State v. Middleton
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FILED: April 17, 2013 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF OREGON STATE OF OREGON, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. EVAN MICHAEL MIDDLETON, Defendant-Appellant. Josephine County Circuit Court 08CR0694 A145754 Thomas M. Hull, Judge. Argued and submitted on September 11, 2012. Kenneth A. Kreuscher argued the cause for appellant. With him on the brief was Portland Law Collective, LLP. Evan Michael Middleton filed the supplemental brief pro se. Tiffany Keast, Assistant Attorney General, argued the cause for respondent. With her on the brief were John R. Kroger, Attorney General, and Anna M. Joyce, Solicitor General. Before Schuman, Presiding Judge, and Wollheim, Judge, and Nakamoto, Judge. SCHUMAN, P. J. Affirmed. 1 SCHUMAN, P. J. 2 Defendant was convicted of four counts of rape in the third degree, ORS 3 163.355; five counts of sexual abuse in the second degree, ORS 163.425; and one count 4 of unlawful delivery of marijuana, ORS 475.860, all arising out of conduct occurring 5 over several days involving two minor female victims. On appeal, he raises nine 6 assignments of error. In the first four, he argues that the court abused its discretion in 7 denying his motions for a mistrial after the jury heard four statements from prosecution 8 witnesses from which it could infer that defendant had engaged in prior uncharged 9 conduct involving sex with minors. According to defendant, even though the court 10 sustained objections to three of the statements and gave the jury curative instructions, the 11 instructions could not cure the prejudice. With respect to the statement that the court 12 admitted, defendant argues in a fifth assignment of error that it was not only grounds for 13 mistrial, but also that it should have been excluded because its probative value was 14 significantly outweighed by its potential for undue prejudice. In a sixth assignment of 15 error, defendant urges us to overrule a recent precedent, State v. Stamper, 197 Or App 16 413, 106 P3d 172, rev den, 339 Or 230 (2005). We reject that assignment without 17 discussion.1 In the seventh and eighth assignments, he maintains that the court erred in 18 allowing a nonunanimous verdict on one of the counts. We have rejected that argument 1 The issue that defendant maintains was wrongly decided in Stamper--i.e., that nonconsent to sexual activity for purposes of sexual abuse in the second degree can be actual or by virtue of incapacity--is currently under advisement at the Supreme Court in State v. Ofodrinwa, 241 Or App 214, 250 P3d 405, rev allowed, 350 Or 573 (2011). 1 1 in numerous cases and we do so again. And in an unpreserved pro se assignment of 2 error, he maintains that his sentence (life, without possibility of parole) plainly violates 3 the Oregon and United States Constitutions. We reject that assignment without 4 discussion as well. On the evidentiary assignments, we affirm. 5 Because the jury found defendant guilty, we state the background facts in 6 the light most favorable to the state. State v. Cervantes, 319 Or 121, 125, 873 P2d 316 7 (1994). Defendant, who was 28 at the time of the crimes, met the two victims, M (then 8 16 years old) and N (then 15), after they had run away from a foster home. Defendant 9 provided them with marijuana, which they smoked together. He then offered to pay the 10 victims $200 to engage in sex with him, and they agreed. He took the victims into a 11 brushy area of a park and had vaginal intercourse with each of them twice. All three then 12 went to the home of defendant's friend, where they stayed for several days. There, the 13 victims drank alcohol, smoked marijuana and cigarettes, used methamphetamine, and had 14 sexual intercourse with defendant and his friend. 15 The victims began to feel anxious about staying with defendant and his 16 friend. Despite their expressed unwillingness, defendant had vaginal intercourse one 17 more time with each victim, and anal intercourse with M. On the third or fourth morning, 18 the victims left the house without defendant. Later, they reported defendant's conduct to 19 the police. 20 21 Defendant was charged by indictment with the above-described offenses and appeals his convictions after a jury trial. We first address issues relating to the 2 1 court's denial of defendant's four motions for mistrial. At a pretrial hearing, the state 2 informed the court that it wanted to introduce evidence of defendant's history of sex 3 crimes involving a minor. The court ruled that the criminal record would be admissible 4 only for impeachment and only if defendant testified. Defendant did not testify. 5 However, four times during the course of trial, the prosecutor or a state witness made 6 reference to facts that defendant contends allowed the jury to infer that he had a criminal 7 history that included sex offenses against minors. We address each of those. 8 During his opening statement, the prosecutor told the jury that defendant 9 had acknowledged to a detective "that he's got a sex problem and that he needs help," and 10 that he "knows he shouldn't have been talking to minors." Defense counsel immediately 11 objected and moved to strike the statements, because there was no evidence of an 12 admission by defendant to a sex problem. The court agreed, struck the statement, and 13 instructed the jury to disregard it. Defense counsel also moved for a mistrial, on the 14 ground that the prosecutor's incorrect characterization of the evidence resulted in 15 incurable prejudice, because the jury would infer from the statements that defendant was 16 a convicted sex offender; the statement, in other words, would have the effect of allowing 17 the state to introduce evidence that the court had already ruled inadmissible. The trial 18 court denied the motion for mistrial but provided an instruction to the jury telling it that 19 the prosecutor's statement was not evidence, that it was not true, and that the jury must 20 disregard it.2 The prosecutor also corrected himself, and apologized to the jury: "I 2 In the curative instruction, the court told the jury: 3 1 2 misspoke. I apologize. I misinterpreted a police report, I read it wrong." Later, the state called Johnson, defendant's former roommate, as a witness. 3 The prosecutor asked Johnson if he had prior felony convictions. Johnson testified that 4 he had a prior conviction for a sex crime. The prosecutor then asked Johnson if he had 5 been convicted of that offense before he and defendant roomed together. Johnson replied 6 "yes," and volunteered that "him and I met in treatment." Defendant objected and moved 7 to strike the witness's testimony. The trial court granted the motion to strike and 8 instructed the jury to disregard the testimony. Defendant then moved for a mistrial, 9 arguing that the witness's testimony, in combination with the prosecutor's earlier 10 statement, allowed the jury to infer that defendant was a sex offender who had been in 11 sex-offender treatment. Defense counsel asserted that the combined effect of the 12 statement and the testimony had caused defendant incurable prejudice. The trial court 13 denied the motion for a mistrial. "Defense counsel has moved to strike essentially the last minute or so of [the prosecutor's] opening statement. The Court is granting that motion to strike. * * * "I'm going to point out to you once again, and I read to you in the precautionary instruction, that the opening statement and closing arguments of the lawyers are intended to help you understand the evidence, although their statements are not part of the evidence. So, I want to remind you of that as well. "Essentially what has happened [the prosecutor] has misstated what the evidence actually is. In regard the defendant's, and as [the prosecutor] has stated, acknowledged that he had--that the defendant had a sex problem. That is not true, okay? So all material regarding that is stricken. You are told to disregard that, even though it's not evidence. Okay." 4 1 Later, the prosecutor asked a state's witness, Detective Brown, if defendant 2 had "acknowledged that he shouldn't be talking to minors." The witness answered, "He 3 did." Once again, defense counsel objected, moved to strike the testimony, and argued 4 that allowing the jury to hear that defendant had acknowledged that he shouldn't be 5 speaking with minors would allow jurors to infer that defendant was a sex offender, 6 contrary to the exclusion of that evidence. Defense counsel argued that Brown's 7 statement, especially in the context of the previous statements, was prejudicial and 8 required the granting of a mistrial. The prosecutor responded that the evidence of 9 defendant's admission that he should not be talking to minors showed defendant's 10 knowledge of the victims' ages and was therefore relevant to an element of the charges 11 against him. The trial court did not strike the testimony this time, and denied defendant's 12 motion for a mistrial. 13 Finally, later in the trial, the prosecutor asked a state witness, Detective 14 Lidey, whether he spoke to defendant after he was arrested. Lidey testified that he had 15 and that he had urged defendant to take responsibility for his misdeeds, and that 16 defendant "was very receptive of that and acknowledged that he had * * * a problem and 17 he needed to change his ways." Defendant objected to the testimony and moved to strike 18 it. The trial court sustained the objection and struck the question and answer. Defendant 19 did not request a curative instruction, but the court instructed the jury to disregard the 20 testimony. Defendant again moved for a mistrial, asserting that Lidey's testimony was 21 prejudicial and, in light of the prior statements, was highly prejudicial, because it allowed 5 1 the jury to infer that defendant was a convicted sex offender, contrary to the judge's 2 exclusion of defendant's criminal record. The trial court once again denied the motion, 3 explaining that the prior statements had been excluded and that the court did not find 4 Lidey's testimony to be prejudicial. 5 In his first through fourth assignments of error, defendant contends that the 6 trial court erred in denying his four motions for a mistrial. A motion for a mistrial is 7 addressed to the sound discretion of the trial court, because the trial court is in the best 8 position to assess and remedy any potential prejudice to the defendant. State v. Farrar, 9 309 Or 132, 164, 786 P2d 161 (1990); State v. Simonsen, 329 Or 288, 300, 986 P2d 566 10 (1999). We review the trial court's denial of the motion for a mistrial for an abuse of 11 discretion. State v. Bowen, 340 Or 487, 508, 135 P3d 272 (2006). Defendant does not 12 contend that the prosecutor's comments or the questioning of the witnesses amounted to 13 prosecutorial misconduct. However, even if the prosecutor's conduct was improper--an 14 issue we do not address--a trial court does not abuse its discretion in denying a mistrial 15 unless the effect is to deny the defendant a fair trial. Id.; State v. Smith, 310 Or 1, 24, 791 16 P2d 836 (1990) (even if the court finds the prosecutor's remarks "improper, tasteless, or 17 inappropriate," there is no abuse of discretion in the trial court's denial of a motion for 18 mistrial unless the effect of the remarks was to deny the defendant a fair trial). 19 Generally, a proper jury instruction is sufficient to protect the defendant 20 against any prejudice. Bowen, 340 Or at 511; State v. White, 303 Or 333, 342, 736 P2d 21 552 (1987). However, there are some statements that are so prejudicial that, as a practical 6 1 matter, the prejudice cannot be remedied by an instruction. State v. Jones, 279 Or 55, 62, 2 566 P2d 867 (1977). Therefore, the questions to be addressed here are the nature of the 3 prejudice, if any, caused by the statements and whether the trial court's instructions were 4 sufficient to cure it. Id. Ultimately, we must decide whether, under the circumstances as 5 a whole, prejudice to defendant denied him the right to a fair trial, as a matter of law. 6 State v. Compton, 333 Or 274, 293, 39 P3d 833, cert den, 537 US 841, reh'g den, 537 US 7 1068 (2002). 8 In evaluating those questions, we summarize again what the jury heard: (1) 9 the prosecutor's comments that defendant had acknowledged to a detective "that he's got 10 a sex problem and that he needs help" and that he "knows he shouldn't have been talking 11 to minors," which were immediately stricken and corrected by the trial court, followed by 12 an instruction to the jury; (2) witness Johnson's testimony that he had met defendant "in 13 treatment," which the trial court struck and instructed the jury not to consider; (3) 14 Detective Brown's testimony, which the trial court did not strike, that defendant had 15 "acknowledged that he shouldn't be talking to minors," and (4) Detective Lidey's 16 testimony, struck by the court, that he urged defendant to take responsibility for his 17 misdeeds, and that defendant "was very receptive of that and acknowledged that he had * 18 * * a problem and he needed to change his ways." 19 The asserted prejudice is that, contrary to the trial court's ruling excluding 20 evidence of defendant's criminal record, the prosecutor's statement and the testimony of 21 the three witnesses allowed the jury to infer that defendant in fact had previous 7 1 convictions for sex offenses involving minors, and the jury could have based its 2 determination of guilt for the charged crimes on defendant's propensity to commit such 3 offenses. See State v. Treit, 29 Or App 461, 464, 564 P2d 708 (1977). We agree with 4 defendant that the prosecutor's statement and the testimony had the potential to cause the 5 jury to wonder whether defendant had previously been convicted of sex offenses, but we 6 conclude that none of the statements, separately, was so prejudicial that it could not be 7 cured by an instruction. The prosecutor's comment during his opening statement to 8 defendant admitting to a "sex problem" did not refer specifically to a prior conviction nor 9 to minors. And the trial court's ruling striking the statement, and its strong instruction 10 that the statement was incorrect and that the jury should not consider it, adequately 11 remedied the prejudice. The jury is presumed to follow the court's instructions, "absent 12 an overwhelming probability that they would be unable to do so." Smith, 310 Or at 26. 13 There is no basis here to negate that presumption. 14 Johnson's unsolicited testimony that he and defendant had met in treatment 15 also did not mention any prior conviction. However, considered in the context of the 16 question to which it responded, that testimony allowed the jury to speculate that 17 defendant had been in treatment as a result of a sex offense. Once again, the trial court 18 struck the testimony and instructed the jury not to consider it, and the jury is presumed to 19 have followed the instruction. Id. We conclude that the trial court's instruction 20 adequately remedied any potential prejudice, and that the trial court did not abuse its 21 discretion in denying the motion for mistrial. 8 1 The testimony of Detective Brown that defendant had admitted that he 2 knew he was not supposed to be speaking to minors might have caused the jury to 3 speculate that defendant had some prior conviction relating to minors. However, once 4 again, the testimony did not specifically refer to a prior conviction. Additionally, the 5 testimony was, as the state argued to the trial court, independently relevant to establish 6 that the victims were minors, as well as defendant's knowledge of that fact, both elements 7 of offenses with which defendant had been charged. Accordingly, the trial court did not 8 err in rejecting it as a basis for mistrial. State v. Schneider, 201 Or App 546, 563, 120 9 P3d 16 (2005), adh'd to on recons, 204 Or App 710, 131 P3d 842, rev den, 341 Or 292 10 (2006) (a trial court does not err in denying a motion to strike and motion for mistrial 11 when the evidence is relevant to a fact that must be determined by the jury); Green v. 12 Denney, 87 Or App 298, 302 n 3, 742 P2d 639 (1987), rev den, 305 Or 21 (1988).3 13 The final mistrial motion concerned Detective Lidey's testimony that 14 defendant had acknowledged that he "had a problem and he needed to change his ways." 15 On defendant's objection, the trial court struck the testimony, but it denied the motion for 16 mistrial, explaining that it did not consider the testimony to be prejudicial. We agree 17 with the trial court that the prejudicial effect of the evidence, if any, was not so extreme 18 that only a mistrial could remedy it. 19 Defendant contends that, even if the prejudice from each of the statements 3 We address later in this opinion defendant's contention, in his fifth assignment of error that the evidence, although relevant, should have been excluded under OEC 403. 9 1 independently was insufficient to justify a mistrial, "a jury's repeated exposure to 2 improper propensity evidence that a defendant has previously committed crimes similar 3 or identical to crimes charged * * * is incurable prejudice." We have never held that a 4 mistrial can be based on cumulative prejudice of multiple errors that in and of themselves 5 do not support the granting of a motion for mistrial. Assuming that cumulative prejudice 6 or repeated references to excluded evidence can form a basis for a mistrial, see State v. 7 Barone, 329 Or 210, 229, 986 P2d 5 (1999) (assumed without deciding that mistrial 8 motion can be based on cumulative prejudice from three unrelated rulings), see also Ryan 9 v. Palmateer, 338 Or 278, 294-95, 108 P3d 1127 (2005) (rejecting on state constitutional 10 grounds the concept that multiple errors that do not, individually cause prejudice, can 11 nonetheless be a basis for reversal as "structural error"), we conclude that the trial court 12 did not abuse its discretion in rejecting any of defendant's contentions in this case that a 13 mistrial was in order because of the cumulative effect of the various statements. As we 14 have held, Brown's statement was relevant and there was no error in admitting it. The 15 other statements did not make explicit reference to defendant's criminal record and, to the 16 extent that the statements might have given the jury reason to speculate, there is no 17 reason on this record to assume that the jury did not follow the trial court's instructions to 18 disregard them. 19 Contrary to defendant's contention, this case has little in common with 20 Jones, 279 Or at 61-63, in which the Supreme Court held that the prosecutor's eliciting of 21 inadmissible evidence--even though corrected by the trial court--caused prejudice that 10 1 was so pervasive that it was not possible for the defendant to have a fair trial. In Jones, 2 the defendant was charged with rape. The prosecutor, knowing that the defendant had no 3 prior convictions for rape, nonetheless attempted to elicit testimony from a witness that 4 the witness had told a police officer that she "had heard [the defendant] had done it so 5 many times before that he would go to the pen." 279 Or at 61. When the witness denied 6 making the statement, over the defendant's objection, the prosecutor questioned the police 7 officer about the alleged statement, and the police officer confirmed that the witness had 8 made it. After further objection, the trial court reversed its prior ruling and instructed the 9 jury to disregard the officer's testimony. However, the trial court denied the defendant's 10 motion for mistrial. Id. at 62. In reversing the trial court, the Supreme Court held that, 11 although it does not ordinarily reverse a case in which the trial court has sustained an 12 objection to evidence, admonished the jury to disregard it, but denied a motion for 13 mistrial, 14 15 16 17 18 "[t]his prosecuting attorney, well knowing that he had no proof that defendant has been previously convicted of rape * * * persisted in making comments and insinuations to that effect, including the clearly improper attempt to get before the jury the alleged statement by [the witness] that he had 'done it so many times before.'" 19 Id. at 63. The court held that "the prejudice resulting from the admission of such 20 evidence was so pervasive as to lead us to the conclusion that, as a result, defendant was 21 denied a fair trial." Id. In contrast to Jones, in this case defendant does not allege 22 prosecutorial misconduct and the court found that the prosecutor did not elicit evidence 23 that he knew to be false. Additionally, the stricken testimony did not explicitly refer to 11 1 the excluded evidence. Rather, the testimony gave the jury reason to speculate that 2 defendant had previously committed offenses of a sexual nature. The trial court's 3 instructions to the jury not to consider the testimony precluded the jury from engaging in 4 that speculation, and we see no reason to doubt that the jury followed the court's 5 instructions. We reject defendant's contention that the prejudice to defendant was so 6 grave that it could not be cured by instructions. 7 We caution, however, that this is a close case. We are guided by, among 8 other things, the precept that a mistrial "is a drastic remedy to be avoided if possible, 9 consistent with fairness." State v. Embry, 19 Or App 934, 941, 530 P2d 99 (1974). Our 10 standard of review is deferential: An abuse of discretion occurs only when the court's 11 ruling is not one of "several legally correct outcomes." State v. Rogers, 330 Or 282, 312, 12 4 P3d 1261 (2000). Our conclusion regarding the court's denial of defendant's motions 13 for a mistrial does not imply, nor should it be taken to imply, that the court would have 14 abused its discretion if it had granted a mistrial. 15 In his fifth assignment, defendant contends that Brown's testimony that 16 defendant acknowledged after his arrest that "he shouldn't be talking to minors," although 17 relevant, was excessively prejudicial under OEC 403.4 The state contends that defendant 18 did not preserve his objection under OEC 403, and we agree. It is true, as defense 4 OEC 403 provides, in part: "Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice[.]" 12 1 counsel contends, that, in moving to strike the witness's testimony, defendant asserted, 2 "It's objectionable, certainly prejudicial." But the context of that statement was 3 defendant's assertion that admitting the evidence would allow the jury to infer that 4 defendant had previous convictions for sex offenses involving minors, contrary to the 5 trial court's ruling that defendant's criminal record was to be excluded unless defendant 6 testified. As the state points out, that objection--akin to relevancy--is quite different from 7 the prejudice argument that defendant now makes under OEC 403--that the evidence was 8 relevant, but that its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair 9 prejudice. See State v. Carrillo, 108 Or App 442, 445-46, 816 P2d 654, rev den, 312 Or 10 527 (1991) (a relevancy objection under OEC 401 does not preserve a claim of error 11 under OEC 403). We conclude that defendant's objection below did not alert the trial 12 court to an objection under OEC 403, and that it was not preserved. In any event, even 13 assuming that the objection was preserved, the evidence--which defendant contends 14 would allow the jury to infer that he had committed other sex offenses--could nonetheless 15 not be excluded under OEC 404(4), which provides, as relevant, that "[in] criminal 16 actions, evidence of other crimes, wrongs or acts by the defendant is admissible if 17 relevant except as otherwise provided by" statutory and constitutional limitations. 18 Defendant does not contend that those statutory or constitutional limitations are 19 applicable here. 20 21 As noted above, we reject defendant's remaining assignments of error without further discussion. 13 1 Affirmed. 14
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