Mine Safety Appliance Company v. Holmes
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Thirty-eight years after going to work for T.P. Groome, breaking up concrete culverts with a jackhammer, plaintiff Huey Holmes was diagnosed with silicosis. In six years that Homles worked for Groome, he was exposed to dusty work conditions. Groome provide a respirator that was manufactured by defendant Mine Safety Appliances (MSA). Holmes testified that, although he wore the mask, he often ingested so much dust while jackhammering that his mouth would fill with dirt and his spit would become black. Holmes filed a products-liability suit against MSA, claiming, among other things, that the respirator failed to protect him from overexposure to respirable silica. Holmes was dismissed from the suit without prejudice in light of the then-recent changes to Mississippi joinder rules. Holmes refiled his suit against MSA on May 16, 2007. In its answer, MSA asserted that Holmes filed his second suit after the statute of limitations had run. This case was a direct appeal of the trial court's judgment awarding Holmes, $875,000 for silicosis-related injuries allegedly caused by the respirator. After review, the Supreme Court agreed with the trial court’s ruling that the complaint was filed within the statute of limitations, and that Holmes was exposed to a harmful level of silica during the relevant time period. But the Court found that the trial judge erred in denying MSA’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict (JNOV) regarding Holmes’s warnings claim. Additionally, the Court found MSA was entitled to a judgment as a matter of law regarding Holmes’s design-defect claim because misuse of the respirator materially changed the product’s condition after it left MSA’s control. The Court therefore reversed and remanded on these issues.
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI NO. 2014-CA-00009-SCT MINE SAFETY APPLIANCE COMPANY v. HUEY P. HOLMES DATE OF JUDGMENT: TRIAL JUDGE: TRIAL COURT ATTORNEYS: COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE: NATURE OF THE CASE: DISPOSITION: MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED: MANDATE ISSUED: 09/23/2013 HON. LAMAR PICKARD PATRICK MALOUF TIMOTHY W. PORTER JOHN T. GIVENS CHARLES R. WILBANKS, JR. MATTHEW R. DOWD G. AUSTIN STEWART JEFFERSON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT CHARLES R. WILBANKS, JR. MATTHEW R. DOWD JOSEPH ANTHONY SCLAFANI G. AUSTIN STEWART DAVID NEIL McCARTY R. ALLEN SMITH, JR. TIMOTHY W. PORTER PATRICK C. MALOUF JOHN T. GIVENS CIVIL - PERSONAL INJURY REVERSED AND RENDERED - 04/23/2015 EN BANC. WALLER, CHIEF JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT: ¶1. This is a direct appeal from a judgment awarding Huey P. Holmes, plaintiff/appellee, $875,000 for silicosis-related injuries allegedly caused by a defective respirator sold by the defendant/appellant, Mine Safety Appliances (MSA). We agree with the trial court’s ruling that the complaint was filed within the statute of limitations, and that Holmes was exposed to a harmful level of silica during the relevant time period. But we further find the trial judge erred in denying MSA’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict (JNOV) regarding Holmes’s warnings claim. We also find that MSA is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law regarding Holmes’s design-defect claim because misuse of the respirator materially changed the product’s condition after it left MSA’s control. We therefore reverse and render on these issues. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY ¶2. In 1958, Huey P. Holmes went to work for T.P. Groome breaking up concrete culverts with a jackhammer. Holmes worked for Groome on and off until 1964.1 During the six years Holmes worked for Groome, he was exposed to dusty work conditions. Groome provided Holmes a respirator that Holmes identified as a Dustfoe 66 manufactured by MSA. Holmes testified that, although he wore the mask, he often ingested so much dust while jackhammering that his mouth would fill with dirt and his spit would become black.2 1 While Holmes testified that he worked for T. P. Groome from 1958 through 1964, social security records show he was employed by Groome only in 1958 and 1959. 2 Holmes testified the respirator provided by Groome “looked just like” the Dustfoe 66. He also testified that, on occasion, while doing various work for Groome, he would wear a paper mask or no mask at all. 2 ¶3. Thirty-eight years later, on December 16, 2002, Holmes was diagnosed with silicosis. Ten days later, on December 26, Holmes filed a products-liability suit against MSA, among others, claiming its product failed to protect him from overexposure to respirable silica. Subsequently, on April 7, 2006, Holmes was dismissed from the suit without prejudice in light of the then-recent changes to Mississippi joinder rules. Holmes refiled his suit against MSA on May 16, 2007. In its answer, MSA asserted that Holmes filed his second suit after the statute of limitations had run. ¶4. Later, on December 13, 2007, the parties agreed to a Master Set of Discovery.3 The defendants then propounded discovery requests to Holmes on January 16, 2008, including requests that Holmes list the dates and resolutions of all prior suits he had filed and to produce all documents related to any prior suit involving the same factual background. After Holmes failed to meet the sixty-day deadline to respond to the master discovery requests, MSA joined a codefendant’s motion to compel on June 6, 2008. The trial court took no action on the motion, and more than a year later on June 24, 2009, MSA filed another motion to compel. ¶5. Holmes first answered the Master Set of Discovery on August 11, 2009, but the response was unsigned and unverified. It was not until January 15, 2010 – 670 days after the response was due – that Holmes submitted a signed and verified response. 3 Because of the large number of original defendants in this case, the parties agreed that the defendants would consolidate their initial discovery requests in a Master Set of Discovery. 3 ¶6. On August 9, 2010, MSA filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing Holmes’s second claim was filed after the three-year statute of limitations had run, and that the oneyear saving period found in Mississippi Code Section 15-1-69 also had run. Holmes, noting that three years had passed since MSA first raised the limitations issue, argued that MSA had waived the defense. ¶7. The trial court denied MSA’s motion for summary judgment, and the case proceeded to trial.4 The jury returned a judgment in favor of Holmes in the amount of $875,000, finding MSA ninety percent liable and T.P. Groome ten percent liable.5 MSA appeals, raising six issues, which we rephrase as: I. Statute of Limitations A. Whether Holmes’s claims are time-barred because he failed to commence this action within one year of dismissal of his prior-filed suit. II. Sufficiency of the Evidence A. Whether Holmes offered any evidence at trial that he was exposed to a harmful level of respirable silica during the relevant time period. B. Whether Holmes offered any evidence that he or his employer read or relied on any packaging, labels, or warnings provided by MSA, or if they had, they would have acted differently. 4 After the trial court denied MSA’s first motion for summary judgment, MSA filed an interlocutory appeal, which this Court denied. Subsequently, MSA again joined a motion for summary judgment regarding the statute of limitations. The trial court again denied the motion, and this Court once more denied permission to appeal. 5 The award included medical damages, although Holmes offered no evidence of any past or future medical expenses. 4 C. Whether product misuse materially changed the condition of the respirator after it left MSA’s control, thus barring Holmes’s design-defect claim. D. Whether Holmes offered any evidence that established MSA knew or should have known in 1958 through 1964 that jackhammering concrete could result in exposure to respirable silica. I. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS Standard of Review ¶8. MSA asserts the trial court erred in denying summary judgment based on the statute of limitations and also in denying MSA’s motion for JNOV on the same. When reviewing a trial court’s grant of summary judgment, this Court applies a de novo standard of review. MS Comp Choice, SIF v. Clark, Scott & Streetman, 981 So. 2d 955, 959 (Miss. 2008). Likewise, this Court applies de novo review of a trial court’s denial of a motion for JNOV. Adcock v. Miss. Transp. Comm’n, 981 So. 2d 942, 948 (Miss. 2008). “A motion for JNOV is a challenge to the legal sufficiency of the evidence, and this Court will affirm the denial of a JNOV if,” viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the verdict, “there is substantial evidence to support the verdict.” Id. (citing Johnson v. St. Dominics-Jackson Mem’l Hosp., 967 So. 2d 20, 22 (Miss. 2007)). A. Whether Holmes’s claims are time-barred because he failed to commence this action within one year of dismissal of his prior-filed suit. ¶9. It is undisputed that Holmes first filed his claim on December 26, 2002, and that Holmes was dismissed from that suit on April 7, 2006. It is also undisputed that Holmes refiled his suit against MSA on May 16, 2007. What is disputed is the impact of the first 5 filing on the statute of limitations and the applicability of the one-year savings statute. That is, did the filing of the initial suit toll the statute of limitations, and if not, was Holmes’s claim saved by the savings statute? The Parties’ Arguments ¶10. MSA argues that, because the trial court dismissed Holmes from his first suit on April 7, 2006, pursuant to Canadian National v. Smith, 936 So. 2d 839 (Miss. 2006), Holmes had one year from April 7, 2006, to refile his suit against MSA under the one-year saving statute.6 MSA claims the dismissal of a plaintiff from a lawsuit on the ground that the plaintiff had been misjoined does not toll the statute of limitations, and because Holmes’s suit initially was dismissed pursuant to Canadian National without prejudice and as a matter of form, the Mississippi one-year saving statute applied. Therefore, according to MSA, Holmes’s claims were time-barred because he failed to file his second action within one year of being dismissed from the first suit. ¶11. Holmes argues MSA, by waiting 1,061 days before pursuing the statute-of-limitations claim, waived that defense, or, alternatively, that the limitations period was tolled while Holmes’s first suit was pending. Holmes asserts that, when a complaint is filed, the statute of limitations is tolled for the entire pendency of the case. ¶12. So, in this case, according to Holmes, the statute of limitations began to run when he discovered he had silicosis on December 16, 2002. The limitations period then was tolled when Holmes filed suit on December 26, 2002. Therefore, as of December 26, 2002, Holmes 6 See Miss. Code Ann. §15-1-69 (Rev. 2012). 6 had run off ten days of his three-year statute of limitations. Then, when his suit was dismissed on April 7, 2006, the statute of limitations began to run again, and Holmes had 1,085 days remaining on the limitations period in which to refile.7 Therefore, Holmes argues, his claim is not time-barred because he filed within 1,085 days of April 7, 2006. Filing a complaint tolls the limitations period. ¶13. Not long ago, in a case similar to the one sub judice, this Court held that the filing of a complaint tolls the statute of limitations while a misjoined plaintiff’s initial case is pending. Canadian Nat’l/Illinois Central R. Co. v. Smith, 926 So. 2d 839, 845 (Miss. 2006) (citing Watters v. Stripling, 675 So. 2d 1242, 1244 (Miss. 1996); Triple Transp., Inc. v. Dickens, 870 So. 2d 1195, 1199 (Miss. 2004); Deposit Guar. Nat’l Bank v. Roberts, 483 So. 2d 348 (Miss.1986); Jeffery Jackson, Encyclopedia of Miss. Law, Laches and Limitations § 44.22 (Dec. 2005)); see also Hosp. MD, LLC v. Larry, 138 So. 3d 922, 927 (Miss. 2014); Sweet Valley Missionary Baptist Church v. Alfa Ins. Corp., 124 So. 3d 643, 645 (Miss. 2013) (citing Hill v. Ramsey, 3 So. 3d 120, 123 (Miss. 2009) (“It is elementary that, unless process is not timely served, the statute of limitations is tolled upon the filing of the complaint, and does not begin to run again until litigation has ended.”); Price v. Clark, 21 So. 3d 509, 521 (Miss. 2009). ¶14. While Canadian National would seem to be dispositive on this point, MSA cites Clark Sand Co. v. Kelly, 60 So. 3d 149 (Miss. 2011), and Kinsey v. Pangborn Corp., 78 So. 3d 301 (Miss. 2011), in response. In Clark Sand, the plaintiff’s initial claim, like today’s, 7 Holmes’s claim is subject to the general statute of limitations in Section 15-1-49, which is three years, or 1,095 days. Miss. Code Ann. §15-1-49 (Rev. 2012). 7 was part of a silica mass-tort action dismissed pursuant to Canadian National. Clark Sand, 60 So. 3d at 153. However, the Clark Sand opinion is easily distinguished. In that case, the original plaintiff died prior to the second suit, and the second claim was brought by his girlfriend before she was appointed as his executrix. Id. The Court therefore held that she was not eligible to take advantage of the saving statute because she was not a party to the original suit, and, because she brought her wrongful-death action more than three years after the plaintiff’s death, that claim was time-barred. Id.; See Miss. Code Ann. § 15-1-69 (Rev. 2012) (saving statute can be utilized only by the plaintiff or his or her executor or administrator). ¶15. Furthermore, this Court limited the Clark Sand holding in subsequent cases. In Kinsey v. Pangborn Corporation, the plaintiff joined a mass-action silica suit against various defendants. Kinsey, 78 So. 3d 301. That action was dismissed on April 27, 2006, following changes to the State’s joinder rules. Id. at 303. Prior to the initial action being dismissed, the plaintiff died. Id. at 303. On April 27, 2007, Kinsey, the plaintiff’s stepdaughter, refiled the claim as a wrongful-death action. Id. at 304. The defendants moved for summary judgment, arguing the applicable statute of limitations had run. Id. The trial court granted summary judgment and Kinsey appealed. ¶16. Addressing the saving statute and the statute of limitations, this Court held that Kinsey’s wrongful-death suit was a separate and independent action from the original suit because Kinsey was never a party to that suit, nor did she file the second suit as the 8 decedent’s executrix. Id. Therefore, because the second independent action was filed more than three years after the plaintiff’s death, that claim was time-barred. Id. ¶17. In a third case, with essentially the same facts as Clark Sand and Kinsey, this Court found that those two cases simply stood for the proposition that wrongful-death claims were separate and independent from the original suit where the original complaint was never amended to reflect the wrongful-death claims. Empire Abrasive Equip. Corp. v. Morgan, 87 So. 3d 455, 464 (Miss. 2012). ¶18. In all of the above-noted cases, the initial suit was filed by the allegedly injured plaintiff and the subsequent suits were filed as wrongful-death actions by their beneficiaries. Here, Holmes is alive, and there are no “survival-type”or wrongful-death actions involved. Further, in Clark Sand and Kinsey, this Court determined that the subsequent wrongful-death claims were separate and new claims, and that the prior suit filed by the original parties did not toll the statute of limitations for these subsequent suits. See Clark Sand, 60 So. 3d at 153; Kinsey, 78 So. 3d at 302-04. ¶19. Moreover, the current case is the exact situation anticipated by this Court in Canadian National. There, this Court unequivocally provided that claims filed as mass actions but subsequently dismissed due to changes to our joinder rules toll the statute of limitations until the litigation ends. See Canadian Nat’l, 926 So. 2d at 845. Therefore, Holmes’s initial complaint tolled the statute of limitations for the entirety of the time that claim was pending, and, as a result, his subsequent suit was not time-barred.8 8 Because Holmes’s suit was not time-barred under the general statute of limitations, the question regarding the saving statue is moot. Likewise, the question of whether MSA 9 II. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE Standard of Review ¶20. This Court applies a de novo standard of review to a trial court’s denial of a JNOV and will view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Union Carbide Corp. v. Nix, Jr., 142 So. 3d 374, 384-85 (Miss. 2014). The Court gives the nonmoving party the benefit of all favorable inferences that reasonably may be drawn from the evidence, and we “will reverse the denial of a JNOV only if the facts are so overwhelmingly in favor of the moving party that reasonable jurors could not have arrived at a verdict against the moving party.” Union Carbide Corp., 142 So. 3d at 384-85; 3M Co. v. Johnson, 895 So. 2d 151, 160 (Miss. 2005). If there is no “evidence of such quality and weight that reasonable and fair minded jurors in the exercise of impartial judgment might have reached [a] different conclusion[] . . . this Court must affirm. . . .” Union Carbide Corp., 142 So. 3d at 384-85. “[W]e will reverse [only] if the evidence, as applied to the elements of a party’s case, is either so indisputable, or so deficient, that the necessity of a trier of fact has been obviated.” Sherwin-Williams Co. v. Gaines ex rel. Pollard, 75 So. 3d 41, 43 (Miss. 2011). ¶21. In its sufficiency-of-the-evidence argument, MSA raises four issues. First is whether Holmes offered any evidence at trial that he was exposed to respirable silica or that the level of exposure was harmful. Second is whether Holmes offered any evidence that he or his employer read or relied on any packaging, labels, or warnings provided by MSA, or if they waived the limitations defense also is moot. Therefore, we will not address either issue. 10 had, they would have acted differently. Third is whether Holmes’s misuse of the product is fatal to his claim. And last is whether Holmes offered any evidence that MSA knew or should have known in 1958 through 1964 that jackhammering concrete could result in exposure to respirable silica. A. Whether Holmes offered any evidence at trial that he was exposed to a harmful level of respirable silica during the relevant time period. ¶22. For Holmes to prevail, he must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that some defect in the Dustfoe 66 respirator was the proximate cause of his injury. Miss. Code Ann. § 11-1-63(a)(iii) (Rev. 2014). “Causation may be proven by direct evidence but this type of proof is not essential . . . . [T]he burden of proof to establish causation may be met by showing sufficient facts to allow a jury to infer defective quality and that such defective quality was a substantial element in producing the injury complained of.” William Cooper & Nephews, Inc. v. Pevey, 317 So. 2d 406, 408 (Miss. 1975). ¶23. This Court in Sherwin-Williams Co. v. Gaines, however, stated that “A dose-response ratio is critical to determining the causal connection between [exposure] and an injury.” Sherwin-Williams Co. v. Gaines ex rel. Pollard, 75 So. 3d 41, 46 (Miss. 2011). This Court will reject causation evidence where “experts extrapolate[] both dose and duration . . . only from circumstantial supporting evidence . . . ,” amounting to merely “engaging in a classic logical fallacy: post hoc ergo propter hoc.” Id.; see also Watts v. Radiator Specialty Co., 990 So. 2d 143, 147 n.9 (Miss. 2008) (finding expert testimony on causation unreliable, in part because several of the studies relied on by the expert failed to provide a dose-response ratio). Holmes’s Argument 11 ¶24. Holmes testified that the working conditions while jackhammering were extremely dusty; so much so, that, on occasion, the dust would be so thick he couldn’t see. He said, even while wearing the MSA Dustfoe 66 respirator, he would breathe in large amounts of dust. ¶25. Dr. Cameron Huxford, a medical doctor, testified that, because Holmes jackhammered concrete for multiple hours a day, several days a week, for roughly six years, he (Dr. Huxford) was “sure” Holmes was overexposed to silica. ¶26. Holmes also called Dr. Vernon Rose, an industrial hygienist, who testified that, in his expert opinion, Holmes was exposed to a harmful dose of silica while working for Groome. Dr. Rose largely based his opinion on an OSHA study that found jackhammering concrete indoors resulted in respirable silica exposure thirty times higher than the permissible exposure level.9 ¶27. Finally, Darrell Bevis, a respiratory protection specialist, testified on behalf of Holmes, stating Holmes was “definitely” exposed to respirable silica because, in Bevis’s experience, there is almost always respirable silica when one is jackhammering concrete. ¶28. Holmes also points to the testimony of two of MSA’s expert witnesses. First, Donald Marano, an industrial hygienist, testified that sand is a component of concrete; Holmes had multiple doses of respirable silica; and that if Holmes had silicosis, he would have been exposed to a harmful dose. Second, Holmes points to the testimony of Dr. Demondes 9 Dr. Rose’s opinion also was based on Holmes’s testimony about his working conditions inside large culverts breaking up concrete. 12 Haynes, a medical doctor retained by MSA, who testified that six years of exposure to respirable silica would be sufficient to cause silicosis. MSA’s Argument ¶29. MSA argues Holmes failed to prove he was exposed to an unsafe dose of respirable silica. MSA notes that silica levels in concrete vary, and there was no evidence at trial about the composition of the concrete Holmes jackhammered, or that Holmes was exposed to an unsafe level of silica. MSA also points out that, in the OSHA study Dr. Rose relied on, twothirds of the workers were found to have no exposure to an unsafe dose of silica. Additionally, all of Holmes’s experts admitted they did not know the level of silica exposure Holmes suffered. Further, MSA’s expert, Marano, testified that it was impossible to determine the extent of Holmes’s exposure to respirable silica while he worked for Groome, i.e., while he wore the Dustfoe 66 respirator. Was the finding of exposure based on a logical fallacy? ¶30. Generally, causation in a products-liability action may be proven through circumstantial evidence. Pevey, 317 So. 2d at 408. But, in actions in which a claimant argues he suffered an injury related to exposure to a harmful product, he may not rely on circumstantial evidence which amounts to a post hoc ergo proptor hoc finding of a harmful dose. See Sherwin-Williams Co., 75 So. 3d at 46. Causation in a products-liability action may not be proven simply by arguing that because Y occurred and subsequently X occurred, that Y caused X. Id. Something beyond a sequential happenstance is required. See id. 13 ¶31. In Sherwin-Williams, the plaintiff brought a products-liability claim against a paint manufacturer, arguing her son suffered brain damage due to exposure to the company’s leadbased paint. Id. at 42. To establish that the paint caused the boy’s injury, the plaintiff called three expert witnesses. Id. at 43-44. All three testified the child’s injury was caused by lead exposure. Id. ¶32. This Court, however, found the experts’ opinions unreliable because they were contradictory and, to a large degree, based on only two blood samples showing any lead exposure at toxic levels. Id. at 44-46. And, importantly, none of the experts’ opinions were based on any scientific evidence showing a causal link between brain damage and an acute exposure to lead. Id. at 46. Therefore, the experts essentially found that, simply because there was evidence of lead exposure on two occasions, the child’s injury must have been caused by these exposures. See id. ¶33. The Court rejected this line of reasoning based on sequential and coincidental evidence, finding it inherently unreliable. The Court held that circumstantial evidence of a post hoc ergo proptor hoc nature, without some further evidence of causation, is insufficient to support a products-liability claim. See id. at 46. ¶34. In the instant case, we find MSA’s argument that Holmes failed to provide sufficient evidence of causation is without merit. While Holmes failed to offer any direct evidence of the level of exposure, under our holding in Pevey, he is not required to. Pevey, 317 So. 2d at 408. A plaintiff may show an unsafe exposure or dose through circumstantial evidence, 14 so long as that evidence is reliable. Pevey, 317 So. 2d at 408; see also Sherwin-Williams Co., 75 So. 3d 41. ¶35. Here, Holmes offered evidence of extremely dusty work conditions. There was also testimony that concrete contains silica, though no one knows the exact makeup of the concrete Holmes broke up. And Holmes offered testimony that he suffers from silicosis, an injury known to be caused by silica overexposure. ¶36. While this evidence possesses a post hoc flavor, there are critical distinctions between the present case and Sherwin-Williams. But first, it should be noted that the method of diagnosing silicosis is itself, to some degree, a post hoc ergo proptor hoc analysis. The parties here did not dispute that the accepted method of diagnosis involves four steps. First, it must be determined that the person was exposed to silica dust. Second, there must be the passage of sufficient time for the disease to develop. Third, an x-ray of the lungs must show abnormalities, i.e., evidence of internal scarring. And fourth, other causes must be ruled out. Therefore, the medically accepted method of diagnosis requires Y to happen (dust exposure) and, after a period of time, for X to occur (silicosis). The only causal connection beyond the passage of time is x-ray evidence of an injury and the ruling out of other possible causes. These two requirements, however, are sufficient to remove Holmes’s evidence from the realm of unreliable coincidence. ¶37. Here, Holmes offered testimony, though not uncontroverted, that his x-rays were consistent with someone with silicosis, which, by its very definition, requires a sufficient dose of silica. Holmes also offered evidence tending to eliminate other sources of the cause 15 of his injury, e.g., no significant smoking history, no evidence of histoplasmosis, and no other potential causes revealed by his x-rays. This type of evidence was almost completely lacking in Sherwin-Williams. There, the only evidence in that regard was that of Dr. John Rosen, who testified that he had ruled out any other causes of the child’s brain injury because nothing in the child’s medical record indicated an “unknown cause.” Sherwin-Williams, 75 So. 3d at 44-45. ¶38. Moreover, in the current case, there is no dispute that multiple exposures to respirable silica cause the type of harm Holmes suffered. In Sherwin-Williams, there was no scientific evidence that acute exposure to lead caused subsequent brain damage. Id. at 44. Here, no one disputes that overexposure to silica causes silicosis. Further, Dr. Vernon Rose, unlike the experts in Sherwin-Williams, relied on a scientific study which found jackhammering in an enclosed area resulted in silica dust levels thirty times above the permissible level. While it may be true that two-thirds of the workers in the study were found to have exposure levels within the permissible range, this does not render Dr. Rose’s testimony unreliable. See M.R.E. 702; Miss. Transp. Comm’n v. McLemore, 863 So. 2d 31 (Miss. 2003). ¶39. This study does raise a question, arguably, of the sufficiency of the causal connection. That two-thirds of the workers appear to have been within the permissible dose range suggests it is more likely than not that jackhammering concrete does not result in overexposure. It would be error, however, to find that this alone defeats Holmes’s claim, because he offers additional evidence of overexposure, the dusty work conditions breaking up concrete, exposure to concrete dust on multiple occasions, his diagnosis of silicosis, etc. 16 Taken altogether, this circumstantial evidence is substantial, such that the trial court correctly denied MSA’s motion for JNOV on this issue. See Adcock v. Miss. Transp. Comm’n, 981 So. 2d 942, 948 (Miss. 2008) (providing the Court will affirm the denial of a JNOV if, viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the verdict, there is substantial evidence to support the verdict). ¶40. Accordingly, we find the evidence offered by Holmes was sufficiently reliable to rise above a mere post hoc ergo proptor hoc finding of causation. Accordingly, this Court finds not only that there was a genuine issue of material fact, but a reasonable juror could have concluded Holmes was exposed to a harmful level of silica. B. Whether Holmes offered any evidence that he or his employer read or relied on any packaging, labels, or warnings provided by MSA, or if they had, they would have acted differently. ¶41. “[R]eliance on the manufacturer’s warning may, or may not, be an element of an inadequate warnings case.” Palmer v. Volkswagen of Am., Inc., 904 So. 2d 1077, 1083 (Miss. 2005) (emphasis in original); Union Carbide Corp., 142 So. 3d at 390. “Such a determination depends on the facts of the case.” Union Carbide Corp., 142 So. 3d at 390. Specifically, it depends on whether a plaintiff claims a warning should have been given that was not, or whether the plaintiff claims that the warning that was given was inadequate. Id. If the plaintiff argues that a warning not given should have been given, “reliance is not an element of an inadequate warnings case.” Id. (citing Palmer, 904 So. 2d at 1083). This is because it would be absurd to require a plaintiff to show reliance on a warning where no warnings were given. Id. But where “a plaintiff complains that a given warning was 17 defective, the plaintiff must have read and relied upon the defective warning to complain of it.” Id. ¶42. The current allegation is that the warnings MSA provided were defective because they failed to warn of risks associated with using the Dustfoe 66 respirator around respirable silica and in humid conditions. This Court addressed this issue in Palmer v. Volkswagen of America. In that case, the plaintiff argued Volkswagen provided an inadequate warning in an owner’s manual, but the plaintiff had never read the manual. Palmer, 904 So. 2d at 1083. After noting that this was an issue of first impression in Mississippi, the Court cited approvingly five cases from other states either overturning jury verdicts or affirming grants of summary judgment where warnings were given but the plaintiff never read them. See id. Simply put, where a plaintiff alleges that the warnings provided were inadequate, the plaintiff must show he relied on those warnings. See id. If the plaintiff fails to do so, the defendant is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. See id. ¶43. It is undisputed in Holmes’s case that the Dustfoe 66 respirator came with instructions. Yet Holmes proffered no testimony whatsoever that he or Groome read the instructions, or that, had the instructions contained a use limitation or warning, that such a warning or limitation would have altered Holmes’s or Groome’s behavior. Holmes simply argues the warnings provided by MSA were inadequate. And, as this Court stated in Palmer, “Inadequate warnings cannot serve as the proximate cause of injuries where adequate warnings would have resulted in the same injuries.” Palmer, 904 So. 2d at 1094. That is, 18 where a plaintiff fails to show the warning provided was the proximate cause of his injury, the defendant must prevail as a matter of law. See id. ¶44. The dissent’s argument that MSA provided no warning is incorrect. It is clear from the record that a warning was provided. The dissent even quotes from the warning. To argue no warning was provided because the warning that was provided lacked certain content is a misreading of our caselaw and is contrary to the confessed proof in the record. Even had the instructions provided with the Dustfoe 66 respirator contained every word Holmes alleges they should have contained, there was no evidence whatsoever this would have changed Holmes’s behavior. ¶45. And the dissent’s reliance on Union Carbide Corp. v. Nix is likewise misplaced. There, the Court provided that, for a plaintiff to prevail on an inadequate-warnings claim, “the plaintiff must have read and relied upon the defective warning . . . .” Union Carbide Corp., 142 So. 3d at 390. Nix claimed that the warning provided by Union Carbide inadequately warned of the risks associated with the product at issue. And, importantly, Nix testified that he read the warnings provided and that he would have changed his behavior had the warnings been adequate; that is, he detrimentally relied on the inadequate warnings given. Union Carbide Corp., 142 So. 3d at 381. In the current case, Holmes made no such showing. ¶46. Accordingly, we find the trial court erred in failing to grant MSA’s motion for JNOV regarding Holmes’s failure-to-warn claims, and we reverse and render on this issue. C. Whether product misuse materially changed the condition of the respirator after it left MSA’s control, thus barring Holmes’s design-defect claim. 19 ¶47. The Mississippi Products Liability Act (MPLA) requires the plaintiff to show that the product at issue endured no material change after the product left the manufacture’s control. Miss. Code Ann. § 11-1-63 (Rev. 2014) (providing a manufacturer shall not be liable if the claimant does not prove by the preponderance of the evidence that the alleged defect existed at the time the product left the control of the manufacturer); 3M Co. v. Johnson, 895 So. 2d 151, 165 (Miss. 2005) (citing Clark v. Brass Eagle, Inc., 866 So. 2d 456, 461 (Miss. 2004)). A plaintiff’s misuse of a product, under certain circumstances, clearly can produce a material change in the product. See, e.g., Dykes v. Husqvarna Outdoor Products, N.A., Inc., 869 F. Supp. 2d 749, 758-59 (S.D. Miss. 2012) (granting summary judgment for defendant where plaintiff’s misuse produced a material change in the condition of the product after it left the defendant’s control). Here, Holmes testified that he never once changed the filter in his Dustfoe 66 respirator. MSA argues that this misuse of the mask, because it materially changed the product’s condition, is fatal to Holmes’s design-defect claim. ¶48. In Mississippi, if a jury determines a plaintiff’s injuries resulted from product misuse, or that misuse rendered the product materially different from the condition it was in when it left the manufacturer’s control, then the plaintiff is the proximate cause of the injuries and the manufacturer is not liable. See Early-Gary, Inc. v. Walters, 294 So. 2d 181, 186 (Miss. 1974) (stating, to recover, plaintiff must “not misuse the product or that the unusual use of the product was one that the manufacturer and seller were expected to foresee and guard against.”); Hageney v. Jackson Furniture of Danville, Inc., 746 So. 2d 912, 919 (Miss. Ct. App. 1999); see also Dykes, 869 F. Supp. 2d at 758-59. 20 ¶49. This rule attempts to apportion fairly the costs of the harm arising out of the use of a product. If the manufacturer was free from liability when injuries resulted from the use of its product, the manufacturer would have a diminished incentive to design the product in a reasonably safe manner or to provide adequate instructions or warnings. See W. Landes and R. Posner, The Economic Structure of Tort Law 62, 292 (Cambridge, Harvard Univ. Press, 1987). Similarly, if the end user could always recover damages from a manufacturer, regardless of the misuse of the product, customers, beyond concerns of self-preservation and the like, would have little incentive to ensure they used the product properly. Id. at 292. As a result, our law strives to find the proper balance in fault allocation, i.e., the rule promotes the social goal of both manufacturers and customers exercising due care. See Newman, 656 So. 2d at1202; Walters, 294 So. 2d at 186; see also W. Landes and R. Posner, The Economic Structure of Tort Law 292. As a result, our rule will bar recovery when a jury finds the plaintiff’s unforeseeable misuse of the product substantially changed the condition of the product, and that change, and not the alleged defect, is the proximate cause of the alleged injury. See Newman, 656 So. 2d at1202; Johnson, 895 So. 2d at165; Dykes, 869 F. Supp. 2d at 758-59 (finding plaintiff’s misuse rendered the product substantially different from the condition it was in when it left the manufacturer’s control, thus barring plaintiff from recovery). ¶50. But, where a jury ignores product misuse, the purpose of the law is thwarted. In the case before us today, Holmes unequivocally testified that he never changed the filter in his respirator during the entirety of his employment with T.P. Groome. This is despite 21 uncontradicted testimony that the respirator was sold with replacement filters, and that the filters should have been changed regularly for the device to function properly.10 Yet, the jury returned a verdict in favor of Holmes, finding MSA ninety percent at fault and T.P. Groome ten percent at fault. ¶51. The closest Holmes’s testimony came to being contradicted was by two experts; one for Holmes, the other for MSA. Holmes’s expert testified that no filter on the market could “last through that,” and that he personally found it hard to believe Holmes used just one filter for such an extended period of time, implying he thought Holmes was not truthful on this point. The second witness, MSA’s expert, testified that he thought it was probably impossible, absent some extenuating circumstance, that Holmes did not change filters during the time he worked at T.P. Groome. These experts, of course, had no personal knowledge of whether Holmes changed the filter or not, and this was merely unsupported speculation. In short, there was no evidence that contradicted Holmes or even tended to show that the filter did not survive the full duration of Holmes’s employment at T.P. Groome. ¶52. This presents the Court with the question – can a jury disregard substantially unrefuted testimony regarding product misuse, which altered the product’s condition, and return a verdict finding the defendant ninety percent liable? In this particular case, we must answer this question in light of our standard of review for the denial of JNOV. That is, was there “evidence of such quality and weight that reasonable and fair minded jurors in the exercise 10 The filters at issue were electrostatically charged, which allowed the filter to attract and hold particles. These filters required frequent replacement because, as they lost their electrostatic charge, they provided diminished protection. 22 of impartial judgment might have reached [a] different conclusion[]?” Union Carbide Corp., 142 So. 3d at 384-85. ¶53. Here, Holmes unequivocally said he never replaced the filter. In fact, he said the only maintenance he ever performed on the filter was to remove it from the respirator and brush it off when it became clogged. He would then just place that same filter back in the respirator. This is despite the fact that the instructions provided with the mask informed the wearer that when he or she noticed resistance when breathing through the respirator, this was an indication that the filter needed to be replaced. And, as MSA’s expert noted without contradiction, this generally would occur in days to weeks, depending on the level of dust exposure. ¶54. Additionally, when asked if he ever requested new filters from anyone at T.P. Groome, Holmes said he did, but that his employer “would cuss you out.” Moreover, the dissent’s argument that one can infer from MSA’s cross-examination of Holmes that someone may have provided Holmes with replacement filters at some unspecified time is of no moment. First, Holmes unequivocally testified that Groome never gave him a replacement filter, and no testimony at trial contradicted this. Second, and more importantly, even if one believed that Holmes had been given a replacement filter at some point, Holmes emphatically testified, without contradiction, that he never once replaced the filter. And Holmes’s own expert, Bevis, testified that, regardless of the respirator used, if the filter was not replaced regularly, it would offer no protection from respirable silica. 23 ¶55. On appeal, Holmes argues product misuse “is essentially an apportionment argument,” and that the jury considered this evidence and apportioned ninety percent of the fault to MSA and ten percent to T.P. Groome. Holmes also argues that the jury is responsible for determining proximate cause and weighing the evidence, and because the jury found in favor of Holmes, the verdict must be upheld. We find this argument unpersuasive.11 ¶56. It is true that whether misuse of a product caused the plaintiff’s injury or not generally is a jury question. Materials Transp. Co. v. Newman, 656 So. 2d 1199, 1202 (Miss. 1995). It also is correct that the jury “has the right to evaluate and determine what portions of the testimony of any witness it will accept or reject . . . .” Wells Fargo Armored Serv. Corp. v. Turner, 543 So. 2d 154, 156 (Miss. 1989). But, where “it is clear to this Court that the verdict is contrary to the overwhelming weight of the credible testimony, this Court will . . . set aside the verdict of a jury.” Id. Further, “[w]hen the testimony of a witness is not contradicted, either by direct evidence or by circumstances, it must be taken as true.” Hearin-Miller Transporters, Inc. v. Currie, 248 So. 2d 451, 454 (Miss. 1971) (quoting Stewart v. Coleman & Co., 120 Miss. 28, 81 So. 653 (1919)). ¶57. In Hearin-Miller Transporters, Inc. v. Currie, this Court faced an issue similar to that presented today. In Currie, the plaintiff and the defendant were in an automobile accident, and the question before the Court was whether the defendant had crossed the center line. Currie, 248 So. 2d at 452. The defendant, whom the plaintiff called as an adverse witness, was the only eyewitness who testified. Id. He stated he had never crossed the center line prior 11 Holmes does not make the argument that his misuse of the respirator was reasonably foreseeable, thus, this Court will not address this prong of the misuse analysis. 24 to the accident. Id. The truck’s skid marks were all on his side of the road as well. Id. The only evidence that the defendant crossed the center line prior to the wreck was that his truck came to rest on the wrong side of the road. Id. Nevertheless, the jury returned a verdict in favor of the plaintiff. Id. Finding the defendant’s testimony was substantially uncontradicted, this Court reversed and rendered in favor of the defendant, stating uncontradicted testimony that is not impeached or “contradicted by the circumstances, must be accepted as true.” Id. at 454. ¶58. Here, there is no evidence contradicting Holmes’s testimony. Accordingly, this Court must accept as true Holmes’s testimony that he used only one filter for the duration of his employment at T.P. Groome. Id. As a result, we find Holmes’s testimony overwhelmingly shows the respirator was misused, and that this misuse materially altered the product’s condition after it left MSA’s control. See Dykes, 869 F. Supp. 2d at 758-59. ¶59. The MPLA places the burden on the plaintiff to show that the product has not been substantially changed after it left the manufacture’s control. Miss. Code Ann. § 11-1-63(a) (Rev. 2014); Johnson, 895 So. 2d at 165. But here, Holmes clearly failed to make this showing. Instead, the evidence that Holmes never changed his filter overwhelmingly shows that his respirator was not in the same condition as when it left MSA’s control, and, as a result, Holmes failed to show MSA was the proximate cause of Holmes’s injury. See id.; Dykes, 869 F. Supp. 2d at 758. In fact, all the expert witnesses agreed that the filter would be ineffective in a matter of days to weeks, and that no filter on the market at the time would have provided Holmes adequate protection if not replaced. 25 ¶60. In sum, the evidence regarding misuse and the altered condition of the product was of such quality and weight that no reasonable and fair-minded juror could have reached the conclusion that MSA was at fault for Holmes’s injury. See Union Carbide Corp., 142 So. 3d at 384-85. MSA had no control over the user’s failure to follow the instructions it provided. See id.; see also Burton by Bradford v. Barnett, 615 So. 2d 580, 582 (Miss. 1993) (providing liability must be allocated in accordance with each parties’ fault). And the evidence overwhelmingly shows the misuse of the product rendered substantial changes to the respirator after it left MSA’s control. As a result, we reverse the trial court’s denial of MSA’s motion for JNOV and find MSA is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. See Johnson, 895 So. 2d at 167 (providing where a plaintiff fails to show an essential element of his cause of action and the trial court fails to enter a judgment notwithstanding the verdict, this Court is required to reverse and render). D. Whether Holmes offered any evidence that established MSA knew or should have known in 1958 through 1964 that jackhammering concrete could result in exposure to respirable silica. ¶61. The issue of whether MSA had a duty to warn of the specific silica risk associated with jackhammering concrete is rendered moot by our finding that Holmes never read or relied on the warnings MSA provided. See Palmer, 904 So. 2d at 1094 (providing inadequate warnings cannot be the proximate cause where the plaintiff never read or relied on the warnings provided). Because Holmes failed to show proximate cause regarding his warnings claims, we need not address whether MSA’s duty was to warn of silica exposure specifically from jackhammering or just respirable silica in general. See Johnson, 895 So. 2d at 167 26 (noting where a plaintiff fails to show any essential element of his cause of action, judgment should be rendered in the defendant’s favor). ¶62. Likewise, the misuse and alteration of the mask renders the issue of whether MSA had a duty to design the Dustfoe 66 respirator specifically to protect users from respirable silica produced by jackhammering concrete, or from respirable silica generally, is moot. See Early-Gary, Inc., 294 So. 2d at186 (suggesting where misuse is the proximate cause of the harm suffered, that is a complete defense to liability, regardless of any defective condition); Johnson, 895 So. 2d at 167 (noting where there is a failure to show any essential element of a cause of action, a defendant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law). This is because Holmes, due to the misuse of the respirator and its altered condition, failed to show MSA was the proximate cause of his injury. And, because Holmes failed to show an essential element of his design-defect claim, we need not address MSA’s duty in this regard. See Johnson, 895 So. 2d at 167. CONCLUSION ¶63. For the reasons stated above, we find the trial court correctly denied MSA’s motion for JNOV regarding the statute of limitations and on the issue of silica exposure. But we also find the trial judge erred in denying MSA’s motion for JNOV regarding Holmes’s inadequate-warnings claim and on the issue of misuse and altered condition of the Dustfoe 66 respirator, as it relates to Holmes’s design-defect claim. Therefore, we reverse the trial court’s denial of JNOV on these issues and render judgment in favor of MSA on the same. ¶64. REVERSED AND RENDERED. 27 DICKINSON AND RANDOLPH, P.JJ., LAMAR, PIERCE AND COLEMAN, JJ., CONCUR. KITCHENS, J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY CHANDLER AND KING, JJ. KITCHENS, JUSTICE, DISSENTING: ¶65. The majority reverses and renders the present case for two reasons. First, the majority finds that the trial court erred by denying Mine Safety Appliance Company’s (MSA’s) motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict (JNOV) on Huey Holmes’s failure-to-warn claims, because Holmes had made an inadequate-warnings claim, as opposed to a claim for lack of any warnings. Second, the majority holds that the trial court erred by denying MSA’s motion for JNOV on Holmes’s design-defect claim, which it found to have been obviated by Holmes’s testimony at trial that he never changed the filter in the Dustfoe 66 respirator. I disagree and would affirm the denial of JNOV to MSA by the Circuit Court of Jefferson County. I. ¶66. Reliance on given warnings did not constitute an element of Holmes’s claim against MSA, because no warning was given that the Dustfoe 66 respirator’s filter could fail in conditions of high humidity. It is true, as the majority relates, that where “a plaintiff complains that a given warning was defective, the plaintiff must have read and relied upon the defective warning to complain of it.” Maj. Op. ¶ 41 (quoting Union Carbide Corp. v. Nix, 142 So. 3d 374, 390 (Miss. 2014) (citing Palmer v. Volkswagen of Am., Inc., 904 So. 2d 1077, 1083 (Miss. 2005))). But in cases in which a plaintiff has claimed “that certain warnings which were not given, should have been given,” this Court has held that “reliance is not an element of an inadequate warnings case.” Nix, 142 So. 3d at 390 (citing Palmer, 904 So. 2d at 1083) (emphasis 28 added). This Court reasoned that a plaintiff “can certainly not be expected to show reliance on a warning which was not given.” Id. “[I]f a plaintiff complains that a given warning was defective, the plaintiff must have read and relied upon the defective warning to complain of it.” Id. (emphasis added). ¶67. The majority states that, “[t]he current allegation is that the warnings MSA provided were defective because they failed to warn of risks associated with using the Dustfoe 66 respirator around respirable silica and in humid conditions” and that “Holmes simply argues the warnings provided by MSA were inadequate.” Maj. Op. ¶ 42, 43. This majority reverses the trial court’s denial of MSA’s motion for JNOV because Holmes presented no evidence that he had relied on the given warnings. Further, the majority applies Nix in the context of a claim of a defective warning, which requires that the plaintiff read and rely upon the given instructions. Nix, 142 So. 2d at 390 (citing Palmer, 904 So. 2d at 1083). But here, whether Holmes read or relied on the given warning is of no moment, because MSA provided no warning at all that the Dustfoe 66 could fail in high humidity. This is not a defective warning claim. Rather, it is an absent warning claim. ¶68. Holmes claimed that: [T]he Defendants sold non-air supplied hoods or other non-air supplied equipment that was purportedly adequate for operations with silica or which Defendants knew were being used for such operations without warnings or with cautions, which were inadequate for the dangers involved in this operation. Further, Defendants sold masks and respirators which were wholly inadequate and not approved for blasting operations or other operations with silica-containing products. These masks and respirators would not protect the workers from the dangerous silica and added to, and increased the risk of, exposure to these dangerous products. Even when air-supplied hoods and respirators were used, the Defendants sold non-approved air-supplied hoods 29 or sold such hoods without adequate, intelligible and understandable warnings and instructions, which would ensure that the users would be protected. These hoods were defective by reason of their design, marketing, and their foreseeable use or misuse. Thus, because of the negligence, design defects, and marketing defects (including using air fed hoods), the users were breathing contaminated air which contained dangerous levels of free silica and other toxic products of abrasive blasting, when used in their usual, customary, and expected way. The corporate representative for MSA, Charles Seibel, conceded in a deposition that, in conditions of high humidity, the Dustfoe 66 had the potential to expose the user to respirable silica. In spite of this, MSA issued no field notices, warnings, or use limitations to explain to the user the potential for degradation in humid conditions. Further, Dr. James Johnson, called by MSA as an industrial hygienist, provided the following testimony: Q: But MSA knew then that the electrostatic filter, that moisture would cause degradation, didn’t they? A: Well, they knew that it was an issue that needed to be evaluated and managed and improved. Q: And they didn’t put anything on their respirator to tell folks in Mississippi they need to be careful wearing that mask in high humid conditions, did they? A: They didn’t put any warnings on it, no. (Emphasis added.) ¶69. The Dustfoe 66 respirator and its accompanying filter contained the following admonition: Approved for protection against the inhalation of dusts that are not significantly more toxic than lead (dispersoids or particulate matter formed by the disintegration of solid materials by such processes as crushing, grinding, and abrading), pneumoconoisis-producing mists (liquid dispersoids formed by 30 the disintegration of a liquid by such processes as spray cooling and atomizing), and chromic acid mist as produced in chromium plating. The purported warnings incorporated the following caution language: “[t]his respirator removes only dispersoids from the air. It gives no protection against gases, vapors, or insufficiency of oxygen.” This is more a disclaimer than a warning, and it is clear that Dustfoe 66 users were not put on notice that the respirator’s filter could fail in humid climates such as Mississippi’s. ¶70. As such, “[t]he absence o[f] a warning is the gravamen” of the plaintiff’s claims here, and Holmes cannot “be expected to show reliance on a warning which was not given.” Palmer, 904 So. 2d at 1083 (emphasis added). In that case, this Court held that “[t]he plaintiffs . . . overlook the critical reality that the inadequate warnings claim (including their claim that the sun visor warning was inadequate) was rejected by the jury.” Id. at 1085. The Court continued: “[s]ince the Palmers were unable to convince the jury that the sun visors’ warnings were defective, they cannot now credibly argue that, ‘[had they] heeded the sun visor warnings, they would have read the manual and encountered the potentially misleading picture and caption.’” Id. The present case is different. The jury found in favor of Plaintiff Holmes and awarded damages. The trial court denied MSA’s motion for JNOV. I do not agree with the majority that the denial of JNOV ought here be reversed, because I cannot find that “the evidence, as applied to the elements of a party’s case, is either so indisputable, or so deficient, that the necessity of a trier of fact has been obviated.” Sherwin-Williams Co. v. Gaines ex rel. Pollard, 75 So. 3d 41, 43 (Miss. 2011). 31 ¶71. The present case more resembles Nix, in which this Court affirmed the denial of JNOV, because “‘certain warnings which were not given,’ namely that asbestos causes cancer . . . , ‘should have been given.’” Nix, 142 So. 3d at 390 (quoting Palmer, 904 So. 2d at 1083). The Court observed that “Nix testified at length about his experience with family members with cancer and stated that if the warning [Union Carbide had provided him] had used the word ‘cancer,’ he would have tried to find another job.” Nix, 142 So. 3d at 390. Therefore, “Union Carbide essentially argues that Nix failed to rely on instructions that did not exist.” Id. The same can be said of MSA here, which asserts, in essence, that Holmes failed to read12 and to rely upon warnings which had not been given at all, and thus were not available for reading by Holmes or for anyone to have read to him. No warning appeared which advised Holmes or his employer, T.P. Groome, that humidity could render the respirator’s filters wholly ineffective to protect users against inhalation of respirable silica. ¶72. I therefore would affirm the denial of JNOV to MSA by the Circuit Court of Jefferson County. II. ¶73. Whether Holmes’s testimony that he never once changed the filter in his Dustfoe 66 respirator operated to bar his design-defect claim and to override the jury’s determination that MSA was 90% liable for his injuries. The majority correctly relates Holmes’s testimony that he had used only one filter when operating the Dustfoe 66 respirator during the entire course of his employment at T.P. Groome. The majority also is correct that, in order to allow recovery, a jury must find either that the plaintiff “did not misuse the product or that the unusual use of the product was one 12 Holmes testified unequivocally that he can neither read nor write. 32 that the manufacturer and seller were expected to foresee and guard against.” Early-Gary, Inc. v. Walters, 294 So. 2d 181, 186 (Miss. 1974). See also Ford Motor Co. v. Matthews, 291 So. 2d 169, 175 (Miss. 1974) (“The basic authority for this position is Comment (h) Rest. (2d) Torts s 402A, which reads in part: ‘A product is not in a defective condition when it is safe for normal handling and consumption. If the injury results from abnormal handling . . . the seller is not liable.’”), overruled on other grounds by Sperry-New Holland v. Prestage, 617 So. 2d 248 (Miss. 1993). ¶74. This Court long has held that “the question of misuse is a question of fact.” Walters, 294 So. 2d at 186. And “misuse as a bar to recovery for products liability is a question of fact for the jury.” Materials Transp. Co. v. Newman, 656 So. 2d 1199, 1202 (Miss. 1995) (citing Walters, 294 So. 2d at 186; Edwards v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 512 F. 2d 276, 289 (5th Cir. 1975)). In Newman, for instance, this Court affirmed denial of a JNOV to the defendants. Newman, 656 So. 2d at 1202. There, “[t]he jury implicitly found no unforeseeable misuse, given its verdict for Newman.” Id. Noting that “this Court will only reverse a trial court’s denial of JNOV if, after considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, there is no credible evidence supporting the jury’s verdict,” we found that “[s]ince our caselaw specifically provides that the question of product misuse is a jury question, the trial court committed no error in upholding the jury’s decision.” Id. at 1202-03. ¶75. Here the jury considered the following testimony of Holmes, who was at the time being cross examined by MSA’s defense counsel: 33 Q: Now, when you were working at T.P. Groome’s, you would — said there were times when you were wearing the respirator you were wearing that the filter would get clogged; is that right? A: Yeah. Q: And when it would get clogged, you would take it off and brush it off and stick the filter back in sometimes, right? A: Yeah. Q: Sometimes, maybe every couple days or so, your supervisor would give you another filter, right? A: No. Q: He never? A: No. Q: So the entire time you worked at T.P. Groome’s, you only used one filter? A: That’s all. Q: Okay. Well, do you recall telling me in your deposition that you got new filters? A: Huh? Q: Do you recall telling me in the deposition that you got new filters? A: Did I ask them for some? Q: Yeah. That sometimes they would give you — A: Asking wasn’t going to help none. Yeah, I would ask him for some. He would cuss you out. Q: And he would never give you a filter. A: No. He would cuss you out. 34 Q: And even though you would ask for a filter, he wouldn’t give you one. A: No. (Emphasis added.) Holmes’s testimony on cross examination regarding whether or not T.P. Groome had provided him filters was all but clear. But it can be inferred, based on the deposition testimony mentioned in the jury’s presence, and considering the evidence in the light most favorable to Holmes, as we are required to do in the context of reviewing a trial court’s denial of a motion for JNOV, that at some other point in the case (i.e., Holmes’s deposition), Holmes had testified that replacement filters had, in fact, been provided by his employer. ¶76. Not only was Holmes’s trial testimony tenuous, expert testimony adduced at trial substantially contradicted that the respirator’s original filter could have lasted from 1958 through 1964. Holmes’s expert, the industrial hygenist, Dr. Vernon Rose, testified on cross examination by counsel for MSA the following: Q: And [Holmes] testified that he never once — he said he worked there from ’58 to ’64, and never once got a new filter. Did you hear him say that? A: I heard him say that. That’s all I can say. I heard him say that. I find it very difficult to believe; but, nevertheless, that’s what he said. Dr. Rose continued that he would be critical of Holmes’s employer for failure to replace the filter, but that he “would be amazed that such a filter could last more than a week or so at best” and that no filter on the market could have lasted through the time period to which Holmes had testified. Moreover, MSA’s own expert on respirators and respiratory protection, Dr. James Johnson, testified that Holmes’s testimony that the filters in his Dustfoe 66 35 respirator had not been changed during his employment at T.P. Groome “is just not — probably not even possible, without some really extenuating circumstances” and that the “useful life of the filter is days to weeks.” ¶77. The majority today finds unrefuted and unequivocally accurate Holmes’s testimony that the filter in his Dustfoe 66 respirator never was changed by him or T.P. Groome, noting the precedent that “[w]hen the testimony of a witness is not contradicted, either by direct evidence or by circumstances, it must be taken as true.” Maj. Op. ¶ 56 (quoting HearinMiller Transporters, Inc. v. Currie, 248 So. 2d 451, 454 (Miss. 1971)). But this is not a case like Currie, in which this Court reversed and rendered the jury’s award of $100,000 to the plaintiff. Currie, 248 So. 2d at 454. At issue in that case was whether the defendant’s truck had negligently crossed the center line prior to the wreck, upon which the plaintiff had based a negligence claim. Id. The only eyewitness testimony adduced at trial was from the defendant’s driver, who testified that his tractor-trailer had remained in the proper lane “until after the impact when he lost control of his unit.” Id. at 453. “Reluctant as we are to disturb the verdict of the jury,” we held that the uncontradicted testimony required the reversal of the judgment for the plaintiff. Id. at 454 (quoting Tombigbee Electric Power Ass’n v. Gandy, 216 Miss. 444, 62 So. 2d 567, 571 (1953)). ¶78. Additionally, Holmes adduced expert testimony from Darrell Bevis, qualified and accepted as an expert in industrial hygiene and respiratory protection in design and warnings. Bevis, who had served at Los Alamos National Laboratory as its manager of respiratory protection, testified that he had worked in the field of respiratory protection for fifty-two 36 years. Bevis testified that the Dustfoe 66 respirator was, in fact “definitely” defective, identifying five specific problems with its design. First, the face piece assembly was defective because the pliable rubber face seal tended to lose its shape and allow for leakage; further, the aluminum body would cause cuts and tears in the rubber part when removed, causing leakage. The second problem with the Dustfoe 66 respirator, according to Bevis, was that its exhalation valve, the “outlet for the air from the respirator” was faulty. Third, Bevis testified, as did the other experts, that the filters for the Dustfoe 66 respirator would fail in high humidity. Fourth, a face seal check, the mechanism by which a user of the Dustfoe 66 respirator could ensure that the respirator had been properly sealed, was impossible. Fifth, according to Bevis, the strap suspension tended to “cradle” and prevented situating the mask properly on the face. Thus, even assuming that Holmes and/or his employer misused the Dustfoe 66 respirator, expert testimony regarding other design defects supported the jury’s imposition of liability. ¶79. In the present case, various expert witnesses, including one representing Holmes and the other representing MSA, testified that Holmes’s claim that he used only one filter in his respirator throughout his entire employment with T.P. Groome was a virtual impossibility. Therefore, it cannot be said that Holmes’s testimony was uncontradicted or unrefuted. The jury was presented with this conflicting evidence and resolved it by returning a verdict in favor of Holmes. We cannot say that, having considered “the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, there is no credible evidence supporting the jury’s 37 verdict.” Newman, 656 So. 2d at 1202 (emphasis added). I would hold that the trial court committed no error in denying MSA’s motion for JNOV. CHANDLER AND KING, JJ., JOIN THIS OPINION. 38
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