Jarvis v. City of Stillwater

Jarvis v. City of Stillwater
1987 OK 5
732 P.2d 470
58 OBJ 273
Case Number: 61867
Decided: 01/20/1987
Supreme Court of Oklahoma

 
RICKY DEAN JARVIS AND LINDA JARVIS, PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTS,
v.
CITY OF STILLWATER, A MUNICIPAL CORPORATION, DEFENDANT-APPELLEE.

Appeal from the District Court, Payne County; Ray Lee Wall, Judge.

¶0 Plaintiff sought damages for bodily injuries received when a steel angle beam he was carrying came in contact with a high voltage power line owned by a municipality. He appeals from summary judgment for the defendant-municipality, grounded on the bar of limitation.

AFFIRMED.

Ed Abel, Glen Mullins, Messrs. Abel, Musser, Sokolosky & Clark, Oklahoma City, for plaintiffs-appellants.

William S. Hall, Messrs. Feldman, Hall, Franden, Woodard & Farris, Tulsa, Lowell A. Barto, City Atty., Stillwater, for defendant-appellee.

OPALA, Justice.

[732 P.2d 471]

¶1 This appeal

¶2 Ricky Jarvis [Jarvis] sustained injuries on June 28, 1979 when a steel angle beam he was carrying came in contact with a high voltage power line that is owned, operated and maintained by the City of Stillwater [City.] On October 22, 1979 the City timely received written notice of Jarvis' claim against it.

I

DOES THE RECORD PRESENT A MATERIAL FACT ISSUE AS TO WHETHER THE CITY IS ESTOPPED FROM ASSERTING THAT THE ACTION WAS NOT TIMELY BROUGHT?

¶3 Jarvis argues that the City is estopped from asserting a § 156(C) time bar because he was induced by the City to delay filing his action. Jarvis principally relies on a November 4, 1979 letter from the City's counsel in which he (a) requested information from Jarvis about his medical expenses and (b) mentioned a proposed investigation and indicated that the results of his investigation would be made available to Jarvis.

¶4 A fact question as to whether a defendant is estopped from interposing the defense of a time bar is generally raised by a plaintiff's allegations that the defendant had made (a) some assurance of settlement negotiations reasonably calculated to lull the plaintiff into a sense of security and delay action beyond the statutory period,

¶5 The Act narrowly structures the method for bringing a tort claim against a municipality. The Act requires, without exception, that the plaintiff give notice and commence an action within the prescribed statutory time limits.

II

PLAINTIFF'S CONSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGES TO THE § 156(C) TIME LIMIT

¶6 Jarvis also challenges the statutory time bar as constitutionally infirm. The thrust of his argument is that the § 156(C) six-month interval is violative of the Equal Protection Clause of the U.S. Constitution. Although Jarvis refers us to Art. 5 § 46, Okl. Const., which prohibits the legislature from enacting a limitation statute by a special act, he neither explains nor argues how § 156(C) contravenes this provision. We recently declared the Act's time limits for commencing an action to be valid, rejecting attacks grounded on the Equal Protection Clause and on the Due Process Clauses of the state and the federal constitutions. See, Black v. Ball Janitorial Service, Inc.

¶7 The district court's judgment for the City is AFFIRMED.

¶8 DOOLIN, C.J., HARGRAVE, V.C.J., and SIMMS, WILSON, KAUGER and SUMMERS, JJ., concur.

¶9 HODGES and LAVENDER, JJ., concur in result.

Footnotes:

1 This is the plaintiff's second appeal in his tort action. See Jarvis v. City of Stillwater, Okl., 669 P.2d 1108 [1983].

2 Jarvis and his wife are plaintiffs in the negligence action. They are collectively referred to in this opinion as "Jarvis."

3 51 O.S. 1981 §§ 151 et seq.

4 See infra note 8 for the pertinent text of 51 O.S. 1981 § 156 (C).

5 The terms of Art. 5 § 46, Okl. Const., provide in pertinent part:

"The Legislature shall not, except as otherwise provided in this Constitution, pass any local or special law authorizing:

* * * * * *

For limitation of civil or criminal actions; * * *"

6 The terms of 51 O.S. 1981 § 156 (B) which governed procedure for giving notice provided:

"A claim against a political subdivision or employee shall be forever barred unless notice thereof is filed with the clerk of the governing body of the political subdivision within one hundred twenty (120) days after the loss occurs."

Section 156(B) was last amended in 1986 [Okl. Sess.L. 1986, Ch. 247 § 23, operative July 1, 1986].

7 The running of the six-month limitation is not contingent upon the city clerk actually giving notice of denial of the claim. Lucas v. Ind. Public School Dist. No. 35, Okl., 674 P.2d 1131, 1133 [1983].

The terms of 51 O.S. 1981 § 157 provided in pertinent part:

"* * * A claim is denied if the political subdivision fails to approve the claim in its entirety within ninety (90) days, unless the interested parties have reached a settlement before the expiration of that period. * * *" [Emphasis supplied.]

Section 157 was last amended in 1984 [Okl.Sess. L. 1984, Ch. 228 § 5, effective July 1, 1984].

8 The terms of 51 O.S. 1981 § 156 (C) provided in pertinent part:

"* * * No action for any cause arising under this act shall be maintained unless valid notice has been given and the action is commenced within six (6) months after notification of denial of the claim by the clerk of the political subdivision. * * *"

The provisions for commencing an action were amended in the 1984 session. Current statutory norms are found in 51 O.S.Supp. 1984 § 157 (B) [Okl.Sess.L. 1984, Ch. 228 § 5, effective July 1, 1984] which provides:

"No action for any cause arising under this act shall be maintained unless valid notice has been given and the action is commenced within one hundred eighty (180) days after denial of the claim as set forth in this section."

9 The following letter was sent to Jarvis' lawyer:

"* * * Dear Mr. Brackney: You are advised that I have recently been retained by the Board of Commissioners of the City of Stillwater, State of Oklahoma, as their special counsel, and that should there be any further communication from you like your letter of October 4, 1979, please direct them to me.

In the immediate near future I shall conduct an investigation for my purposes in the aboveregarded and will report the results thereof to you by appropriate communique.

I appreciate the fact that medical and hospital expenses are incomplete at this time. However, upon receipt of the majority of the medical and hospital expenses, in addition to forwarding them to the City of Stillwater, would you please provide me with copies of the same.

Furthermore, at such time as you are able to determine his estimated loss of future earnings and support, would you please communicate the same to me.

Thank you.

Sincerely yours,

CHRISTOPHER D. SZLICHTA"

10 Hart v. Bridges, Okl., 591 P.2d 1172, 1174 (1979); Phillips Petroleum Co. v. United States Fidelity & Guaranty Company, Okl., 442 P.2d 303, 308 (1968); LaBriola v. Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority, 227 Pa.Super. 305, 323 A.2d 9 (1974); Annot., Settlement Negotiations as Estopping Reliance on Statute of Limitations, 39 ALR3d 127 and Annot., Promises to Settle or Perform as Estopping Reliance on Statute of Limitations, 44 ALR3d 482.

11 Hart v. Bridges, supra note 10 at 1174; Dupuis v. Van Natten, 61 A.D.2d 293, 402 N.Y.S.2d 242 (N.Y.S.Ct. 1978); Annot., Agreement of Parties as Estopping Reliance on Statute of Limitations, 43 ALR3d 756, 799, § 10(a) and Annot., 44 ALR3d 482, supra note 10 at 504, § 4[f].

12 McClenahan v. Oklahoma Ry. Co., 131 Okl. 73, 267 Pac. 657, 658 (1928); Sinclair Prairie Oil Co. v. Newport, 195 Okl. 521, 159 P.2d 726, 728 (1945); Hurt v. Garrison, 192 Okl. 66, 133 P.2d 547, 550 (1942); Loyal Protective Ins. Co. v. Shoemaker, 178 Okl. 612, 63 P.2d 960, 961 (1936); Carruth v. Fritch, 36 Cal. 2d 426, 224 P.2d 702, 705 (1951); Roberts v. Haltom City, 543 S.W.2d 75 (Tex. 1976) and Annot., Fraud, Misrepresentation, or Deception as Estopping Reliance on Statute of Limitations, 43 ALR3d 429 § 3, p. 439.

13 If § 156(C) may be treated as an ordinary statute of limitations which regulates the time to bring an action - as distinguished from a provision that establishes a condition upon the right or constitutes a substantive element of the claim - there would be no impediment to tolling the period by an estoppel in pais. A legislative act that regulates the time in which an action must be brought is deemed to be a statute of limitations barring only the remedy, unless the prescribed time limit is so specifically directed at the substantive claim that it can be classified as a limitation upon the right. On the other hand, if the § 156(C) time limit is to be regarded as a limitation upon the right or as a condition on its exercise - i.e., a substantive element of the claim rather than a procedural requirement for the commencement of an action - then estoppel would not be available to the plaintiff as a means of tolling the prescribed period for bringing a suit. Hiskett v. Wells, Okl., 351 P.2d 300, 304-305 (1960) and Phillips Petroleum Co. v. United States Fidelity & Guaranty Company, Okl., 442 P.2d 303, 305 (1968).

14 Johns v. Wynnewood School Board of Education, Okl., 656 P.2d 248, 249 (1982).

15 Okl., 730 P.2d 510 (1986).