I.E.A v. M.A
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SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-4174-18T3
I.E.A.,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
M.A.,
Defendant-Respondent.
________________________
Submitted September 29, 2020 – Decided December 16, 2020
Before Judges Sabatino and DeAlmeida.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
Chancery Division, Family Part, Essex County, Docket
No. FV-07-0953-19.
Bressler, Amery & Ross, attorneys for the appellant
(Ross A. Fox, on the brief).
Respondent has not filed a brief.
PER CURIAM
Plaintiff I.E.A.1 appeals from the March 12, 2019 order of the Family Part
denying her application for a final restraining order (FRO), and dismissing her
complaint and a January 18, 2019 amended temporary restraining order (TRO)
against defendant M.A. pursuant to the Prevention of Domestic Violence Act
(the Act), N.J.S.A. 2C:25-17 to -35. We vacate the March 12, 2019 order,
reinstate the complaint and TRO, and remand for a new trial.
I.
The following facts are derived from the record. The parties are cousins
whose 2016 marriage in Sudan was arranged by their families. Defendant is a
United States citizen; plaintiff is a citizen of Sudan. Shortly after the wedding,
defendant returned to New Jersey, leaving a pregnant plaintiff with her family
in Sudan. Plaintiff gave birth to the couple's only child, who has special needs,
before coming to New Jersey with the child on a temporary visa in March 2018.
On September 10, 2018, plaintiff filed a complaint and application for a
TRO against defendant alleging assault, terroristic threats, and harassment as
predicate acts of domestic violence. The court entered a TRO that day. On
1
We use initials to preserve the confidentiality of court records concerning
domestic violence. R. 1:38-3(d)(9).
A-4174-18T3
2 October 17, 2018, plaintiff filed an amended complaint and application for a
TRO, also alleging assault, terroristic threats, and harassment as predicate acts
of domestic violence. The court entered an amended TRO the same day. The
court entered a second amended TRO on January 18, 2019.
At trial, plaintiff testified that defendant was in Sudan on February 26,
2018, the day her grandparent died. He refused to accompany her to the funeral.
According to plaintiff, when she questioned defendant about his refusal, he
repeatedly slapped, hit, and kicked her, including while she was on the floor
after having tripped during the assault. She testified that defendant's brother
stopped the assault after she briefly escaped and shouted for help.
Plaintiff also testified that on June 13, 2018, in New Jersey, she received
defendant's permission to go with several women to have henna applied to her
hands for a religious holiday. According to plaintiff, when she arrived home
late an angry defendant pushed her, reminded her of the assault in Sudan, and
said that if he beat her his brother would not be there to intervene and he would
continue the assault until she needed hospitalization.
Plaintiff testified that defendant assaulted her twice in July 2018. She
testified that on the first occasion, she and defendant were having an amicable
exchange when she jokingly struck his behind. According to plaintiff, defendant
A-4174-18T3
3
became angry and repeatedly hit her on her back and shoved her with his foot
on her lower back. A few days later, according to plaintiff, in an unprovoked
and sudden assault, defendant threatened her with a belt and choked her with
sufficient force that her hands became numb. She testified that she thought, at
first, that defendant was joking but realized soon after he was assaulting her.
Finally, plaintiff testified that in August 2018, defendant, unprovoked and
suddenly, slapped her in the face, kissed her, and then slapped her again. She
testified that she remained afraid of defendant.
In August 2018, plaintiff reported defendant's physical abuse to a
neighbor. The neighbor put plaintiff in touch with A.E., a woman originally
from Sudan who shares plaintiff's religious background. Plaintiff told A.E. that
defendant abused her physically and verbally and that she wanted to return to
Sudan. According to plaintiff, while defendant did not object to her returning
to Sudan he would not permit her to take their son out of the United States.
Plaintiff did not want to return to Sudan alone, fearful defendant would not give
her permission to leave the country once she got there. With the assistance of
A.E., plaintiff moved out of the apartment she shared with defendant to live with
a relative. She subsequently moved to a shelter for victims of domestic violence.
A-4174-18T3
4
Later that month, A.E. accompanied plaintiff to defendant's apartment to
retrieve her belongings. At plaintiff's request, police were present. Although
defendant was in the apartment, he did not respond to repeated requests by police
to open the door. According to plaintiff and A.E., who testified at trial, after the
police gained entry, defendant angrily called plaintiff vulgar names in Arabic,
accusing her and her mother of promiscuity and prostitution. A.E. testified that
accusations of this nature from a husband to his spouse could result in plaintiff
being shunned, isolated, and badly treated by the Sudanese community.2
Defendant denied ever assaulting plaintiff. He admitted that he refused to
attend the funeral of her grandparent, but testified that his family members went
to the funeral with plaintiff, who was satisfied with that arrangement after "a
little bit" of an argument. In addition, defendant testified that he was too tired
to assault plaintiff while in New Jersey because he worked long hours. He
recalled plaintiff having returned late from having her hands dyed with henna.
He denied pushing or threatening plaintiff on that occasion, testifying that he
could not have been angry because the following day was a religious holiday
and people are happy on religious holidays. Defendant admitted, however,
2
The complaint alleges that in July 2018, defendant threatened to strike plaintiff
if she did not stop asking him questions and regularly bit her and hit her on the
top of her head. Plaintiff produced no proof with respect to these allegations.
A-4174-18T3
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saying to plaintiff "I don't care about you," and repeating the Sudanese saying
"he who follows the chicken go to the garbage," an apparent warning against
keeping company with undesirable people. Notably, despite defendant's
testimony that he rarely gets angry and was unbothered by anything plaintiff did,
the transcript notes several occasions during which defendant was yelling while
testifying about plaintiff.
Defendant recounted the day on which police accompanied plaintiff to
retrieve her belongings from his apartment. He admitted cursing at her in Arabic
during the encounter. He testified that he was upset that plaintiff told the police
the couple was no longer sexually intimate.
A fourth witness, H.I., testified at trial. She admitted to a close
relationship with defendant, whom she met while both were attending college.
H.I. testified that she and defendant worked for her father's company driving
school buses. On cross-examination, she admitted that defendant pays her
monthly cellphone bill. Although she claimed that she pays him back, she
offered no proof for that assertion. In addition, testimony established that
defendant took H.I. to the hospital when she gave birth to a child shortly before
plaintiff's arrival in the United States. Defendant admitted that on one occasion
A-4174-18T3
6
he called police to avoid a violent confrontation with H.I.'s husband during a
domestic violence incident. He denied having once proposed marriage to H.I.
H.I. testified that when plaintiff arrived in the United States, defendant
was living with male roommates. He asked H.I. to house plaintiff and her child
in her apartment. H.I. had recently had a child and, like plaintiff, was not
working. The two women and their infants lived together from March 2018 to
May 2018. H.I. testified that plaintiff was sometimes "dramatic," referring only
to one occasion when plaintiff exaggerated the number of days her child had
been constipated.
H.I. also testified that plaintiff never confided in her that defendant
physically abused her. On cross-examination, H.I. admitted that she did not
share with plaintiff, or anyone, the troubles that arose in her marriage. H.I. also
admitted that she was not present on any of the occasions on which plaintiff
alleged she was physically abused by defendant. In addition, although H.I.
testified she was unaware of any domestic abuse in the Sudanese community,
later testimony revealed that H.I. was the victim of domestic abuse.
The trial court issued an oral opinion denying plaintiff's application for an
FRO, concluding she did not establish by a preponderance of the evidence "that
there was assault, or terroristic threats, or harassment by" defendant. In reaching
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this conclusion the court did not discuss the statutory elements of the alleged
predicate acts of domestic violence. Nor did the court make an explicit
credibility finding with respect to plaintiff. Instead, the court observed:
As to whether the plaintiff was subjected to any pushing
or shoving or choking, having listened to the testimony,
having observed the plaintiff as she was giving the
testimony, recalling at least two occasions where
plaintiff testified that she initially thought the
defendant was joking, it's peculiar to mesh that she
thought the defendant was joking when someone is
putting their hands around your neck – either you're
scared or you're not.
There was another occasion that the plaintiff testified
that she asked the defendant for diapers and juice, and
that he said okay, and then slapped me on my cheek, I
thought he was joking. And then he slapped me again
and I realized that he was not joking. That says to me,
my interpretation of that is for someone to say okay and
then to slap you, would present someone who's totally
irrational. My observation of [defendant] does not lead
me to believe that he is totally irrational. And for
plaintiff to testify that, initially, she thought he was
joking is peculiar that if someone slapped you at any
point, that you would think that they were joking. That
is a very peculiar description of the thought processes
that you would think someone was joking.
In addition, the court observed that plaintiff did not disclose defendant's
abuse to H.I., his close friend and coworker:
It's reasonable to believe that a plaintiff wouldn't want
to advertise that they are the victim of domestic
violence, that they're not going to tell it to everyone.
A-4174-18T3
8
And that they would be selective as to who they did tell,
if they told anyone at all. But in the three months that
you were actually living with [H.I.], 24/7 as she states,
for you not to say anything to her about it, for her not
to see anything at all, for the two of you to have [sic]
any kind of conversation about it if there's something
that happened, rings a little peculiar and odd.
And then to readily confide in someone – actually, a
total stranger, a neighbor . . . also seems peculiar. That
is not a judgment or a criticism. People get to choose
who they want to confide in for sure. But in this
situation, it just does not sound plausible.
Finally, the court suggested, without making a finding, that plaintiff may
have sought an FRO to secure an unspecified advantage with respect to her
immigration status. Testimony at trial established that when plaintiff came to
the United States in March 2018 she had a visa that expired in August 2018. In
addition, plaintiff had an appointment scheduled for August 2018 at the embassy
in Khartoum to extend her visa. Plaintiff testified that defendant urged her to
return to Sudan for the appointment, but refused to allow her to take their child,
who is a citizen of the United States. Plaintiff refused to leave the country
without her child, fearing defendant would refuse to permit her to leave Sudan,
as would be his right under Sudanese law. The court observed that:
I don't know, and I'm not going to say that I know, that
the point or purpose of this filing of the restraining
order was related to immigration. But I can't overlook
the timeline that the visa ran out in August, that
A-4174-18T3
9
[plaintiff] did not keep her appointment at the embassy
in Sudan in August, and that she decided to file in
September, two weeks after the allegations for August
25th. I have to say that it crosses my mind that perhaps
missing the appointment at the embassy and the visa
running out may have had some influence. 3
The court made no credibility determination with respect to defendant.
The court noted only that defendant appeared to have a bond with his child
during their interactions before the court at trial.
On March 12, 2019, the court entered an order denying an FRO,
dismissing the complaint, and vacating the TRO.
This appeal followed. Plaintiff raises the following arguments.
POINT I
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY IMPROPERLY
APPLYING THE PREVENTION OF DOMESTIC
VIOLENCE ACT WHEN IT DENIED THE FINAL
RESTRAINING ORDER BECAUSE PLAINTIFF DID
NOT TELL A SPECIFIC PERSON ABOUT THE
ABUSE AND IGNORED TESTIMONY FROM A
WITNESS.
3
Earlier it its opinion, the court found that defendant gave plaintiff a roundtrip
plane ticket to go to Khartoum for the August 2018 appointment. However,
plaintiff's counsel pointed out that no such ticket (or any ticket) had been
admitted into evidence and that the only testimony concerning a plane ticket was
that plaintiff had flown to the United States in March 2018 on a roundtrip ticket
that allowed her to return in August for the appointment. The court "set aside"
its finding with respect to the roundtrip ticket and did not address whether the
absence of a ticket back to the United States justified plaintiff's fear that
defendant was attempting to strand her in Sudan without her child.
A-4174-18T3
10
[A.] THE TRIAL COURT IMPROPERLY
DISREGARDED THE TESTIMONY OF
PLAINTIFF'S WITNESS AND FAILED TO
PROPERLY APPLY THE STATUTORY
DEFINITION OF HARASSMENT TO THE PRESENT
SITUATION.
POINT II
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO MAKE
PROPER CREDIBILITY DETERMINATIONS
REGARDING THE PARTIES AND IN IMPLICITLY
REQUIRING PLAINTIFF PROVIDE
INDEPENDENT CORROBORATION FOR HER
ALLEGATIONS.
A. THE TRIAL COURT FAILED TO MAKE
PROPER CREDIBILITY DETERMINATIONS.
B. THE TRIAL COURT'S IMPLICIT
REQUIREMENT THAT PLAINTIFF
CORROBORATE HER TESTIMONY WAS AN
IMPROPER APPLICATION OF THE LAW.
POINT III
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ITS APPLICATION
OF THE DV [SIC] ACT TO PLAINTIFF'S
ALLEGATIONS OF ASSAULT AND TERRORISTIC
THREATS.
A. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FINDING
PLAINTIFF FAILED TO MEET HER BURDEN OF
PROOF ON THE ALLEGATIONS OF ASSAULT AS
SET FORTH IN THE COMPLAINT AND AMENDED
TEMPORARY RESTRAINING ORDER.
A-4174-18T3
11
B. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FINDING
PLAINTIFF FAILED TO MEET HER BURDEN OF
PROOF ON THE ALLEGATIONS OF TERRORISTIC
THREATS AS SET FORTH IN THE COMPLAINT
AND AMENDED TRO.
POINT IV
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FINDING THERE
WAS NO NEED TO PREVENT FURTHER ABUSE
OF PLAINTIFF.
POINT V
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO
PROVIDE PLAINTIFF WITH A COURT
INTERPRETER THROUGHOUT THE ENTIRE
PROCEEDING.
II.
"In our review of a trial court's order entered following trial in a domestic
violence matter, we grant substantial deference to the trial court's findings of
fact and legal conclusions based upon those findings." D.N. v. K.M., 429 N.J.
Super. 592, 596 (App. Div. 2013) (citing Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 411-
12 (1998)). We should not disturb the "'factual findings and legal conclusions
of the trial judge unless [we are] convinced that they are so manifestly
unsupported by or inconsistent with the competent, relevant and reasonably
credible evidence as to offend the interests of justice.'" Cesare, 154 N.J. at 412
A-4174-18T3
12
(alteration in original) (quoting Rova Farms Resort, Inc. v. Inv'rs Ins. Co., 65 N.J. 474, 484 (1974)). Deference is particularly appropriate when the evidence
is testimonial and involves credibility issues because the judge who observes the
witnesses and hears the testimony has a perspective the reviewing court does not
enjoy. Pascale v. Pascale, 113 N.J. 20, 33 (1988) (citing Gallo v. Gallo, 66 N.J.
Super. 1, 5 (App. Div. 1961)).
However, reversal is warranted when a trial court's findings are "so wide
of the mark that a mistake must have been made." New Jersey Div. of Youth &
Family Servs. v. M.M., 189 N.J. 261, 279 (2007) (quoting C.B. Snyder Realty,
Inc. v. BMW of N. Am., Inc., 233 N.J. Super. 65, 69 (App. Div. 1989)).
Likewise, "if the court ignores applicable standards, we are compelled to reverse
and remand for further proceedings." Gotlib v. Gotlib, 399 N.J. Super. 295, 309
(App. Div. 2008). Our review of a trial court's legal conclusions is always de
novo. Manalapan Realty, L.P. v. Twp. Comm., 140 N.J. 366, 378 (1995).
The entry of an FRO requires the trial court to make certain findings. See
Silver v. Silver, 387 N.J. Super. 112, 125-27 (App. Div. 2006). The court "must
determine whether the plaintiff has proven, by a preponderance of the credible
evidence, that one or more of the predicate acts set forth in N.J.S.A. 2C:25- -
19[(a)] has occurred." Id. at 125. The court should make this determination "'in
A-4174-18T3
13
light of the previous history of violence between the parties.'" Ibid. (quoting
Cesare, 154 N.J. at 402). If the court finds plaintiff did not establish predicate
acts of domestic violence, it must dismiss the complaint. A.M.C. v. P.B., 447 N.J. Super. 402, 413 (App. Div. 2016).
If the court finds that plaintiff has proven a predicate act of domestic
violence, the court must determine "whether a restraining order is necessary,
upon an evaluation of the factors set forth in N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29[(a)](1) to -
29[(a)](6), to protect the victim from an immediate danger or to prevent further
abuse." Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 127 (citing N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(b)); see also
J.D. v. M.D.F., 207 N.J. 458, 476 (2011). This determination requires
evaluation of:
(1) The previous history of domestic violence
between the plaintiff and defendant, including threats,
harassment and physical abuse;
(2) The existence of immediate danger to person or
property;
(3) The financial circumstances of the plaintiff and
defendant;
(4) The best interest of the victim and any child;
(5) In determining custody and parenting time the
protection of the victim's safety; and
A-4174-18T3
14
(6) The existence of a verifiable order of protection
from another jurisdiction.
[ N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a); see also Cesare, 154 N.J. at
401.]
Having carefully reviewed the record in light of these legal principles, we
conclude the trial court erred in reaching its determination because it failed to
make witness credibility findings, mischaracterized the testimony of A.E., and
relied on irrelevant facts.
The testimony set forth conflicting accounts of the incidents plaintiff
alleged were predicate acts of domestic violence. Those accounts were provided
by plaintiff and A.E. on the one hand, and defendant on the other.
Although it did not explicitly find plaintiff lacked credibility, the court
appears to have rejected her testimony for two reasons. First, the court found
plaintiff's failure to disclose defendant's abusive behavior to H.I. to be "a little
peculiar[,]" "odd[,]" and "not plausible." Second, the trial court found plaintiff's
testimony that on two occasions she thought defendant was joking when he
initiated abusive behavior to be "peculiar" because "you're either scared or
you're not."
We are not aware of any precedent requiring the victim of domestic
violence to have disclosed the abuse to another in order to establish a predicate
A-4174-18T3
15
act of domestic violence under the Act. Nor do we agree that a failure to disclose
before seeking judicial relief casts doubt on the credibility of a claim of abuse.
There are a number of reasons why a victim of domestic violence might be
reluctant to disclose the abuser's behavior. Some of those reasons may well be
applicable here. For example, cultural and religious norms may strongly
discourage the disclosure of marital affairs. The record suggests the parties'
close ties to the Sudanese Muslim community and culture may have influenced
plaintiff not to disclose defendant's abuse. In addition, where the party alleging
abuse is a new arrival to the country and dependent on the abuser for support
and shelter, disclosure may be a difficult and risky proposition.
We note too that plaintiff may have had valid reasons not to disclose her
abuse to H.I. It is undisputed that H.I. is a close friend of defendant. He took
her to the hospital when she delivered her child and found it necessary to call
the police for protection from her husband during a domestic violence incident.
H.I. admitted that defendant pays her monthly cellphone bill. It is apparent that
plaintiff may have feared that H.I. would have alerted defendant of any
disclosure of abuse. In addition, defendant works for H.I.'s father driving a
school bus. Plaintiff may have been concerned that disclosure of abuse to H.I.
would affect his employment. Finally, most of the instances of alleged abuse
A-4174-18T3
16
took place after plaintiff moved out of H.I.'s home. The record does not indicate
plaintiff remained in close contact with H.I. after she moved out.
We note that the court found plaintiff's disclosure of defendant's abuse to
a neighbor to be "peculiar" because she did not know her well. Despite having
held that "[p]eople get to choose who they want to confide in for sure[,]" the
court found plaintiff's choice of confidant undermined the credibility of her
testimony. Thus, the court questioned the veracity of plaintiff's testimony both
for not disclosing her abuse and for disclosing her abuse to the wrong person.
We also disagree with the proposition that plaintiff's testimony was
undermined because on two occasions she thought defendant was joking when
he initiated what she alleged turned into abusive behavior. The complaint does
not allege defendant engaged in an uninterrupted campaign of physical abuse.
It is not uncommon for a couple to have periods of relatively amicable relations
between incidents of domestic violence. A domestic abuser's calm demeanor
may suddenly turn violent. Plaintiff's testimony suggested that she and
defendant sometimes engaged in playful physical interactions, stating that one
incident of domestic abuse started when she tapped defendant on his behind. A
victim of domestic violence need not prove that she was in constant fear to
establish the predicate acts necessary for issuance of an FRO.
A-4174-18T3
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The trial court made no express finding that defendant was credible. The
court found only that he was not "totally irrational" and that he appeared to have
a bond with his child during the trial. Defendant's relationship with his child is
not relevant to his propensity for abusing his spouse. In addition, the court did
not address whether in assessing the parties' testimony it considered the several
instances during trial when defendant, who professed to rarely getting angry at
plaintiff, yelled while testifying about her. Nor did the court address defendant's
admission to having cursed at plaintiff in front of police officers at his home.
The court also erred when it found that A.E. "was not present at any time
for any allegation that [plaintiff] made with regard to [defendant]. She didn' t
see anything herself that occurred between the two. She didn't hear anything
herself that may have occurred between the two." A.E. testified that she was
present when plaintiff retrieved her belongings from defendant's apartment and
heard him call her vulgar names in Arabic that would subject her to isolation,
ridicule, and shunning in the Sudanese community. Defendant admitted to
cursing at plaintiff on that occasion. If found credible, A.E.'s testimony could
well establish that defendant committed the predicate act of harassment. See
N.J.S.A. 2C:33-4 ("a person commits [harassment] if, with the purpose to harass
another, he . . . [m]akes, or causes to be made, a communication or
A-4174-18T3
18
communications . . . in offensively course language, or any other manner likely
to cause alarm . . . .").
We are also troubled by the trial court's reference to the timing of the filing
of the complaint with relation to plaintiff's immigration status. Although the
court made no specific findings, it is difficult to avoid the implication in the
court's opinion that plaintiff may have filed a meritless complaint in order to
remain in the country. The record, however, contains no evidence establishing
the impact, if any, the filing of a domestic violence complaint has on the s tatus
of someone, like plaintiff, who has overstayed her visa. Without a more
developed record on the subject, it was error for the court to imply that plaintiff's
FRO application was unfounded and motivated by immigration concerns.
In light of these conclusions, we vacate the March 12, 2019 order and
reinstate the complaint and the January 18, 2019 TRO. In light of the passage
of time, we remand the matter for a new FRO trial rather than for new findings
of fact and conclusions of law based on the existing record. The trial court may
A-4174-18T3
19
amend the TRO as necessary to address developments since its entry. We do
not retain jurisdiction. 4
4
We need not address plaintiff's argument regarding the courtroom interpr eter.
She alleges that while the interpreter translated the questions posed to her and
her answers, she did not interpret the questions posed to, and answers given by,
the other witnesses. During trial, plaintiff's counsel did not raise the issue. On
remand, the trial court can address any requests made by the parties with respect
to interpreting services.
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