
It seems to have been recognized from the first that the division of
a deed into such parts as the premises, the habendum and the
tenendum, was pretty much a matter of capitalization and
punctuation, and our Court was never greatly impressed with the
idea that it is of vital importance in what part of a deed the
intention is expressed so long as it finds somewhere clear and
adequate expression.
Johnson v. Barden, 86 Vt. 19, 25-26, 83 A. 721, 724 (1912).
The rule on which plaintiff relies is actually an aid to construction
and not a positive rule of law. See id. at 25, 83 A. at 724; see also
Fairbrother v. Adams, 135 Vt. 428, 429, 378 A.2d 102, 104 (1977). We also
note that as an aid to construction it "has been increasingly discredited,
and most modern cases either reject it entirely or give only a rather mild
priority to the granting clause." R. Cunningham, W. Stoebuck & D.
Whitman, The Law of Property § 11.1, at 719 (1984) (footnotes omitted).
Although we agree that in some cases according priority to the granting
clause over other deed language is appropriate, we stress that such
priority is only an aid to determining the intent of the grantor, to be
used along with other such aids.
Second, the rule plaintiff espouses must be assessed in light of the
role of a habendum clause to modify, to limit or to explain the grant of
the property interest set out in the granting clause. See Kennedy, 110
Vt. at 339, 6 A.2d at 21. Thus, even in the face of a clear conflict
between the language of the clauses, the language of the habendum may
control as a modification, limitation or explanation of the language of
the granting clause.
Third, the rule plaintiff espouses applies only if the granting clause
is "expressed in clear and unambiguous language." Id. (quoting Bennett v.
Bennett, 93 Vt. 316, 318, 107 A. 304, 305 (1919)). As discussed below, we
do not find the language of the granting clause to be clear and
unambiguous in this case.
Fourth, the Legislature has made clear that an "[e]state in common" is
"preferred to joint tenancy." 27 V.S.A. § 2. Although the statute does
allow a deed to create a joint tenancy by explicit language, the
legislative policy requires that we resolve ambiguity in favor of a tenancy
in common rather than a joint tenancy. See, e.g., Palmer v. Flint, 161 A.2d 837, 842 (Me. 1960) (under similar Maine statute, intent to create
joint tenancy "must be clear and convincing"); Cross v. Cross, 85 N.E.2d 325, 327 (Mass. 1949) (under similar Massachusetts statute, joint tenancy
created only when it "plainly appears" from words used); Gagnon v.
Pronovost, 71 A.2d 747, 751 (N.H. 1950) (affirming on rehearing that, under
similar New Hampshire statute, grantor must
clearly express intention to create joint tenancy).
The central issue in this case is whether the interests conveyed by
the deed to June Kipp and Ervin Chips included a right of survivorship. A
right of survivorship is normally the distinguishing feature of a joint
tenancy. See Methodist Church v. First Nat'l Bank, 125 Vt. 124, 128, 211 A.2d 168, 171 (1965). The language of the granting clause was, however,
internally inconsistent on exactly this point. Although it used the term
"joint tenants," it went on to add "and their heirs and assigns forever."
The additional language suggests that upon the death of one of the
grantees, the grantor intended that the grantee's undivided one-half
interest would pass to his or her heirs and assigns, rather than to the
surviving co-grantee. The additional language is inconsistent with a
right of survivorship.
Because the language of the granting clause alone is unclear, the
habendum operates to explain the intent of the grantor. Here, the
habendum is explicit that the interests conveyed were tenancies in common.
Construing all parts of the deed together, we hold that it conveyed a
tenancy in common. This result is consistent with the legislative
preference for tenancies in common over joint tenancies.
Plaintiff also argues that the court erred in refusing to admit
extrinsic evidence to demonstrate the intent of the parties in drafting
the deed. Plaintiff sought to call herself (FN2) and the lawyer who
drafted the deed. The superior court rejected both witnesses, ruling that
the deed was not ambiguous.
As a general rule, extrinsic evidence is not admissible to show the
intent of the parties to a deed unless the language of the deed is
ambiguous. We actually have two ambiguity rules. For both, the question
of whether ambiguity exists is one of law. See Isbrandtsen v. North
Branch Corp., 150 Vt. 575, 577, 556 A.2d 81, 83 (1988). First, when
looking at particular language in a deed, the court must accept the plain
meaning of the language and not look to construction aids if the language
is not ambiguous. See Simpson Dev. Corp. v. Herrmann, 155 Vt. 332,
334-35, 583 A.2d 90, 92 (1990). Second, if the court finds some ambiguity
in particular language, it must examine the whole instrument, attempting
to determine the intent of the drafters from all of the language and using
relevant construction aids. See Isbrandtsen, 150 Vt. at 580-81, 556 A.2d
at 85 (agreement must be viewed in its entirety; even if inartfully worded
or clumsily arranged, writing is not ambiguous if it fairly admits of one
interpretation). If the court then finds the writing is ambiguous, the
proper interpretation becomes a question of fact, to be determined on all
relevant evidence. See Breslauer v. Fayston Sch. Dist., 163 Vt. 416, 425,
659 A.2d 1129, 1135 (1995). If the court does not find the writing
ambiguous, it must declare the proper interpretation as a matter of law.
We allow limited extrinsic evidence of "circumstances surrounding the
making of the agreement" in determining whether the writing is ambiguous.
See Isbrandtsen, 150 Vt. at 579, 556 A.2d at 84. This evidence is
relevant, however, only when, in combination with the writing, it supports
an interpretation that is different from that reached on the basis of the
writing alone, and both are reasonable. See id. It may not be used to
vary the terms of an unambiguous writing. See Tilley v. Green Mountain
Power Corp., 156 Vt. 91, 93-94, 587 A.2d 412, 414 (1991).
Based on a vague offer of proof that suggested that the evidence would
go to the true intent
of the parties, the trial court ruled that the evidence was inadmissible.
It found that the language of the deed was unambiguous such that extrinsic
evidence would not be helpful. It was concerned that plaintiff was
offering evidence to vary the terms of an unambiguous instrument, and
plaintiff's offer of proof did not allay that concern.
As we held above, we do find internal inconsistency in the wording of
the granting clause, but the meaning of that clause is fully explained by
the habendum. We conclude that the writing as a whole is unambiguous, and
the trial court acted within its discretion in refusing to admit the
proffered evidence. See In re Letourneau, 9 Vt. L.W. 346, 351 (1998) ("the
trial court has broad discretion to exclude marginally relevant evidence
that is remote, tends to confuse the issues or causes a waste of time");
Doucette v. Doucette, 9 Vt. L.W. 313, 314 (1998) ("The trial court has
broad discretion in determining the relevance of any evidence.").
There is an additional reason to refuse to admit the evidence in the
circumstances of this case. Because of the Legislature's preference for
tenancy in common, as expressed in 27 V.S.A. § 2, we can find a joint
tenancy only if the intent to convey that property interest is expressed in
clear and definite terms. We cannot find that the expression to create a
joint tenancy is clear and definite in this case. Thus, we are left in
the situation described by the New Hampshire Supreme Court in Gagnon:
Consequently in the opinion of a majority of the Court the
admission of evidence as to the facts and circumstances existing at
the time of and surrounding the drawing of this deed, no matter
how crystal clear it may be as to the grantor's intent to create a
joint tenancy, would serve no useful purpose in this case, for it
cannot alter the fact that he failed to express this intention in the
deed in clear language as required by [statute]. If he had there
would be no need for extraneous evidence to determine what kind
of estate the deed creates.
71 A.2d at 751. Even if the extrinsic evidence was overwhelming that the
parties to the deed in this case intended to create a joint tenancy, that
intent was inadequately expressed to allow us to find such a property
interest. There can be no error in the refusal to admit evidence of that
unavailing intent.
Affirmed.
FOR THE COURT:
_______________________________________
Associate Justice
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Footnotes
FN1. The habendum clause in a deed typically sets forth the estate to
be held by the grantee. While the granting clause actively transfers the
land from the grantor to the grantee/s, the habendum clause seeks to
describe the type of title that has been granted. See, e.g., Estate of
Fleck, 154 N.W.2d 865, 867 (Iowa 1967); see also Johnson v. Barden, 86 Vt.
19, 24, 83 A. 721, 723 (1912) (it is proper office of habendum to define
quantity of estate granted).
FN2. Defendant argued that plaintiff's evidence was also inadmissible
under 12 V.S.A. § 1603 because that statute prohibits a party, in a case
against the executor of an estate, from testifying in his or her favor with
respect to a contract with a person who is not living or competent to
testify. In view of our disposition, we do not reach this question.
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