Tough and Tough
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FILED: October 30, 2013 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF OREGON In the Matter of the Marriage of BRADLEY J. TOUGH, Petitioner-Appellant, and MARGARET A. TOUGH, Respondent-Respondent. Lincoln County Circuit Court 850363 A150941 Charles P. Littlehales, Judge. Submitted on April 12, 2013. B. Kevin Burgess and Watkinson Laird Rubenstein Baldwin & Burgess, P.C., filed the briefs for appellant. Michael C. Peterson and Heltzel, Williams, Yandell, Roth, Smith, Petersen & Lush, P.C., filed the brief for respondent. Before Armstrong, Presiding Judge, and Nakamoto, Judge, and Egan, Judge. EGAN, J. Reversed and remanded. Armstrong, P. J., dissenting. 1 EGAN, J. 2 Husband appeals a supplemental judgment ordering entry of a qualified 3 domestic relations order (QDRO),1 contending that the trial court erred in its calculation 4 of wife's interest in his pension plan. Specifically, he contends that the QDRO divides 5 his pension benefits in a manner that is inconsistent with the division provided for in the 6 parties' dissolution judgment. We agree and, accordingly, reverse and remand. 7 Husband and wife were married for just over 10 years, during which time 8 husband was employed by Georgia Pacific. Husband's employment provided him with a 9 defined benefit pension plan. When the parties divorced, their property was divided 10 according to a dissolution judgment, which provides, in relevant part: 11 12 13 14 15 16 "[Wife] shall be entitled to receive one-half of the monthly benefits that [husband] is entitled to receive from his pension, as set forth in Exhibit 'C,' which is by this reference incorporated herein, if and when he receives those payments pursuant to the terms of his agreement with the union. [Wife] shall not have any right to claim any retirement benefits which accrue to [husband] after March 1, 1985." 17 Exhibit C provides that husband was "100% vested" in the benefit that he had accrued as 18 of December 31, 1984, which was a monthly pension benefit of $215.25. It further 19 estimated the monthly benefit that husband could potentially earn by continuing to work 20 until he was 65 years old to be $971.25. 1 A QDRO is a judgment, decree, or order that creates or recognizes the existence of an alternate payee's right to receive all or a portion of a retirement plan participant's benefits payable under an Employee-Retirement-Income-Security-Act-qualified employee benefit plan. 29 USCA § 1056(d)(3)(B). Generally, an employee's retirement benefits may not be assigned or alienated. 29 USCA § 1056(d)(1). However, there is an exception to that rule for QDROs. See 29 USCA § 1056(d)(3)(A). 1 1 Husband continued to work for Georgia Pacific for more than 13 years 2 following the dissolution. During that time, the value of his retirement benefits 3 increased. After he had filed for retirement, but before he began to receive any benefits, 4 wife petitioned the court for a QDRO that would effectuate the dissolution judgment's 5 division of husband's pension benefits. 6 At a show cause hearing on wife's petition, wife contended that the trial 7 court should enter a QDRO that calculated her interest in husband's pension according to 8 the "time rule." Typically, the time rule is used to calculate a nonemployee spouse's 9 interest in the benefits of a defined benefit plan. Kiser and Kiser, 176 Or App 627, 632 n 10 1, 32 P3d 244 (2001). The time rule provides that the nonemployee spouse's interest is 11 determined by dividing the marital portion of the retirement benefits, at the time of 12 retirement, in half.2 "The marital portion is determined by multiplying the benefit to be 13 divided by a fraction, the numerator of which is the years (or months) of service during 14 which the couple were married and the denominator is the total years (or months) of 15 employment." Id. Thus, under the time rule, the nonemployee spouse's interest in the 16 retirement benefits is calculated by multiplying the employee spouse's benefits at the time 17 of retirement by a fraction representing the portion of the number of years worked during 18 which the parties were married and dividing the resulting number in half. 2 We have specifically noted that, "when retirement benefits have not matured and are thus not presently liquid, it is equitable to look to the value of the benefit at retirement" and that "a defined benefit plan * * * is not appropriately divided on the basis of the account balance or contributions made as of the date of dissolution." Kiser, 176 Or App at 631-32. 2 1 Husband challenged wife's petition, contending that she was seeking to 2 circumvent the division of his pension benefits that the dissolution judgment provided 3 for. Husband contended that the dissolution judgment provided that wife was entitled to 4 one half of the pension benefits that he had accrued at the time of dissolution and that 5 wife was not entitled to any benefits that accrued under husband's pension after that 6 point. 7 In essence, the parties' dispute focused on whether the dissolution judgment 8 provided that wife's interest in husband's pension was to be determined based on 9 husband's pension benefits at the time of dissolution or by applying the time rule to 10 husband's benefits at the time that he retired. Under husband's construction of the 11 dissolution judgment, wife would have a smaller interest in husband's ultimate pension 12 benefits than she would under her construction. 13 The trial court agreed with wife's construction of the dissolution judgment. 14 Consequently, it calculated wife's interest in husband's pension benefits by applying the 15 time rule to the benefits at the time of retirement. The court then entered a QDRO that 16 provided for that division of the benefits. 17 Husband appeals, contending that the court incorrectly construed the 18 dissolution judgment and that it erred in entering a QDRO that divides his pension 19 benefits by applying the time rule to his benefits at the time of retirement. In response, 20 wife contends that the dissolution judgment unambiguously provides that husband's 21 benefits are to be divided among the parties by applying the time rule to husband's 3 1 pension benefits at the time of his retirement. In the alternative, wife contends that the 2 provision providing for the division of husband's pension benefits is ambiguous and that 3 extrinsic evidence, such as the "overall nature" of the dissolution judgment, demonstrates 4 that the dissolution court intended to use the time rule to divide husband's pension 5 benefits among the parties. 6 Thus, the parties' dispute reduces to a question of construction of the 7 dissolution judgment. We therefore examine the language of the dissolution judgment to 8 determine whether the provision concerning the division of husband's pension benefits is 9 ambiguous. "A provision in a judgment is ambiguous if it is capable of more than one 10 reasonable interpretation." Neal and Neal, 181 Or App 361, 365, 45 P3d 1011 (2002). 11 Husband contends that the provision at issue unambiguously provides that 12 wife is entitled to 50 percent of the pension benefits that he had accrued at the time of 13 dissolution. He explains that the language of the provision providing that wife "shall be 14 entitled to receive one-half of the monthly benefits that [husband] is entitled to receive 15 from his pension, as set forth in Exhibit 'C,'" limits the property that the provision divides 16 between the parties to the benefits listed in Exhibit C, which are the benefits that husband 17 had accrued at the time of dissolution. Husband contends that the provision reiterates 18 that limitation by stating that wife "shall not have any right to claim any retirement 19 benefits which accrue to [husband] after March 1, 1985." He contends that the provision, 20 by prohibiting wife from claiming any retirement benefits that accrue to husband after 21 March 1, 1985, clearly indicates that wife's interest in his benefits is limited to those 4 1 2 benefits that he had accrued at the time of dissolution. In response, wife contends that the dissolution judgment unambiguously 3 provides that husband's benefits are to be divided among the parties according to the time 4 rule. She contends that the first sentence of the provision provides that she is entitled to 5 one-half of husband's monthly benefits when he receives them. Wife acknowledges that, 6 under her interpretation of that sentence, she would be entitled to one-half of all of 7 husband's pension benefits when he receives those benefits; she nonetheless contends that 8 the second sentence, which provides that she is not entitled to any benefits that accrue to 9 husband after March 1, 1985, limits the scope of the first sentence by describing the 10 marital portion of the pension benefits, which is the portion of husband's pension benefits 11 at retirement that could be allocated to the years during which the parties were married. 12 Husband has the better of the arguments. To begin with, we disagree with 13 wife's contention that the provision provides that wife's interest is to be calculated at the 14 time that husband receives his benefits. The first sentence of the provision provides that 15 wife "shall be entitled to receive one-half of the monthly benefits that [husband] is 16 entitled to receive from his pension, as set forth in Exhibit 'C,' * * * if and when he 17 receives those payments pursuant to the terms of his agreement with the union." That 18 sentence provides the timing for when wife is entitled to receive her interest in the 19 benefits, which is "if and when [husband] receives those payments"; it does not provide 20 the timing for when wife's interest in the benefits is to be calculated. (Emphasis added.) 21 Instead, the sentence expressly links wife's interest in husband's pension to 5 1 the benefits that he is entitled to receive "as set forth in" Exhibit C. The benefit that 2 Exhibit C provides that husband is entitled to receive is the monthly pension benefit that 3 he had accrued as of December 31, 1984. 3 4 To construe the dissolution judgment to provide that wife's interest in the 5 pension benefits is to be calculated based on the benefits that husband has accrued at the 6 time of retirement would ignore both the provision's express reference to the benefits that 7 husband is entitled to receive "as set forth" in Exhibit C and the express limitation on the 8 benefits that wife is not to receive. We therefore conclude that wife's construction of the 9 provision is not reasonable. Cf. Hoffman Construction Co. v. Fred S. James & Co., 313 10 Or 464, 473, 836 P2d 703 (1992) (explaining that a construction that renders language 11 meaningless is unreasonable). Consequently, we conclude that the dissolution judgment 12 unambiguously provides that wife's share of husband's pension benefits is not 13 appropriately calculated under the time rule. 14 The dissent reasons that the QDRO did not modify or conflict with the 15 dissolution judgment, but rather "implemented the property division in the judgment." 16 ___ Or App at ___ (Armstrong, P.J., dissenting) (slip op at 5). We do not agree that the 17 judgment is susceptible to that interpretation, because the dissolution judgment 3 We are mindful of the discrepancy between the date provided in the dissolution judgment and the date given in Exhibit C. Because husband contends only that the trial court erred in concluding that wife's share of the benefits is appropriately calculated under the time rule, we are not called upon to decide which of the two dates applies to limit that portion of the benefits that wife is entitled to share in and we therefore express no opinion on the matter. 6 1 unambiguously reflects the intent to give wife a one-half interest in the benefits that 2 husband was entitled to receive at the time of the dissolution "as set forth" in Exhibit C. 3 If the dissolution judgment intended to invoke the time rule, Exhibit C--which, again, was 4 incorporated into that judgment--is entirely superfluous, for wife's portion of the benefits 5 could be calculated as needed without reference to any of the figures contained in that 6 exhibit. Moreover, we note that the QDRO conflicts with what wife requested during the 7 divorce proceedings. In her pretrial statement to the trial court, wife not only identified 8 the then-present value of husband's pension benefit at retirement as "approximately 9 $225.00 per month," she then stated that "[wife] requests that she be awarded a one-half 10 11 interest in this pension plan vested to date." (Emphasis added.) The division of retirement benefits at dissolution is a property division that 12 is not subject to modification unless the property award was based on the enhanced 13 earning capacity of one of the parties. ORS 107.135(1)(e); Tiley and Tiley, 147 Or App 14 262, 266, 936 P2d 367, rev den, 325 Or 491 (1997). Wife did not petition the trial court 15 to modify the dissolution judgment according to ORS 107.135(1)(e). As a result, wife is 16 not entitled to a division of husband's retirement benefits contrary to the division 17 provided for in the dissolution judgment. Because the dissolution judgment 18 unambiguously provides that wife's share of husband's pension benefits is not to be 19 calculated by using the time rule, the trial court erred in entering a QDRO that calculated 20 wife's interest in husband's pension benefits by using the time rule. 21 Reversed and remanded. 7 Tough and Tough (A150941) Egan, J., majority 1 ARMSTRONG, P. J., dissenting. 2 In reversing the trial court, the majority ultimately--and erroneously-- 3 concludes that the trial court's qualified domestic relations order (QDRO) conflicts with 4 the underlying dissolution judgment that it was designed to implement. It does not. 5 To reach its conclusion, the majority reasons as follows: The dissolution 6 judgment expressly provides that wife is not entitled to claim any pension benefits that 7 accrued to husband after the dissolution of the parties' marriage. By applying the time 8 rule, the QDRO awards wife pension benefits that accrued to husband after the 9 dissolution of the parties' marriage. Hence, the QDRO impermissibly modified the 10 11 property division in the dissolution judgment. The majority's conclusion is based on a misunderstanding of the time rule 12 when applied to pension benefits that accrue under a defined-benefit plan. A division of 13 pension benefits entails three separate determinations by a dissolution court: the court 14 must determine the marital portion of the benefits, it must determine the value of the 15 marital portion, and it must divide the marital portion between the parties. Here, the 16 actual division of husband's retirement benefits is not in dispute--both parties 17 acknowledge that wife is entitled to one half of the marital portion of those benefits. 18 However, the parties do dispute the dollar amount of wife's half interest, which implicates 19 both the apportionment and the value of the marital portion of husband's pension benefits. 20 As the majority acknowledges, the time rule is typically used to calculate 1 1 the marital portion of a pension benefit. ___ Or App at ___ (slip op at 2); see, e.g., Kiser 2 and Kiser, 176 Or App 627, 631-32, 632 n 1, 32 P3d 244 (2001). The rule is not 3 complicated: the marital portion is simply represented by a fraction--the coverature 4 fraction. The numerator of the fraction represents the duration of employment service 5 during which the parties were married; the denominator represents the total duration of 6 employment service. In the context of a defined-benefit plan, the time rule ignores other 7 factors--such as contribution amounts, account balances, increases in salary, or the 8 vesting of benefits over different periods of service--because benefits under a defined- 9 benefit plan are understood to appreciate on a straight-line basis. In other words, the 10 benefits are deemed to accrue in a straight line, that is, in equal increments for each year 11 of participation in the defined-benefit plan. See Kiser, 176 Or App at 631-32, 632 n 1; 12 Caudill and Caudill, 139 Or App 479, 483-84, 912 P2d 915 (1996). 13 After establishing the marital portion of a given pension plan--that is, the 14 portion of the benefits that accrued during the marriage--through application of the time 15 rule, the value of that portion may be determined simply by multiplying the coverature 16 fraction by the total value of the benefits due under the pension plan. The total value of 17 the benefits, in turn, can be either the actuarial present value of the benefits, see, e.g., 18 Richardson and Richardson, 307 Or 370, 378, 796 P2d 179 (1989); Reich and Reich, 150 19 Or App 311, 313, 946 P2d 319 (1997), or the value of the benefits as they are distributed, 20 see, e.g., Cave and Cave, 85 Or App 336, 338, 736 P2d 215 (1987). See also Kiser, 176 21 Or App at 632. The court then divides that amount between the parties. 2 1 Thus, while the time rule reflects a specific conception of the appreciation 2 of pension benefits--viz., accrual in equal increments for each year of participation in the 3 defined-benefit plan--when properly applied it does not have the effect that the majority 4 attributes to it. That is, it does not result in an award of benefits that accrue after the 5 dissolution of the parties' marriage. We have recognized that proposition since at least 6 1987. See, e.g., Cave, 85 Or App at 338. 7 In Cave, the dissolution court awarded the wife one-half of the husband's 8 monthly pension payments "to the extent that those benefits ha[d] vested and accrued on 9 the date that [the] decree bec[ame] final," including "any future cost of living increases." 10 Id. The husband appealed, arguing that the award of future cost-of-living increases 11 improperly expanded the wife's share of his pension benefits beyond the marital portion. 12 We disagreed, reasoning that, by the judgment's terms, "any future cost-of-living 13 increases will be based solely on that portion of the pension vested as of the date of the 14 decree." Id. That conclusion recognizes a distinction between the apportionment and the 15 valuation of pension benefits; thus, when a pension benefit's value is not concretely 16 determined in the dissolution judgment--thereby leaving the value of the marital portion 17 undefined--an increase in the pension benefit's value before that value is concretely 18 determined does not result in an award of benefits that can be understood to have accrued 19 after the dissolution of the parties' marriage.4 4 Conversely, when a dissolution court intends to foreclose the possibility of an increase in value of a given pension benefit--and, consequently, the value of the marital portion--it is not difficult to do that. The court can (and would have, even in 1986) 3 1 Turning to the application of the time rule here, the court generated a 2 coverature fraction, the numerator of which was 10.42 (husband's years of service during 3 the marriage) and the denominator of which was 23.58 (husband's total years of service 4 under the plan). That results in a marital portion--viz., the amount of husband's pension 5 benefits that accrued before March 1, 1985--of 44.18 percent.5 The court then awarded simply state that value in the dissolution judgment. See, e.g., Sands and Sands, 59 Or App 653, 658, 651 P2d 1387 (1982), rem'd on other grounds, 295 Or 443, 666 P2d 834 (1983) ("wife is awarded $190 per month"); Rogers and Rogers, 45 Or App 885, 897-98, 609 P2d 877, modified on recons, 47 Or App 963, 615 P2d 412 (1980), modified on recons, 50 Or App 511, 623 P2d 1108 (1981) (altering dissolution judgment to award wife "$500 per month, payable to her from the total benefits, as and when husband receives them."); Vinson and Vinson, 48 Or App 283, 287, 616 P2d 1180 (1980) (awarding wife "$624 per month, payable as and when husband receives payment"). 5 Although husband petitioned to dissolve the parties' marriage in 1985, the trial court entered the dissolution judgment on January 28, 1986. The judgment provided that the dissolution would become effective one month later, on February 28, 1986. However, in an apparent oversight, most of the printed dates in the judgment refer to 1985. The trial court noticed and corrected some of those dates but left others unchanged--including the March 1, 1985, date in the provision that divided husband's retirement benefit, which appears to have been a clerical error, given that the dissolution of the parties' marriage became effective precisely one year later, on February 28, 1986. The trial court acknowledged that clerical error at the QDRO hearing in 2012 but declined to correct it, despite its authority to do so. See ORCP 71 A ("Clerical mistakes in judgments * * * arising from oversight * * * may be corrected by the court at any time on its own motion or on the motion of any party and after such notice to all parties who have appeared, if any, as the court orders."). Although that error has no material effect on my analysis, it is worth noting that, given the majority's opinion today, the trial court will be in an unenviable position if it elects to correct the error on remand. How would it value the marital portion of husband's pension benefits as of March 1, 1986? The majority provides no guidance, except to foreclose the established method by which Oregon courts perform that valuation. To a lesser extent, the trial court will face that same difficulty in determining the value of husband's pension benefits as of March 1, 1985, which highlights another error 4 1 wife one-half of that amount--22.09 percent of husband's pension benefits--through the 2 entry of the QDRO. 3 Nothing about that process conflicts with or modifies any provision of the 4 dissolution judgment; the QDRO simply awarded wife her share of husband's pension 5 benefits that had accrued before March 1, 1985. In the language of the judgment, wife 6 was awarded "one-half of the monthly benefits that [husband] is entitled to receive from 7 his pension * * * if and when he receives those payments * * * [and she has no] right to 8 claim any retirement benefits which accrue[d] to [husband] after March 1, 1985." 9 Because the QDRO did not modify the dissolution judgment's division of property but, 10 rather, implemented the property division in the judgment, I dissent from the majority's 11 decision to reverse the trial court. 12 that I believe lurks beneath the surface of the majority's analysis. The majority believes, at least implicitly, that Exhibit C to the original dissolution judgment in some way establishes the value of the marital portion of husband's pension benefits, despite a disparity between the valuation date in Exhibit C for the estimated value of husband's pension benefits, viz., December 31, 1984, and the date on which wife's interest in husband's pension benefits ends under the dissolution judgment, viz., March 1, 1985. While it may be easy enough--although still improper--to dismiss the two-month discrepancy between those dates as immaterial and to continue to assign significance to the dollar amount identified in Exhibit C, it is much more difficult to do that when Exhibit C represents an estimate of the value of husband's pension benefits on a date that is 14 months before wife's interest in those benefits ended. Furthermore, because husband will receive his pension benefit in a lump sum, rather than in monthly payments over his remaining life, the court will have to fashion a QDRO that determines wife's share of the lump sum. Given the majority's conclusion that the time rule cannot be applied, it is not obvious how the court should do that. Nor is it obvious that the result will be different from the result produced under the QDRO that the court entered and the majority rejects. 5
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