Snethen v. Oklahoma State Union of Farmers Educational and Co-op. Union of America

Snethen v. Oklahoma State Union of Farmers Educational and Co-op. Union of America
1983 OK 17
664 P.2d 377
Case Number: 56104
Decided: 02/15/1983
Supreme Court of Oklahoma

JOHN O. SNETHEN, APPELLANT,
v.
OKLAHOMA STATE UNION OF THE FARMERS EDUCATIONAL AND CO-OPERATIVE UNION OF AMERICA, APPELLEE.

On Certiorari to the Court of Appeals, Temporary Div. 129.

¶0 Insured brought suit to recover under the collision coverage of his automobile policy. The District Court, Oklahoma County, Jack Parr, Judge, rendered summary judgment for the insurer. The Court of Appeals held that the insured, as a good-faith purchaser for value of a stolen automobile, did not have an insurable interest in the vehicle and was not entitled to indemnification under his insurance policy. On insured's petition to re-examine controlling precedent, certiorari was granted. This court's pronouncement in Ernie Miller Pontiac v. Home Insurance Co., Okl., 534 P.2d 1 [1975], is reconsidered and overruled.

REVERSED AND REMANDED.

Gerald E. Durbin, II, Lisle, Patterson & Durbin, Oklahoma City, for appellant.

Sarah J. Rhodes, Abowitz & Welch, Oklahoma City, for appellee.

OPALA, Justice:

[664 P.2d 378]

¶1 The dispositive issue on certiorari is whether a good-faith purchaser for value of a stolen motor vehicle has an "insurable interest" in the property within the meaning of 36 O.S. 1981 § 3605 .

¶2 The insurance company [insurer], defendant below, issued an automobile insurance policy to John O. Snethen [insured], plaintiff below, providing coverage against collision loss for his used 1978 Cadillac automobile. Shortly after the purchase the [664 P.2d 379] insured's car was involved in a collision with another vehicle. Before a claim for this damage came to be settled between the insurer and insured, the Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation [OSBI] discovered that the car was a stolen vehicle. Neither the insured nor the insurer knew this before the accident. The OSBI then seized the car for its return to the rightful owner. The insurer subsequently refused to pay for the loss and the insured pressed his claim under the collision coverage of the policy. The trial court rendered summary judgment for the insurer. The Court of Appeals affirmed based on our opinion in Ernie Miller Pontiac v. Home Insurance Co.

¶3 It is well settled that both the validity and enforceability of an insurance contract depend upon the presence of insurable interest in the person who purchased the policy.

¶4 Most forms of wager agreements were valid at common law. They were deemed enforceable until a series of statutes were passed to outlaw the use of insurance contracts to conduct wagers.

¶5 Public policy which favors suppression of temptation to destroy one's insured property underlies the law's requirement of an insurable interest.

¶6 While American jurisdictions generally agree with the public policy considerations that underly the necessity for an insurable interest, they stand divided on what constitutes an insurable interest. Two basic theories were evolved for measuring the nexus which must be present between the property and its insured for an insurable interest to attach.

¶7 Jurisdictions holding to the view that no insurable interest attaches to a stolen automobile in the hands of a good-faith [664 P.2d 380] purchaser found their conclusion upon the legal interest theory. Those states that adhere to this concept require that insurable interest be rested upon a legally cognizable interest in the property.

¶8 Those jurisdictions which allow the bona fide owner of a stolen vehicle to recover follow the "factual expectation" theory. Under this theory there is an insurable interest in the property if the insured would gain some economic advantage by its continued existence or would suffer some economic detriment in case of its loss or destruction.

¶9 We are inclined to the view articulated by the courts adhering to the "factual expectation" test. An interest held in a stolen vehicle by its good-faith purchaser is by that test regarded as insurable.

¶10 While the insured doubtless does have substantial economic interest, more than that appears to be required. The terms of § 3605(B) explicitly call for an interest that is "lawful".

[664 P.2d 381]

¶11 It is a general rule of law that no one can confer or transfer a better title than that which he has, unless some principle of estoppel should operate to bar an otherwise superior claim.

¶12 In some jurisdictions a qualified possessory right meets the standards of an "actual lawful and substantial economic interest",

¶13 For the purpose of determining an insurable interest under § 3605, it is necessary to make a distinction between "legal" and "lawful" interests. A substantial economic interest is insurable if it is "lawful" in the sense that it was not acquired in violation of law. As used in § 3605(B), the word "lawful" is not synonymous with "legal". A legal interest is enforceable against the whole world. A good-faith purchaser for value acquires an interest that is lawful and enforceable against all the world but the legal owner. Although it is only a qualified possessory interest, it is lawful and enforceable to a very large extent. Section 3605 allows any lawful interest to be insurable if the economic interest is substantial.

[664 P.2d 382]

¶14 The insured established a lawful and substantial economic interest - innocently acquired - and covered it by insurance. His interest, which clearly meets the § 3605(B) criteria, is hence entitled to judicial protection.

¶15 Insofar as Ernie Miller Pontiac is in conflict with our pronouncement herein, it is no longer to be regarded as a correct exposition of the current law. Neither fairness nor any principle of public policy dictates that we give a purely prospective application to the change effected by today's decision. The insured should be allowed to reap the benefit of his successful challenge to the insurable interest test we now reject by this opinion. Our pronouncement today shall hence be given effect to this case and, prospectively, to all insurance losses occurring after mandate herein is issued.

¶16 Summary judgment is reversed and cause remanded with directions to proceed further in a manner not inconsistent with the views expressed herein.

¶17 All Justices concur.

Footnotes:

1 The terms of 36 O.S. 1981 § 3605 provide:

"A. No insurance contract on property or of any interest therein or arising therefrom shall be enforceable as to the insurance except for the benefit of persons having an insurable interest in the things insured.

B. `Insurable interest' as used in this section means any actual, lawful, and substantial economic interest in the safety or preservation of the subject of the insurance free from loss, destruction, or pecuniary damage or impairment.

C. The measure of an insurable interest in property is the extent to which the insured might be damnified by loss, injury, or impairment thereof." [Emphasis added].

2 Okl., 534 P.2d 1 [1975].

3 36 O.S. 1981 § 3605 (B), supra note 1; Fireman's Fund Ins. Co. v. Cox, 71 Okl. 97, 175 P. 493 [1918].

4 See Harnett and Thornton, "Insurable Interest in Property: A Socio-Economic Reevaluation of a Legal Concept", 48 Colum.L.Rev. 1162, 1178-1184 [1948]; Skaff v. United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company, 215 So. 2d 35. 36 [Fla.App. 1968].

5 Harnett and Thornton, supra note 4 at 1181-1184; Castle Cars, Inc. v. United States Fire Insurance Company, 221 Va. 773, 273 S.E.2d 793, 794 [Va. 1981].

6 Harnett and Thornton, supra note 4 at 1178, footnote 92.

7 36 O.S. 1981 § 3605 (B), supra note 1.

8 Harnett and Thornton, supra note 4 at 1181.

9 See note 33 A.L.R.3d 1417.

10 Granite State Insurance Co. v. Lowe, 362 So. 2d 240, 241 [Ala. Civ. App. 1978].

11 2 Bos. & Pul. (N.R.) 269, 127 Eng.Rep. 630 [1806].

12 Lucena v. Craufurd, supra note 11, 2 Bos. & Pul. (N.R.) at 323, 127 Eng.Rep. at 651. Lord Eldon reasoned further that "[e]xpectation though founded on the highest probability, [is] not interest," and "if moral certainty be a ground of insurable interest, there are hundreds, perhaps thousands, who would be entitled to insure" the same property.

13 Castle Cars, Inc. v. United States Fire Insurance Company, supra note 5 at 794.

14 Granite State Insurance Co. v. Lowe, supra note 10 at 241. In construing statutory language identical to 36 O.S. 1981 § 3605 , the court in Granite State Insurance Co. v. Lowe, supra note 10, held the statute espoused the "factual expectation" theory of insurable interest.

15 2 Bos. & Pul. (N.R.) 269, 302, 127 Eng.Rep. 630, 643.

16 Castle Cars, Inc. v. United States Fire Insurance Co., supra note 5 at 794. See also Harrison v. Fortlage, 161 U.S. 57, 65, 16 S. Ct. 488, 490, 40 L. Ed. 616 [1896] where the Court stated, "It is well settled that any person has an insurable interest in property, by the existence of which he will gain an advantage, or by the destruction of which he will suffer a loss, whether he has or has not any title in, or lien upon, or possession of the property itself."

17 See e.g. Granite State Insurance Co. v. Lowe, supra note 10; Skaff v. United States Fidelity & Guaranty Company, supra note 4; Reznick v. Home Insurance Company, 45 Ill. App.3d 1058, 4 Ill.Dec. 525, 360 N.E.2d 461 [1977]; Butler v. Farmers Insurance Company of Arizona, 126 Ariz. 379, 616 P.2d 54 [Ariz. App. 1980].

18 Al's Auto Sales v. Moskowitz, Okl., 203 Okl. 611, 224 P.2d 588, 591 [1950]. At common law this principle is known under the Latin maxim nemo dat quod non habet or just nemo dat. Milsom, Historical Foundations of the Common Law 331 [Butterworths 1969].

19 Adkisson v. Waitman, 202 Okl. 309, 213 P.2d 465, 467 [1950].

20 Scarola v. Insurance Co. of North America, 31 N.Y.2d 411, 340 N.Y.S.2d 630, 292 N.E.2d 776 [N.Y.App. 1972]; Phillips v. Cincinnati Insurance Co., 60 Ohio St.2d 180, 14 O.O.3d 413, 398 N.E.2d 564 [Ohio 1979]; Webb v. M.F.A. Mutual Insurance Co., 44 Colo. App. 210, 620 P.2d 38, 39 [Colo. App. 1980].

21 Vance, Handbook on the Law of Insurance, § 29 at p. 172; Professor Vance favors the "factual expectation" theory, supra at 172. See also Duncan v. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co., 587 S.W.2d 375 [Tenn. 1979]. The court in Duncan suggested the possibility that the good-faith purchaser has an insurable interest as a potential constructive bailee who might be held liable for the return of the destroyed property if the true owner should be able to locate it and make a demand for it.

22 36 O.S. 1981 § 3605 (B), supra note 1; see cases cited at footnote 20, supra.

23 See cases cited at footnote 17, supra.

24 See footnote 2, supra, 534 P.2d at 3.

25 Gordon v. Gulf American Fire and Casualty Co., 113 Ga. App. 755, 149 S.E.2d 725 [Ga. App. 1966] and Giles v. Citizens' Insurance Co. of Missouri, 32 Ga. App. 207, 122 S.E. 890 [Ga. App. 1924].

26 Gordon v. Gulf American Fire and Casualty Co., supra note 25.

27 Ernie Miller Pontiac, supra note 2, 534 P.2d at 3.

In Ernie Miller Pontiac, supra note 2, the Georgia cases were cited because the statutes are identical. The Oklahoma statute, 36 O.S. 1981 § 3605 , although similar to Georgia's, was modeled after A.R.S. § 20-1105 of the Arizona Insurance Code (§ 5 Art. II), enacted in 1954. Current Arizona case law reveals that the courts there adhere to the view that a bona fide purchaser of a stolen automobile has an interest sufficient to qualify as insurable. Butler v. Farmers Ins. Co. of Arizona, 126 Ariz. 371, 616 P.2d 46, 48 [Ariz. 1980].

28 36 O.S. 1981 § 3605 (B), supra note 1.

29 Li v. Yellow Cab Co., 13 Cal. 3d 804, 119 Cal. Rptr. 858, 532 P.2d 1226, 1244, 78 A.L.R.3d 393, 416 [Cal. 1975].