PANHANDLE EASTERN PIPE LINE CO. v. CORP. COM'N

PANHANDLE EASTERN PIPE LINE CO. v. CORP. COM'N
1955 OK 161
285 P.2d 847
Case Number: 36312, 36483, 36484, 36501
Decided: 05/24/1955
Supreme Court of Oklahoma

PANHANDLE EASTERN PIPE LINE COMPANY, PLAINTIFF IN ERROR,

v.

THE CORPORATION COMMISSION OF THE STATE OF OKLAHOMA ET AL., DEFENDANTS IN ERROR (THREE CASES). ESTELLA M. HUMISTON, PLAINTIFF IN ERROR, v. THE CORPORATION COMMISSION OF THE STATE OF OKLAHOMA ET AL., DEFENDANTS IN ERROR.

Syllabus

¶0 In appeals from a well-spacing order and pooling orders of the Corporation Commission covering several sections of land in a gas-producing area; Record examined and held: Said orders were neither [285 P.2d 848] contrary to law nor to the evidence, nor did they constitute the taking of appellants' property without due process of law.

Appeal from the Corporation Commission.

[285 P.2d 848]

In one proceeding instituted by one of the lessors of acreage in the area, the Corporation Commission entered an order directing that said area be divided into well-spacing units of 640 acres each. In two subsequent proceedings said Commission entered orders directing that the interests of all lessors in each of said units be pooled. Panhandle Eastern Pipe Line Company, on two of whose 160-acre leases there were two producing gas wells at the time these orders were entered, appeals from all three of said orders while Estella M. Humiston, the owner of royalty under one of said pipe line company's leases, appeals from the pooling order affecting said lease. Affirmed.

Coleman Hayes, Oklahoma City, for plaintiff in error, Estella M. Humiston.

Monnet, Hayes & Bullis, Oklahoma City, amicus curiae.

J.B. Dudley, Oklahoma City, E.H. Lange, St. Louis, Mo., S.H. Riggs, Liberal, Kan., and D.H. Culton, Amarillo, Tex., and Dudley, Duvall & Dudley, Oklahoma City, of counsel, for plaintiff in error, Panhandle Eastern Pipe Line Co.

Forrest M. Darrough, Tulsa, Paul H. Long, Barth P. Walker, Oklahoma City, George W. Hazlett, Cleveland, Ohio, and T. Murray Robinson, Oklahoma City, for defendants in error, Carter Oil Co., Emby Kaye, and Leon J. Caine.

Floyd Green and Ferrill H. Rogers, Oklahoma City, for defendant in error, Corporation Commission of Oklahoma.

R.O. Mason, Bartlesville, for defendant in error, Cities Service Oil Co.

Robinson, Shipp, Robertson & Barnes, Oklahoma City, for defendant in error, Sohio Petroleum Co.

Howard Phillips, Borger, Tex., C. Harold Thweatt, Embry, Crowe, Tolbert, Boxley & Johnson, Oklahoma City, of counsel, for defendant in error, J.M. Huber Corp.

George W. Selinger and Hawley C. Kerr, Tulsa, for defendant in error, Skelly Oil Co.

Ralph W. Garrett, Tulsa, for defendant in error, Sinclair Oil & Gas Co.

BLACKBIRD, J.

¶1 The above styled and numbered appeals are so related that they have been considered and will herein be dealt with together, as if consolidated. They all involve an area of sixteen thousand acres of land in Townships 5 and 6 North, Ranges 21 and 22 East, near the Kansas-Oklahoma line in Beaver County, found by this State's Corporation Commission, in its Cause CD 4695, to overlay a common source of supply of natural gas called the "Upper Morrow Sand." By its order No. 27771, entered in said cause, said body (hereinafter referred to merely as "The Commission") established spacing units of 640 acres each, bounded as shown by the heavy lines on the plat incorporated in this opinion. Under the order only one well could be drilled and produced on each of the well-spaced units; and the wells that were then producing gas from said sand on certain of the units (which well locations are approximately indicated by small double circles "- " on the plat) were designated as the wells for the respective units in which they were located. From said order the two above-styled appeals docketed under Nos. 36312 and 36501, were perfected by Panhandle Eastern Pipe Line Company, hereinafter referred to merely as "Pan-East", and Estella M. Humiston, respectively.

¶2 In new proceedings instituted after the entering of the aforesaid Order No. 27771, the Commission entered so-called "pooling" orders, numbered 28332 and 28333, in its causes CD Nos. 5263, 5366, respectively. Order No. 28332 "pooled" the interests of all lessors of the unit covering Section 25, Township 6 North, Range 21 East, namely: The J.M. Huber Corporation, Sohio Oil Corporation, and Pan-East, and decreed that the first two should share with Pan-East the working interest in the well it had drilled and was producing on said unit, in the proportion the acreage covered by their [285 P.2d 850] leases bears to the total acreage of the whole unit, upon their payment to Pan-East of that same proportion of the well's cost. Order No. 28333 effected a similar pooling of the lessors' interests in Section 31, Township 6 North, Range 22 East, and directed that Carter Oil Company, Emby Kaye and Leon J. Caine, the lessors of three-fourths of the area of said section, should similarly participate in the well Pan-East had drilled on the unit covering said section.

¶3 Pan-East, as plaintiff in error, seeks a review of these latter orders in the appeals docketed in this Court as causes numbered 36483 and 36484, respectively. The gas wells involved are designated on our plat, and hereinafter referred to, as Pan-East's "Clapp" and "Humiston" wells. Other lessee companies involved, except where included in the appellation "Appellees" will, for the sake of brevity, be referred to by the first word of their names.

¶4 Pan-East and Estella M. Humiston, the only appellants from the well-spacing order (No. 27771, supra) complain that said order contains no finding in specific words defining the extent or boundaries of the Upper Morrow Sand or common source of supply of the spaced area, and they repeatedly refer to the finding therein contained that "the development which has taken place within the area * * indicates that a major portion * * * (thereof) is underlain by the Upper Morrow Sand common source of supply * * *." (Emphasis ours.) We think it unnecessary to deal with the contention other than to observe that the plat attached to, and made a part of, the Order as "Exhibit A", specifically outlining the spaced area (as portrayed on the above plat) may well be regarded as supplementing, and making more definite and certain, the above quoted verbal finding with reference to the extent of the common source of supply. In other words, since the Commission has no power to include within the spaced area tracts that do not overlay the common source of supply, that part of the Order which outlines such area may be deemed the equivalent of a finding as to the Commission's conception and determination of the size and shape of the common source of supply. In fact, the Act itself, Tit.

¶5 We come now to the basic or underlying cause for all faults appellants find with the well-spacing order. The key to this, as far as concerns Estella M. Humiston, who owns the royalty under the Northwest Quarter of Section 31, the site of Pan-East's prolific Humiston well, is paragraph 7 of the Order providing that the royalty owners in each spaced unit shall participate in the royalty from the well drilled thereon in the relation that the acreage owned by them bears to the total acreage of the unit. Under this provision, Mrs. Humiston will be required to share the lessor's one-eighth of said well's production, or its proceeds, with the owners of royalty under the other three-fourths of said section in the ratio or proportion of one-fourth to her and three-fourths to them.

¶6 The key to the cause of Pan-East's complaint concerning the well-spacing order is the Order's paragraph 8, which contemplates subsequent determinations, as provided by Tit.

¶7 Appellants contend that by statute, Tit.

¶8 An examination of the record made at the Commission's hearing reveals little, if any, evidence introduced or effort made, by appellants, to dispute the overwhelming weight of the proof that all of the natural gas produced in the spaced area comes from the Upper Morrow Sand. In fact all parties seem to virtually agree on that. On the basis of this fact alone this sand would ordinarily be called a "common source of supply" in the common acceptation of that term. Here, however, the presence of dry holes establishes that said sand is not productive over the entire area, or at least at the particular points where those holes are located; and the alternative phrasing of the latter part of this statement furnishes a clue to the crux of the crucial question, namely: How far, and in what direction from each of these dry holes, do they prove that the Upper Morrow Sand will not produce? This question was never answered; and the only positive conclusion that can be arrived at from the testimony of the expert witnesses, including both geologists and engineers who expressed an opinion on the matter, is that it can only be resolved by further drilling. Carter, as well as others appearing in support of its application, and those opposing it, apparently agreed that said sand is not a "blanket" sand but is "erratic" in that it produces at some points, but at others close by, does or may not. The principal points of disagreement concern the meaning, or proper interpretation of this fact. The supporters of the application took the position that failure to obtain production from the dry holes was due to the sand's tightness or insufficient permeability at, and perhaps around, those locations, though none of the witnesses could state conclusively how large an area around them, if any, these holes condemned for production purposes.

¶9 Some of the evidence introduced on behalf of those opposing the application, was contemplated to support the theory that the Potter D and F.J. Grove holes were just two points on a ridge or wall of insufficient permeability that not only extended from one of these well locations to the other, but extended northwest-southeast bisecting Sections 25 and 31, and the whole area from dry holes in the same sands in the southern edge of Kansas to other dry holes in the same sand south and east of the spaced area, with the result that portions of said sections and the area were thereby rendered unproductive. On the basis of this hypothesis and evidence calculated to support the further one that the Upper Morrow Sand was deposited in "lenses" with areas of impermeable shale intermingled, forming various separate and unconnected gas pockets or reservoirs, and reports of surveys and analyses enabling a comparison of the bottom hole pressures of various of the producing wells and various components of the gas therefrom, Pan-East and Huber projected the theory that various of the area's wells, or at least two major groups thereof, were producing from different reservoirs or sources of supply. It was their position, on the basis of the more or less technical data they introduced and referred to, that Pan-East's Humiston and Clapp wells were producing from an entirely different and separate reservoir or "pocket" from the wells in the westernmost tier of sections in the area. Others appearing at the hearing drew opposite conclusions from the data and opined that the evidence tended to prove all of the wells are producing from the same source of supply. We have carefully examined all of the evidence, including that upon which the impermeable ridge, wall or wedge theory was based, and we find therein no fact which would [285 P.2d 852] preclude the conclusion that, if such a wall or wedge in fact exists, it might just as reasonably entirely "skirt" Sections 25 and 31, or go between them, so as to impound all of the gas that may lie under all parts of each section in the same common reservoir, as to cut under and bisect either of said sections, rendering parts thereof unproductive. And, from our analysis of the evidence as a whole, we have concluded that the Commission's determination to the effect that all portions of each of these sections overlay the same common source of supply cannot be said to be without sufficient evidentiary support. This conclusion is further supported by the practical unanimity of agreement between the opposing parties' witnesses that, in the absence of barriers of impermeability or "pull" from other wells, thereby restricting or controlling the horizontal migration of gas through the sand from one location to another, one well will drain gas from under 640 acres, or a whole geographical section of land, in the area. One witness testified that an area of permeable sand only one inch thick would enable migration between thicker areas of said sand. On the basis of such extensive migration it is logical and reasonable to assume that Pan-East's Humiston and Clapp wells are probably draining gas in one or more directions from under a larger area than the 160-acre leaseholds on which they are located. We think this, in the absence of anything except conceded conjecture as to how large an area, if any, in said sections the F.J. Grove and Potter D holes condemn as unproductive, and in the absence of any proof on which trained technicians can agree as to the existence, effectiveness and location of any migration-control factors that theoretically would indicate the unproductivity of other leaseholds in said section, constitutes a valid reason for pooling all interests in each of said sections or units.

¶10 Appellants' suggestion that the mineral interests in the other portions of Sections 25 and 31 should not be pooled with theirs, and their owners allowed to participate in the production of the wells on Pan-East's respective leaseholds in said sections until the productivity of their tracts has been proven by drilling, either ignores the migratory character of the gas in the penetrated reservoir, or recognizes it, but evidences a desire to continue reducing this gas to their possession, with all the benefits of flush production, before their neighbors can get wells drilled. If such wells were subsequently drilled on the neighboring leaseholds into the same reservoir, then such benefits and advantages would be irretrievably lost to the other owners. To prevent loss of such correlative rights and obviate recourse to wasteful "drilling races" were the principal considerations prompting our Legislature to enact the original Well-Spacing Act in 1935. If, at some time in the conceivable future it might be established by drilling, or in some other conceivable manner, that the Upper Morrow Sand is presently unproductive in the areas of Sections 25 and 31, other than those covered by Pan-East's leaseholds, then the present spacing order can be amended to exclude those areas and terminate their owners' participation in the Clapp and Humiston wells, as was done with reference to the products of the Spiers Sand in the Chitwood Field. See the Spiers v. Magnolia Petroleum Co., cases, 206 Okl. 503 and 510,

¶11 Appellants also contend that participation in wells like the Clapp and Humiston purely on an acreage basis (in the ratio that the acreage of each owner bears to the total acreage in the units) is unsound and unfair. In Pan-East's brief, it recognizes that the converse of this might hold true "In cases where the evidence shows the existence in a given area of a blanket producing formation, with comparative uniformity in thickness of pay, porosity, permeability, pressure, etc., and the limits of the common supply have been `reasonably defined by actual drilling operations' * * *". The last or quoted phrase within this quoted statement is extracted from Tit.

¶12 The foregoing demonstrates that the ownership of land interests found by the Commission, on the basis of evidence pertinent to the matter, to be overlaying the common source of supply is the minimum requirement, under a valid well-spacing or pooling order, for participation in the production of a well on the part of others than the owners under its lease. More certain proof of productivity, or "production acreage," though desirable and probably should be furnished when available, is not required. Proof of "productive acreage" was a necessary prerequisite of the "attribution" (allowables) order complained of in the Application of Little Nick Oil Co., 208 Okl. 695,

¶13 Nor can we agree with appellant's contention that Order No. 27771, goes "beyond the necessities of the case", or that it was entered without evidence of probative value showing that, without such an order waste of gas, physical or economic, would result, or that the correlative rights of any producer will be violated. The latter part of this proposition is based upon the premise, already herein rejected, that the evidence fails to show the land of the other owners in Sections 25 and 31 overlays the same gas reservoir or reservoirs that supply the Clapp and Humiston wells, and consequently, that they have no rights in such source or sources of supply. The first part of the above contention is merely appellants' conclusion from their interpretation of the fifth finding upon which Order No. 27771 is based. They say: "This is not a finding of waste of gas, either physical or economic, it is merely a finding by the Commission that some of those who purchased leases on less than 640 acres may have exercised poor business judgment." Without further lengthening this opinion to quote the finding and set forth an extended demonstration of the fallacy of appellants' argument, suffice it to say that in our opinion the finding in question is a proper and sufficient one on the subject of waste. Nor do we find substantiated in the record appellants' charge that this finding "is not supported by the evidence of a single witness." As hereinbefore indicated, practically all of the several witnesses who testified on the subject agreed that the drilling of more than one well was unnecessary to drain the gas from under 640 acres in the area; and there was also sufficient evidence to establish that the expense of drilling additional wells would not be economically feasible in [285 P.2d 855] view of the slight additional gas they might recover from the common source of supply.

¶14 As we have found no cause for reversal in any of the arguments presented against the orders involved herein, they are all hereby affirmed.

¶15 JOHNSON, C.J., WILLIAMS, V.C.J., and CORN, ARNOLD, HALLEY and JACKSON, JJ., concur.

¶16 WELCH, J., concurs in result.