State v. Hurtado-Navarrete
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FILED: September 11, 2013 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF OREGON STATE OF OREGON, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. DELFINO HURTADO-NAVARRETE, Defendant-Appellant. Washington County Circuit Court C090781CR A144965 Rick Knapp, Judge. Submitted on November 27, 2012. Peter Gartlan, Chief Defender, and Ryan T. O'Connor, Senior Deputy Public Defender, Office of Public Defense Services, filed the brief for appellant. John R. Kroger, Attorney General, Anna M. Joyce, Solicitor General, and Janet A. Klapstein, Senior Assistant Attorney General, filed the brief for respondent. Before Ortega, Presiding Judge, and Haselton, Chief Judge, and Sercombe, Judge. SERCOMBE, J. Affirmed. 1 SERCOMBE, J. 2 Defendant appeals a judgment of conviction for murder, ORS 163.115, 3 abuse of a corpse in the second degree, ORS 166.085, and unlawful use of a weapon, 4 ORS 166.220, all relating to the murder of his girlfriend. He raises four assignments of 5 error, three of which we reject without discussion. We write only to address defendant's 6 contention that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress statements that he 7 made to police regarding the murder. Specifically, he argues that police violated his state 8 and federal constitutional rights against compelled self-incrimination by failing to advise 9 him of his Miranda rights before questioning him. The state responds that the 10 circumstances in which defendant made the statements were not custodial or compelling 11 in nature and that, in any event, police had advised defendant of his Miranda rights three 12 times prior to the interrogation--including twice the day before--and nothing had occurred 13 in the interim that could have caused a reasonable person to believe that his rights had 14 changed. We conclude that the prior Miranda warnings remained valid and, accordingly, 15 affirm. 16 In reviewing a denial of a motion to suppress, we are bound by the trial 17 court's findings of historical fact when there is constitutionally sufficient evidence in the 18 record to support them. State v. Ehly, 317 Or 66, 74-75, 854 P2d 421 (1993). We state 19 the facts consistently with that standard. On March 10, 2009, defendant reported to the 20 Hillsboro Police Department that his girlfriend and her vehicle were missing, and police 21 began an investigation. From that time until April 3, 2009, when defendant made the 1 1 statements at issue, defendant had at least 15 contacts with police, the majority of which 2 he initiated in an effort to monitor the investigation and provide police with additional 3 information. Defendant most often interacted with Hillsboro Detective Brady. 4 Defendant agreed to take a polygraph test on March 23. Before the test, 5 defendant was formally advised of his Miranda rights, and he signed a form indicating 6 that he understood them. However, the test was cancelled and ultimately rescheduled for 7 April 2. On that day, at approximately 2:30 p.m., defendant was again formally advised 8 of his Miranda rights, and he signed another form indicating that he understood them. 9 Defendant then took the polygraph test. After the test, defendant agreed to speak with 10 Brady and another detective, Ganete, in the interview room at the Hillsboro Police 11 Department. There, at about 6:35 p.m., Ganete read defendant his Miranda rights, and 12 defendant orally indicated that he understood them. 13 During the interview, Brady and Ganete suggested that defendant was lying 14 because he had failed the polygraph test and because information from his phone records 15 contradicted his version of events. At approximately 9:00 p.m., defendant asked for a 16 lawyer. Brady and Ganete then terminated the interview and told defendant that he was 17 free to leave. Two hours later, Brady and Ganete drove defendant to his residence. Upon 18 arriving, defendant invited the detectives inside and asked them for police protection. 19 Brady reminded defendant that he had asked for a lawyer and explained that they had to 20 allow him the opportunity to seek legal counsel before speaking with him. Brady also 21 told defendant that he was "a free man" and "not in custody." Defendant indicated that he 2 1 understood and reiterated that he did not wish to speak to the detectives without a lawyer 2 present. Brady and Ganete then left the residence. 3 The next morning, April 3, police found a body that was believed to be that 4 of defendant's girlfriend. Shortly thereafter, defendant called Brady's cell phone and 5 asked to speak with Ganete. Ganete asked if he could call defendant back on a land-line 6 telephone, and defendant agreed. Upon answering Ganete's call, defendant asked if 7 Ganete and Brady could come to his residence and talk. Ganete responded: 8 9 10 11 "I can go to your house * * * the problem you have to understand that you are a free man and if you want an attorney you have the right to find an attorney on your own * * * you are completely free to do that. And if you want to talk to us of your own free will * * * there is no problem." 12 Defendant replied, "[C]ome here to my house." Shortly thereafter, defendant reiterated, 13 "I don't want to wait for the attorney, because if I wait longer I know you guys will 14 probably not find me * * *, you won't find me here well." 15 Brady and Ganete traveled to defendant's residence, and defendant invited 16 them inside. A woman was also present; the detectives asked her to leave, and Ganete 17 searched the interior of the residence to confirm that no one else was there. Before 18 beginning the interview, Brady asked defendant multiple times whether he wanted to 19 speak with the detectives. Brady also informed defendant that he was "free," "not in 20 custody, or under arrest," and that he could ask them to leave at any point. Defendant 21 said that he understood and that he wanted to speak with them. 22 23 Brady then asked defendant what he wanted to say. Defendant explained that people involved with guns and drugs had kidnapped his girlfriend. When defendant 3 1 then began to make crying sounds, Brady said, "I don't believe you, and your cries look 2 fake, and there's no tears, and I believe you're lying to me." Shortly thereafter, Brady 3 suggested that defendant had found out that another person was "fucking his wife" and 4 that defendant was "pissed * * * off" and hurt her. Brady then pointed his finger at 5 defendant, chuckled, and, in a "friend[ly]" tone, said, "You're an evil motherfucker. * * * 6 You're an evil son of a bitch, with all your fake crying, and your fake lying. * * * You're 7 the devil. I think you hurt her." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Defendant, who did 8 not appear angry or afraid, replied, "No." 9 Brady then suggested that they "start over" and "forget all the lies," and he 10 reintroduced himself to defendant. At that point, defendant told the detectives that he 11 would take them to his girlfriend and asked if he could first take a shower. Brady said, 12 "Can you not take a shower? Just * * * tell us where she's at." Defendant explained that 13 he had "beat her up." Defendant then commented that "he probably would not be free to 14 go." Brady replied, "no," because, as he explained at the hearing, "[he] didn't know about 15 that, because [he] didn't know what happened yet." Defendant then confessed to the 16 murder, and he was placed under arrest at approximately 11:00 a.m. 17 Defendant was ultimately charged with murder, second-degree abuse of a 18 corpse, and unlawful use of a weapon. Before trial, defendant moved to suppress the 19 statements that he had made to the detectives at his residence on April 3. He argued that 20 he had made those statements while in custody or under compelling circumstances and 21 that he was therefore entitled to Miranda warnings before being questioned by the 4 1 detectives. The state responded that the circumstances were not custodial or compelling 2 in nature and that, even if they were, defendant, having been formally advised of his 3 Miranda rights at least three times prior to April 3, understood his rights. 4 The trial court denied defendant's motion to suppress. It concluded that 5 "[a]t no time during defendant's multiple contacts with police between March 10, 2009 6 and April 3, 2009, was defendant in police custody, nor were the circumstances 7 compelling such as would require a Miranda-type warning, until the time he was placed 8 under arrest on April 3, 2009." In any event, the court found, "defendant was advised of 9 [his Miranda] rights on three separate occasions during his contacts with the police": (1) 10 before the cancelled polygraph test on March 23; (2) before the polygraph test on April 2; 11 and (3) before the interrogation at the Hillsboro Police Department on April 2. In the 12 court's view, defendant "knew and understood [those] rights[,]" and "police made contact 13 with defendant on April 3, 2009, at his residence at his request. During [that] contact 14 defendant knew [that] he did not have to speak with the police and that the police would 15 leave his house if he asked them to do so." A jury found defendant guilty as charged. 16 On appeal, defendant largely reiterates his arguments before the trial court. 17 Specifically, he argues that he was either in custody or under compelling circumstances 18 when the detectives questioned him on April 3 and that, accordingly, the detectives 19 violated his rights under Article I, section 12, of the Oregon Constitution, and under the 20 Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, when they failed to advise him of his 21 Miranda rights. Defendant acknowledges that he "had been provided with full Miranda 5 1 warnings at least three times in the month since [his girlfriend] disappeared[,]" but, in his 2 view, those warnings were "stale" and the detectives "were required to fully advise 3 defendant with Miranda warnings when circumstances became compelling on April 3 at 4 his apartment." The state responds that the circumstances were not custodial or 5 compelling and that, in any event, nothing had occurred since the prior warnings that 6 could have caused a reasonable person to believe that his rights had changed. 7 Article I, section 12, provides that "[n]o person shall be * * * compelled in 8 any criminal prosecution to testify against himself." Under that section, police are 9 required to "give Miranda warnings to a person who is in 'full custody' or in 10 circumstances that 'create a setting which judges would and officers should recognize to 11 be compelling.'" State v. Jarnagin, 351 Or 703, 713, 277 P3d 535 (2012) (quoting State 12 v. Smith, 310 Or 1, 7, 791 P2d 836 (1990)) (some quotation marks omitted). Similarly, 13 the Fifth Amendment provides that "[n]o person * * * shall be compelled in any criminal 14 case to be a witness against himself[.]" That amendment requires that police give 15 Miranda warnings when a person is "'in custody,' i.e., when a person's freedom has been 16 'significantly restrained,' even if the person is in his or her own home or other familiar 17 surroundings." Smith, 310 Or at 8 (quoting Oregon v. Elstad, 470 US 298, 309, 105 S Ct 18 1285, 84 L Ed 2d 222 (1985)). 19 Here, we need not consider whether the circumstances on April 3 were 20 custodial or compelling in nature. That is so because the trial court found, and it is 21 undisputed, that police advised defendant of his Miranda rights at least three times-- 6 1 including twice on April 2--and we conclude that new warnings were not required under 2 either the state or federal constitution. 3 "To determine whether[,] under state law, a defendant must be re-advised 4 of his Miranda rights, we look at whether, under the totality of the circumstances, a 5 reasonable person could believe that his or her rights have changed since the time they 6 were originally given." State v. Field, 231 Or App 115, 121, 218 P3d 551 (2009) (citing 7 cases). "Likewise, under federal law, we must consider the totality of the circumstances 8 to determine whether successive interrogations require a suspect to be re-advised of his 9 Miranda rights; there is no per se rule that a suspect must be re-advised based merely on 10 the passage of time or a change in questioners." Id. (citing U.S. v. Andaverde, 64 F3d 11 1305, 1312 (9th Cir 1995)). Accordingly, "we must determine whether the original 12 warnings were sufficient, under all the circumstances, to fairly advise defendant of his 13 rights in the context of the later questioning." Id. at 121-22. 14 Defendant argues, in part, that the present case is comparable to State v. 15 Metz, 131 Or App 706, 887 P2d 795 (1994), rev den, 323 Or 483 (1996). In that case, 16 police twice advised the defendant of his Miranda rights in the context of an 17 interrogation. Id. at 711. The next day, the defendant made incriminating statements to 18 the state's psychologist during a psychological exam. Id. at 710. The defendant moved 19 to exclude those statements, the trial court denied the motion, and the defendant appealed. 20 On appeal, the state argued that the original warnings remained valid for purposes of the 21 psychological exam. Id. at 711. We disagreed: 7 1 2 3 4 "[D]efendant was warned of his right to counsel 29 hours earlier and in the context of interrogation by police officers, not a psychological exam. The circumstances had materially changed between the officers' advice of rights and the psychological examination the next day." 5 Id. at 712; see also State v. Stevens, 311 Or 119, 138, 806 P2d 92 (1991) (concluding that 6 police were not required to readminister Miranda warnings following "[t]he mere transfer 7 [of the defendant] to another car and another officer" and contrasting that situation with 8 one where a defendant is later examined by a psychiatrist--noting the risk that a defendant 9 "may misunderstand the nature of the relationship between himself and the psychiatrist"). 10 The state argues that Metz is inapposite and instead points to Field. In that 11 case, the defendant was advised of his Miranda rights prior to a voluntary interview with 12 police. Later that night, the defendant was arrested, but police did not readminister 13 Miranda warnings. 231 Or App at 118. Two days later, a detective spoke with the 14 defendant in jail, and the defendant made incriminating statements. Id. at 118-19. The 15 trial court denied, in part, the defendant's motion to suppress statements made to the 16 detective, and the defendant appealed, arguing that "the court should have suppressed 17 statements made by [him] after his arrest because he was not given Miranda warnings at 18 that time." Id. at 120. We disagreed, concluding that the failure of police to readvise the 19 defendant of his Miranda rights did not violate the state or federal constitutions: 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 "Under the described circumstances, we conclude that nothing occurred that would lead a reasonable person to believe that his Miranda rights had changed. The warning defendant was given at the police station in the afternoon of July 3 was not limited in scope. Furthermore, defendant was never outside the presence of the police from the time that he was first advised of his Miranda rights until the time of his arrest. Additionally, when he met with [the detective] two days later, defendant indicated that he 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 was aware of and understood his rights. Before she questioned him, [the detective] reminded him that he did not have to speak with her and had a right to an attorney. Defendant responded by acknowledging his rights, stating that he had 'the right to say no or end the conversation.' All the foregoing circumstances, taken together, persuade us that a reasonable person in defendant's position, having previously been advised of his Miranda rights, would have had no reason to believe that those rights had changed. For the above reasons, the officers were not required to formally re-advise defendant of his rights at the time of his arrest." Id. at 122 (brackets omitted). The present case is more analogous to Field than to Metz. Here, defendant 12 was formally advised of his Miranda rights three times, and, importantly, two of the 13 warnings were provided less than a day in advance of the April 3 interrogation. Each 14 time he was warned, he indicated that he understood his rights, and none of those 15 warnings were limited in scope. Moreover, before detectives questioned defendant on 16 April 3, they reminded him that he had the right to an attorney and that he did not have to 17 speak with them. Defendant responded that he understood and that he wanted to speak. 18 Finally, in contrast with Metz, the last warning was given in circumstances that were 19 materially indistinguishable from those in which the later statements were made; that is, 20 both involved interrogations conducted by the same two detectives regarding the same 21 subject matter. Accordingly, nothing occurred that would lead a reasonable person to 22 believe that his Miranda rights had changed. See also U.S. v. Rodriguez-Preciado, 399 23 F3d 1118, 1128-30 (9th Cir 2005) (police not required to readvise suspect of Miranda 24 rights on second day of questioning); People of Territory of Guam v. Dela Pena, 72 F3d 25 767, 770 (9th Cir 1995) (police not required to readminister Miranda warnings before 9 1 custodial interrogation where no intervening event suggested that the suspect's rights had 2 changed during a 15-hour break); Andaverde, 64 F3d at 1313 (one-day interval between 3 Miranda warnings and later interrogation held constitutional). 4 Defendant argues that his "invocation of his right to counsel and re- 5 initiation of contact with Brady and Ganete constituted factually and constitutionally 6 significant events that altered the circumstances enough that the prior warnings no longer 7 served to protect defendant's * * * privilege against self-incrimination." We disagree. 8 Put simply, the fact that defendant exercised his right to counsel and then later reinitiated 9 contact with police and waived that right demonstrates the opposite--that is, it 10 11 demonstrates that, as the trial court found, defendant "knew and understood [his] rights." In sum, we conclude that, under the totality of the circumstances, a 12 reasonable person in defendant's position, having been advised multiple times of his 13 Miranda rights, would have had no reason to believe that those rights had changed. The 14 detectives were therefore not required to readvise defendant of his Miranda rights before 15 questioning him on the morning of April 3. The trial court did not err in denying 16 defendant's motion to suppress. 17 Affirmed. 10
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