Howard Jackson v. Vaughn, Supt. of SCI Graterford (Dissenting Opinion)
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[J-160-00] IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA EASTERN DISTRICT HOWARD JACKSON, : : Appellant : : : v. : : : DONALD VAUGHN, SUPERINTENDENT, : S.C.I., GRATERFORD, ET AL., : : Appellee : No. 10 EAP 2000 Appeal from the Order entered on 1/10/00 (certified on 1/11/00) at No. 604 C.D. 1999 SUBMITTED: September 29, 2000 DISSENTING OPINION MR. JUSTICE SAYLOR DECIDED: July 18, 2001 Issues connected with the conferral of credit for time served have presented reviewing courts with numerous and frequently difficult questions, see generally Booker v. New Jersey State Parole Bd., 642 A.2d 984, 989 (N.J. 1994), with the variations and permutations in factual scenarios being almost limitless. In this case, Appellant contends that the sentencing court deemed it appropriate for him to serve his sentence for the offense of third-degree murder concurrently with the sentence previously imposed following his violation of conditions of probation related to prior offenses (the probation-violation sentence ). According to Appellant, because sentencing for the murder was delayed nearly fifteen months after imposition of the probation-violation sentence, to achieve full concurrency the court provided for concurrent sentencing going forward and granted him credit for time served during the fifteen-month delay. Because I do not believe that the General Assembly intended to foreclose a sentencing court s application of credit in such a manner, I respectfully dissent. The majority relies upon this Court s decision in Fajohn v. Commonwealth, Dep t of Corrections, 547 Pa. 649, 692 A.2d 1067 (1997), as dispositive of the time credit question. There, this Court interpreted former Rule of Criminal Procedure 1406(c) as indicating that a sentencing judge cannot direct that a sentence commence on a date prior to the date of sentencing when the defendant is serving time on an unrelated charge, and therefore, credit for the period of imprisonment for a second or subsequent conviction [is precluded where] the individual is already in prison under a sentence imposed for other offenses . . .. Id. at 651, 692 A.2d at 1068 (quoting Doxsey v. Commonwealth, 674 A.2d 1173, 1175 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1996)). But then-Rule 1406(c), by its terms, simply did not proscribe time credit. Rather, the thrust of its terms was merely that, by default, a new sentence of confinement should run concurrently with other sentences being served unless the sentencing court provides otherwise. See Pa.R.Crim.P. 1406(c)(superseded)(prescribing that [w]hen at the time sentence is imposed, the defendant is imprisoned under a sentence imposed for any other offense or offenses, the instant sentence which the judge is imposing shall be deemed to commence from the date of imposition thereof unless the judge states that it shall commence from the date of expiration of such other sentence or sentences ).1 There is 1 Rule 1406 has been renumbered Rule 705. In 1996, paragraph (a) was amended and paragraph (c) was deleted to eliminate language creating a presumption that certain sentences run concurrently unless the judge states otherwise (paragraph (b) was also deleted as unnecessary). Pa.R.Crim.P. 705, cmt. Rule 705 now provides, in full: Whenever more than one sentence is imposed at the same time on a defendant, or whenever a sentence is imposed on a defendant who is sentenced for another offense, the judge shall state whether the sentences shall run concurrently or consecutively. In the official comment, the Committee stated that [t]he computation of sentences and (continued...) [J-160-00] - 2 no indication in the history of this rule that anything else was intended by the Criminal Procedural Rules Committee in recommending the rule or by this Court in promulgating it. Indeed, the Fajohn/Doxsey interpretation results only when two distinct concepts are confused -- the date on which a sentence of incarceration commences (which is addressed by the plain terms of the rule), and application of time credit to a sentence imposed (which is not).2 The Fajohn/Doxsey interpretation not only fails to comport with the language of former Rule 1406(c), but also results in the effectuation, via judicially crafted procedural rule, of a substantial, substantive change in the availability of credit for time served. Such substantive impact is inimical to the limited purpose and scope of procedural rules and an invasion of the province of the General Assembly, particularly as no conforming intent on the Legislature s part appears evident upon review of the pertinent statutory framework. See, e.g., 42 Pa.C.S. §9721(a) (allowing sentencing courts to impose (...continued) credit for time served are governed by the Sentencing Code. See 42 Pa.C.S. §§9760 and 9761. Pa.R.Crim.P. 705, cmt. 2 Notably, section (b) of the rule did address time credit. That section stated: A sentence of imprisonment shall be deemed to commence and shall be computed from the date of commitment for the offense or offenses for which such sentence is imposed, which date shall be specified by the judge. Credit, to be calculated by the clerk of the court, shall be given as provided by law for any days spent in custody by the defendant for such offense or offenses prior to the imposition of sentence. Pa.R.Crim.P. 1406(b)(superseded). Thus, section (b) mandated that time credit be awarded as provided by law, and section (c), as noted, did not, on its face, pertain to time credit at all. [J-160-00] - 3 concurrent sentences); 42 Pa.C.S. §9760 (pertaining to credit for time served). Cf. Commonwealth ex rel. McGinnis v. Ashe, 330 Pa. 289, 291, 199 A. 185, 186 (1938). Even if this were not the case, I question whether the fashioning by appellate courts of overarching rules in the time credit context is likely to effectuate the interests of justice.3 In this regard, it is noteworthy that Fajohn, and Doxsey before it, are devoid of reasoning as to why the sentencing court s authority should be circumscribed in the manner there stated, other than the bare assertion that former Rule 1406(c) so provided. In view of the above, I would disavow the Fajohn/Doxsey interpretation of former Rule 1406(c) and focus, instead, upon the pertinent legislative scheme to determine substantive matters involving time credit. The most relevant enactment is Section 9760(1) of the Sentencing Code, 42 Pa.C.S. §9760(1), which provides, in relevant part: Credit against the maximum term and any minimum term shall be given to the defendant for all time spent in custody as a result of the criminal charge for which a prison sentence is imposed or as a result of the conduct on which such a charge is based. Credit shall include credit for time spent in custody prior to trial, during trial, pending sentence, and pending the resolution of an appeal. 3 In New Jersey, the legislature has affirmatively mandated a credit in similar circumstances, known as gap time credit. See generally Booker, 642 A.2d at 985-86. As explained by the New Jersey Supreme Court, the general purpose of the provision is to avoid the manipulation of trial dates to the disadvantage of defendants and to put defendants in the same position as they would have been had the two offenses been tried at the same time. Id. at 985 (citing MODEL PENAL CODE §7.06 commentary at 278 (1962)); see also State v. Guaman, 638 A.2d 162, 164-65 (N.J. Super. 1994)(reasoning that [t]he interests of justice strongly militate in favor of gap time credit in certain circumstances where, by virtue of delay in trial on one of two offenses which were both committed before sentencing on either, the judge imposing the second sentence would otherwise be denied the opportunity to impose a truly concurrent sentence ). [J-160-00] - 4 42 Pa.C.S. §9760(1)(emphasis added). From November 19, 1991, to February 2, 1993 -- the time period at issue in this case -- Appellant was in custody serving his probationviolation sentence.4 A review of the record from the underlying case reveals that the basis for the probation revocation and corresponding sentence of incarceration pertaining to Appellant s former offenses was the murder conviction. This raises the question whether Appellant was in custody during that period as a result of the conduct on which [the murder] charge was based, for purposes of Section 9760(1). If answered affirmatively, then to the extent Section 9760(1) applies to the present situation it requires that Appellant be given credit toward his murder sentence for the disputed time period of November 19, 1991, to February 2, 1993. This is so because Appellant was in custody on the probation-violation sentence as a result of the conduct underlying the murder charge.5 4 The majority states that Appellant was in custody due to unrelated parole violations. In fact, the record from the underlying case strongly suggests that Appellant had been on probation, not parole, and that the violation in question was not unrelated, but consisted of his murder conviction. The majority also states that the difference between parole and probation is of no moment for purposes of the present case. When a prisoner is released on parole and then later incarcerated as a convicted parole violator, the remainder of his original sentence is reimposed. Perhaps for this reason, the Legislature has determined that a convicted parole violator must serve the balance of his original term before the new term of imprisonment commences. See 61 P.S. §331.21a(a). On the other hand, when a probationer commits an offense for which probation is revoked, a new sentence is imposed in place of the original sentence of probation. Under such circumstances, the sentencing court would appear to retain discretion to direct that the sentence for the new charge run concurrently with the probation-violation sentence. Accordingly, the majority s statement notwithstanding, that Appellant was sentenced following a violation of conditions of probation rather than parole is arguably relevant to the proper disposition of the instant proceedings. 5 Other jurisdictions with similar statutes -- i.e., statutes that allow for credit for presentence incarceration resulting from the same charge for which the sentence was imposed, or a different charge based upon the same underlying conduct -- have (continued...) [J-160-00] - 5 Even if it were to be ultimately determined that the General Assembly did not intend Section 9760(1) to require time credit in situations such as the present one, as noted, I do not believe that Rule 1406(c) was designed to divest the sentencing court of the ability to fashion truly concurrent sentences concerning two offenses committed prior to final sentencing on either. Indeed, if sentencing on such offenses could occur simultaneously, ordinarily the sentencing court in its discretion would be able to effectuate concurrent sentencing. Barring any legislative prohibition of the same, it appears anomalous for the judiciary to craft a procedural rule precluding the sentencing court from effectuating such a result by the application of credit for time served in instances in which sentencing on one offense is delayed for reasons unrelated to the defendant s conduct.6 Cf. Guaman, 638 A.2d at 164-65. (...continued) endorsed different standards of causation in situations similar to the present one. In Schubert v. People, 698 P.2d 788 (Colo. 1985), for example, the Colorado Supreme Court determined that a defendant is in custody as a result of the relevant conduct if there is a substantial nexus between such conduct and the pre-sentence restraint. See id. at 795. Under this test, where multiple concurrent sentences are ultimately imposed the defendant is entitled to credit against all such sentences so long as he would have been held in pre-sentence custody for the conduct underlying each one. The Supreme Court of California, by contrast, has settled on a more stringent strict causation test. See People v. Bruner, 892 P.2d 1277 (Cal. 1995). Under that standard, a defendant is entitled to credit for a pre-sentence period of imprisonment only if the conduct underlying the formal term of incarceration was a but for cause of the earlier restraint. See id. at 1286-87. Presently, it need not be decided whether to adopt Colorado s lenient substantial-nexus test, California s strict-causation rule, or some intermediate standard, as it is clear that, even under the strict but for test adopted by California, Appellant s confinement during the disputed time interval occurred as a result of the conduct upon which his subsequently imposed third-degree murder sentence was based. 6 In view of the above-noted modification to Rule 1406, now Rule 705, the majority would presumably agree that the availability of time credit in situations such as the (continued...) [J-160-00] - 6 Presently, Appellant alleged in his petition that the sentencing court awarded him credit toward his murder sentence for the disputed period of pre-sentence incarceration. Because such award, if made, was within the court s discretion absent a specific legislative provision to the contrary, the Department s demurrer should not have been sustained. Accordingly, I would overrule Fajohn, reverse the order of the Commonwealth Court, and remand for a determination of the merits of Appellant s request for enforcement of time credit conferred. Mr. Justice Castille joins this dissenting opinion. (...continued) present one has been restored for defendants sentenced after the effective date of that change. [J-160-00] - 7
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