Blue Canyon Well Ass'n v. Jevne
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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO 2 Opinion Number: _______________ 3 Filing Date: August 2, 2017 4 NO. 34,655 5 BLUE CANYON WELL ASSOCIATION, 6 Plaintiff-Appellee, 7 v. 8 DENISE JEVNE, 9 Defendant-Appellant. 10 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF SANTA FE COUNTY 11 Francis J. Mathew, District Judge 12 Sommer, Karnes & Associates, LLP 13 Karl H. Sommer 14 Santa Fe, NM 15 for Appellee 16 Graeser & McQueen, LLC 17 Christopher L. Graeser 18 Santa Fe, NM 19 for Appellant 1 OPINION 2 VARGAS, Judge. 3 {1} In this appeal we address whether Plaintiff Blue Canyon Well Association 4 (Blue Canyon) was a legal entity with capacity to sue Defendant Denise Jevne. 5 Specifically, we consider the applicability of NMSA 1978, Section 53-10-1 (1937) 6 to Blue Canyon’s claim that it was entitled to bring the suit as an unincorporated 7 association. We hold that Blue Canyon’s legal capacity to sue Jevne as an 8 unincorporated association is dependent on its compliance with statutory 9 requirements, and because it failed to comply with the statutory requirements, Blue 10 Canyon lacked the capacity to sue Jevne. We reverse the judgment of the district 11 court and remand the case for further proceedings. 12 I. BACKGROUND 13 The members of Blue Canyon and Jevne are all owners of real property in {2} 14 Santa Fe County that claim to be parties to a well sharing and easement agreement 15 (the Agreement). Blue Canyon was formed to maintain and manage the well pursuant 16 to the Agreement. Some years later, a dispute arose between Jevne and the other 17 owners regarding Jevne’s unpaid water well expenses. As a result, Blue Canyon 18 brought a claim against Jevne in magistrate court, seeking $7,651.50 for past due 19 bills, costs associated with well use, and attorney fees and charges. The complaint 1 was signed, “Blue Canyon Well Ass’n: Anna & Joe Durr, Frank & Billie Martinez, 2 Lesley King, President[.]” After a trial on the merits, the magistrate court entered 3 judgment awarding Blue Canyon $2,600.00 in damages and $6,697.02 in attorney 4 fees. Jevne appealed that judgment to the district court. 5 {3} Shortly after Jevne appealed the judgment, the individuals who signed the 6 complaint on behalf of Blue Canyon (collectively, Movants) filed a motion in district 7 court, seeking to amend the caption of the case in order to “properly identify 8 Plaintiffs” by substituting their names for Blue Canyon. In the motion to amend, 9 Movants pointed out that they had each signed the complaint as individuals on behalf 10 of Blue Canyon, but stated that “while there is a Well Agreement in the matter, there 11 is no Blue Canyon Well Association per se.” They therefore requested that they be 12 identified as Plaintiffs in Blue Canyon’s place. In opposing the motion, Jevne saw the 13 motion as an improper attempt to establish the Durrs’ right to use the well. Jevne 14 claimed that the Durrs were not a part of the Agreement and were not valid users 15 without first filing a declaratory judgment action to establish their status. Jevne 16 recognized Blue Canyon’s status as an unincorporated association and its power to 17 sue and collect judgments, but requested that the appeal be dismissed in light of 18 Movants’ denial of Blue Canyon’s existence. 2 1 {4} The district court held a hearing on Movants’ motion to amend and ordered the 2 parties to provide supplemental briefing. In Movants’ supplemental brief, they again 3 asserted that Blue Canyon was “not a legal entity properly formed under Section 534 10-1[,]” and as such, they, individually, were the proper real parties in interest in the 5 case. Having retained new counsel, Jevne changed positions in her supplemental 6 response, arguing that Blue Canyon was a non-existent entity. Jevne also asserted that 7 Movants’ motion was actually a motion to substitute parties without complying with 8 Rule 1-025 NMRA and that the case must be dismissed because the judgment in favor 9 of a non-existent entity was “uncollectible.” 10 {5} The district court denied Movants’ motion to amend the caption and rejected 11 Movants’ claim that Blue Canyon did not exist as a legal entity because it had not 12 complied with the filing requirement of Section 53-10-1 for the creation of an 13 unincorporated association. The district court held that the use of the word “may” in 14 Section 53-10-1 indicated that filing statements and other documents referenced in 15 the statute to create an unincorporated association is permissive. Following a de novo 16 trial on the merits, the district court entered judgment in favor of Blue Canyon and 17 entered findings of fact and conclusions of law that the Agreement was created in 18 March 1991, that Blue Canyon was formed to carry out the requirements of the 3 1 Agreement, and that Blue Canyon “is an unincorporated association with the capacity 2 to sue and be sued.” 3 {6} Jevne filed a motion to amend the judgment and a motion for new trial, both 4 attacking the district court’s judgment. The district court held a hearing on Jevne’s 5 post-judgment motions, denying both. Jevne appeals, challenging the district court’s 6 judgment in Blue Canyon’s favor, as well as its denial of those two motions. 7 II. DISCUSSION 8 On appeal, Jevne claims that the district court erred when it held that Blue {7} 9 Canyon was authorized to maintain this action as an unincorporated association 10 notwithstanding that Blue Canyon had not filed the documents described in Section 11 53-10-1 (statutory documents) with the county clerk. Now forced to argue a position 12 contrary to the position they took in the district court, Blue Canyon first contends that 13 the district court correctly held that the use of the word “may” in the statute renders 14 the filing of any statutory documents by Blue Canyon to be permissive. Furthermore, 15 Blue Canyon argues, because unincorporated associations are recognized by both 16 statute and common law, it is not required to comply with the statutory requirements 17 to be a common law unincorporated association and sue in the name of the 18 association. We are not persuaded by either argument. 4 1 A. 2 Section 53-10-1 Requires the Filing of Statutory Documents to Form an Unincorporated Association 3 Statutory interpretation is an issue of law that we review de novo. Moongate {8} 4 Water Co. v. City of Las Cruces, 2013-NMSC-018, ¶ 6, 302 P.3d 405. The text of a 5 statute is the “primary, essential source of its meaning[,]” and where a statute’s 6 language is clear and unambiguous, we are required to “give effect to that language 7 and refrain from further statutory interpretation.” NMSA 1978, § 12-2A-19 (1997); 8 Nat’l Educ. Ass’n of N.M. v. Santa Fe Pub. Schs., 2016-NMCA-009, ¶ 6, 365 P.3d 1 9 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 10 {9} A court’s “primary goal when interpreting a statute is to give effect to the 11 Legislature’s intent[,]” which “is to be determined primarily by the language of the 12 act, and words used in a statute are to be given their ordinary and usual meaning 13 unless a different intent is clearly indicated.” N.M. Bldg. & Constr. Trades Council 14 v. Dean, 2015-NMSC-023, ¶ 11, 353 P.3d 1212 (internal quotation marks and citation 15 omitted); see State ex rel. Helman v. Gallegos, 1994-NMSC-023, ¶ 23, 117 N.M. 346, 16 871 P.2d 1352. “Whether words of statutes are mandatory or discretionary is a matter 17 of legislative intent to be determined by consideration of the purpose sought to be 18 accomplished.” State ex rel. Robinson v. King, 1974-NMSC-028, ¶ 10, 86 N.M. 231, 19 522 P.2d 83. We interpret statutes “to avoid rendering the Legislature’s language 20 superfluous.” Baker v. Hedstrom, 2013-NMSC-043, ¶ 24, 309 P.3d 1047. We 5 1 consider all parts of the statute together, “read[ing] the statute in its entirety and 2 constru[ing] each part in connection with every other part to produce a harmonious 3 whole.” Key v. Chrysler Motors Corp., 1996-NMSC-038, ¶ 14, 121 N.M. 764, 918 4 P.2d 350. 5 {10} Section 53-10-1, authorizing the formation of unincorporated associations 6 provides: 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Whenever two or more persons shall desire to form an association for the promotion of their mutual pleasure or recreation . . . or an association not for the individual profit of the members thereof, and without incorporating the same as a corporation, or maintaining title of its property in trust . . .[, t]he said persons or members desiring to form such an association . . . may file in the office of the county clerk . . . a statement containing the name of such association, its objects and purposes, the names and residences of the persons forming such association, together with a copy of its articles of association and any rules and/or regulations governing the transactions of its objects and purposes and prescribing the terms by which its members may maintain or cease their membership therein. 19 (Emphasis added.) We acknowledge, and the parties are quick to point out, that 20 generally, the words “shall” and “must” express a “duty, obligation, requirement or 21 condition precedent” while “may” confers a “power, authority, privilege or right.” 22 NMSA 1978, § 12-2A-4(A), (B) (1997). However, in this instance, the power, 23 authority, privilege or right signaled by the use of the word “may” in the statute is not 24 the power, authority, privilege, or right to file documents. Instead, it is the right to 25 form an association as opposed to a corporation, trust, or other legally viable entity. 6 1 The plain language of Section 53-10-1 clearly sets out that whenever two or more 2 persons wish to form an association for the limited purposes described therein 3 without incorporating or maintaining title to its property in trust, then those persons 4 may do so by filing statutory documents with the county clerk. For those intending 5 to create an association under Section 53-10-1, the filing of statutory documents is 6 mandatory. 7 {11} This interpretation is consistent with the purpose of Section 53-10-1. While 8 avoiding some of the burdens and complexities associated with the formation of a 9 corporation or a trust, Sections 53-10-1 to -8 (1937, as amended through 1959) (the 10 Act), allow those involved in the limited activities described to enjoy the benefits of 11 acting as a single unit rather than a group of individuals, and limit any recovery of a 12 judgment against the association to its joint or common property, provided they 13 satisfy its abbreviated requirements. 14 {12} Other sections of the Act confirm the mandatory nature of statutory document 15 filing. First, unless the filing of statutory documents to create an unincorporated 16 association is mandatory, the detailed list of information to be included in the 17 statutory documents set out in Section 53-10-1 would be unnecessary surplusage. 18 Even more persuasive of the mandatory nature of the statute is the language in 19 Section 53-10-7, which provides, “[a]ny association or club formed under the 20 provisions of [the A]ct . . . may exist for such period of time not exceeding twenty 7 1 years as may be fixed in the statement required to be filed by Section [53-10-1].” 2 (Emphasis added.) Were we to interpret the language related to the filing of statutory 3 documents to be permissive, our interpretation would render Section 53-10-1 at odds 4 with Section 53-10-7 describing the document filing as “required.” “If statutes appear 5 to conflict, they must be construed, if possible, to give effect to each.” NMSA 1978, 6 § 12-2A-10(A) (1997). By interpreting the statutory document filing as mandatory, 7 we avoid a conflict and give effect to the provisions of both Section 53-10-1 and 8 Section 53-10-7. 9 {13} Blue Canyon nevertheless argues that the Act is intended to be generally 10 permissive and that equity requires us to interpret Section 53-10-1 to authorize 11 permissive filing. We are not persuaded. Blue Canyon’s argument in this regard is 12 largely based on an alternative reading of the plain language in Section 53-10-1. Blue 13 Canyon argues that we should interpret Section 53-10-1 so that the “required to be 14 filed” language is rendered functionally superfluous, reasoning that the word 15 “required” simply “does not carry the same weight or measure of authority” as words 16 like “shall” and “may.” Because “we refrain from reading statutes in a way that 17 renders provisions superfluous[,]” we decline to follow Blue Canyon’s interpretation, 18 particularly because an interpretation that filing statutory documents is mandatory 19 gives meaning and effect to each term used in the Act. State ex rel. E. N.M. Univ. 8 1 Regents v. Baca, 2008-NMSC-047, ¶ 10, 144 N.M. 530, 189 P.3d 663 (declining to 2 interpret statute as permissive where doing so would render it superfluous). 3 B. Common Law Unincorporated Associations Have No Capacity to Sue 4 Blue Canyon argues that it was the proper party to file suit against Jevne {14} 5 because New Mexico law recognizes common law unincorporated associations. New 6 Mexico law, Blue Canyon contends, permits the formation of unincorporated 7 associations either by common law or under the Act, and Section 53-10-5, conferring 8 a right to sue upon unincorporated associations, applies to both statutorily created and 9 common law associations. 10 {15} Our Supreme Court, however, long ago resolved the legal viability of 11 unincorporated associations that were not statutorily created. In Flanagan v. Benvie, 12 1954-NMSC-074, ¶ 7, 58 N.M. 525, 273 P.2d 381, the court unequivocally held, 13 “unincorporated associations, clubs and societies, unless recognized by statute, have 14 no legal existence[.]” (Emphasis added.) In Flanagan, the Court explained that the 15 association’s failure to organize in accordance with the statute precluded it from 16 taking advantage of the right conferred by the Act to hold property in the name of the 17 association. Id. ¶ 11. Similarly, in State ex rel. Overton v. N.M. Tax Comm’n, 196918 NMSC-140, ¶ 14, 81 N.M. 28, 462 P.2d 613, our Supreme Court found that a 19 common law unincorporated association formed to advocate for tax equity was not 9 1 a legal entity and had no right to bring an action unless its members were permitted 2 to do so as members of a class under Rule 1-023 NMRA. 3 {16} The Act grants unincorporated associations formed under Section 53-10-1 a 4 series of rights, including the right to “hold and acquire real or personal property by 5 deed, lease or otherwise, in the name of [the] association,” pursuant to Section 53-106 2; the right to mortgage or sell such property, conveying it by deed signed by an 7 officer of the association, pursuant to Section 53-10-3; and the right to sue or be sued 8 in the name of the association, with the collection of any money judgment against the 9 association limited to its joint or common property, pursuant to Section 53-10-6. 10 Implicit in both the Flanagan and Overton decisions is the fact that an association 11 wishing to take advantage of the rights conferred upon unincorporated associations 12 by the Legislature, including the right to bring suit in the name of the association, can 13 only do so by complying with the requirements of Section 53-10-1. 14 {17} Arguing that the Act distinguishes between common law associations and 15 statutorily created associations, Blue Canyon points out that some sections of the Act 16 refer to an “association or club formed under the provisions of th[e] act,” while 17 Section 53-10-6, conferring associations with the right to sue in their own names, 18 does not. Compare § 53-10-7, with § 53-10-6. Because Section 53-10-6 does not refer 19 to associations or clubs formed under the provisions of the Act, Blue Canyon 20 concludes that the right to sue is statutorily conferred on all unincorporated 10 1 associations, whether formed at common law or by statute. Legislative silence, 2 however, “is at best a tenuous guide to determining legislative intent.” Swink v. 3 Fingado, 1993-NMSC-013, ¶ 29, 115 N.M. 275, 850 P.2d 978. We see no reason to 4 allow the absence of the language to outweigh its explicit language that filing 5 statutory documents with the county clerk is required to create an unincorporated 6 association. To do so would be to disregard our canons of statutory interpretation. 7 {18} On appeal, the parties do not dispute that neither Movants nor their 8 predecessors in interest ever filed the statutory documents required by Section 53-109 1 to form an unincorporated association. Instead, Blue Canyon’s formation was based 10 on an unrecorded well sharing and easement agreement that did that did not satisfy 11 the requirements of Section 53-10-1. Absent such a filing, Blue Canyon cannot avail 12 itself of the rights conferred by the Act, including the right to sue granted by Section 13 53-10-5. 14 {19} In sum, in order to become an incorporated association entitled to exercise the 15 right to sue, Blue Canyon was required to file the documents delineated in Section 16 53-10-1. Having failed to do so, we hold that Blue Canyon was not an unincorporated 17 association under Section 53-10-1 and had no legal capacity to sue and to obtain 18 judgment against Jevne. As Blue Canyon’s lack of capacity to sue is sufficient for 19 reversal, we need not reach Jevne’s argument that Blue Canyon is not the real party 11 1 in interest. The judgment in favor of Blue Canyon against Jevne was improperly 2 entered, is of no effect, and must be vacated. 3 III. CONCLUSION 4 We reverse the decision of the district court insofar as it grants relief in favor {20} 5 of Blue Canyon against Jevne, and we remand this matter for proceedings consistent 6 with this opinion. 7 {21} IT IS SO ORDERED. 8 9 ____________________________________ JULIE J. VARGAS, Judge 10 WE CONCUR: 11 ___________________________ 12 JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge 13 ___________________________ 14 J. MILES HANISEE, Judge 12
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