Joiner v. Mississippi
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In September, 2007, a grand jury returned a two-count indictment against Defendant Albert Joiner. One count charged Defendant with “felony flight,” and the second count charged Defendant with being a felon in possession of a deadly weapon. The indictment did not charge Defendant as being a “habitual offender.” In a separate case, Defendant had a pending indictment for armed robbery as a habitual offender. Defendant and the State reached a plea agreement: the State would dismiss the possession charge and reduce the armed-robbery charge if Defendant would plead guilty to felony flight and robbery as a “lesser habitual offender.” Defendant accepted the deal, pled guilty, and was sentenced to a total of nineteen years as a habitual offender. Defendant moved for post-conviction relief, arguing that the trial court erred by charging him as a habitual offender when the grand jury’s indictment made no mention of it. The trial judge summarily denied his petition, and Defendant appealed. The Supreme Court found that because of Defendant’s “knowing an voluntary guilty plea,” Defendant waived his right to contest any deficiency in the indictment. The Court affirmed the lower courts’ decisions.
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2009-CT-00222-SCT
ALBERT JOINER, JR.
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI
DATE OF JUDGMENT:
TRIAL JUDGE:
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:
NATURE OF THE CASE:
DISPOSITION:
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
01/15/2009
HON. ANDREW K. HOWORTH
LAFAYETTE COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
JAMES D. MINOR
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
BY: LISA L. BLOUNT
CIVIL - POST-CONVICTION RELIEF
AFFIRMED - 05/19/2011
EN BANC.
LAMAR, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1.
In September 2007, a Lafayette County grand jury returned a two-count indictment
against Albert Joiner. Count I charged Joiner with felony flight, and Count II charged Joiner
with being a felon in possession of a deadly weapon. Although Count II listed several prior
felonies by Joiner, the indictment did not charge him as a habitual offender. In a separate
case in Lafayette County, Joiner had a pending indictment for armed robbery as a habitual
offender under Mississippi Code Section 99-19-83, an enhancement which carries a sentence
of life without parole.
¶2.
Pursuant to a plea agreement, the State agreed to dismiss Count II in the second
indictment, the felon-in-possession charge, and reduce the armed-robbery charge to strongarmed robbery if Joiner would plead guilty to felony flight and strong-armed robbery as a
“lesser habitual offender” under Mississippi Code Section 99-19-81.1 Pursuant to this
negotiated plea agreement, Joiner pleaded guilty to felony flight and strong-armed robbery
and was sentenced to a total of nineteen years as a Section 99-19-81 habitual offender.
¶3.
Joiner subsequently filed a motion for post-conviction relief in the Lafayette County
Circuit Court, arguing that the trial judge had erred in sentencing him as a habitual offender
for the felony-flight charge, because the indictment failed to charge him as a habitual
offender.2 Joiner also argued that the State had failed to prove that he had been “convicted
twice previously” of any felony. He requested that the trial judge vacate his sentence for the
felony-flight charge and set a hearing date for resentencing. The trial judge summarily
denied his petitions,3 and Joiner appealed.
¶4.
The case was assigned to the Court of Appeals, which affirmed the trial-court judge.
See Joiner v. State, 2010 WL 1544095 (Miss. Ct. App. Apr. 20, 2010). The Court of
1
Section 99-19-81 mandates that a defendant who has been twice previously
convicted of a felony and sentenced to separate terms of one year or more be sentenced to
the maximum term of imprisonment for any subsequent felonies. It differs from Section 9919-83 in that it does not mandate life in prison for any subsequent felony. Compare Miss.
Code Ann. § 99-19-81 (Rev. 2007) with Miss. Code Ann § 99-19-83 (Rev. 2007).
2
Joiner’s conviction for strong-armed robbery is not before us. That conviction was
the subject of a separate motion for post-conviction relief which was denied by the trial court
and affirmed on appeal by the Court of Appeals in Joiner v. State, 32 So. 3d 542 (Miss. Ct.
App. 2010).
3
Joiner also filed an amended motion for post-conviction relief, adding a claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel.
2
Appeals held that, because Joiner voluntarily had pleaded guilty to the reduced charge of
“felony fleeing lesser habitual,” he was “aware of his eligibility for sentencing as a habitual
offender.” Joiner, 2010 WL 1544095, at *1. The Court of Appeals also held that Joiner was
not denied effective assistance of counsel, pointing out that his attorney had negotiated a
reduced sentence of nineteen years as a habitual offender under Section 99-19-81, rather than
a life sentence as a habitual offender under Section 99-19-83. Id. at *2.
¶5.
Joiner filed a petition for writ of certiorari, which we granted, arguing the same issues
that he argued before the trial court and the Court of Appeals. Although we agree with the
Court of Appeals’ disposition, we granted certiorari to examine Joiner’s claim that his
sentence as a habitual offender for felony flight is invalid because the indictment failed to
charge him as a habitual offender. We limit our discussion to that issue. See Miss. R. App.
P. 17(h).
¶6.
Joiner is correct that a defendant has a right to be indicted as a habitual offender
before he properly may be convicted and sentenced as a habitual offender. But the right to
be indicted as a habitual offender is a right that can be waived, along with many others, by
a knowing and voluntary guilty plea. Because we find that Joiner’s knowing and voluntary
guilty plea waived his right to contest this deficiency in the indictment, we agree with the
Court of Appeals and affirm the trial court’s denial of his petition for post-conviction relief.
¶7.
It is well-settled that a knowing and voluntary guilty plea waives certain constitutional
rights, among them the privilege against self-incrimination, the right to confront and
cross-examine the State’s witnesses, the right to a jury trial, and the right to have the State
prove each element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jefferson v. State, 556 So.
3
2d 1016, 1019 (Miss. 1989) (citations omitted). And beyond the constitutional rights that
may be waived, “the law is settled that with only two exceptions, the entry of a knowing and
voluntary guilty plea waives all other defects or insufficiencies in the indictment.” Conerly
v. State, 607 So. 2d 1153, 1156 (Miss. 1992) (citation omitted) (emphasis added). A guilty
plea does not waive an indictment’s failure to charge an essential element of the crime, and
it does not waive lack of subject matter jurisdiction, but neither of these exceptions is at issue
here. Id.
¶8.
The plea colloquy reveals that Joiner’s guilty plea was knowing and voluntary. The
trial judge questioned Joiner thoroughly as to the voluntariness of his plea, asking Joiner if
his signature appeared on the plea petitions, if he had been given an opportunity to discuss
the petitions with his attorney, if his attorney had explained the petitions to him, if he was
satisfied with his attorney, and if he understood all the rights he was giving up by pleading
guilty. Joiner answered affirmatively to all of the judge’s questions. Joiner also denied being
under the influence of anything that would impair him, having any type of disability, or being
threatened or promised anything in exchange for his guilty pleas.
¶9.
The plea colloquy also reveals that Joiner was well aware that he was pleading as a
habitual offender:
Court: Mr. Joiner, in Cause Number LK07-133, the Court has before it a
petition to enter a plea of guilty as a lesser habitual offender to the crime of
strong armed robbery. Is that correct?
Joiner: Yes, sir.
Court: And in Cause Number LK07-399, which is, of course, also the State
of Mississippi versus Albert Joiner, Jr., I have a petition to enter plea of guilty
to the crime of felony fleeing of a law enforcement officer as a lesser habitual
offender. Is that also correct?
Joiner: Yes, sir.
4
...
Court: And in each of these two cases also are you telling me that you realize
and understand that you qualify for habitual offender status and that you’re
going to be sentenced, if the Court accepts your guilty plea, as what we call a
lesser habitual offender which will mean that the time that you receive you will
have to serve day-for-day? Do you understand that?
Joiner: Yes, sir.
...
Court: Now, if the Court accepts your guilty plea in these two cases, they will
go on your record and they will be added to the felonies you already have on
your record. You already qualify as a habitual offender, and you will continue
to qualify as a habitual offender. Once you get out of the penitentiary, any
other felon[ies] you’re charged with, you can take these charges as well as
your other prior felonies, and use them against you to make your punishment
worse, to enhance it. Do you understand what I’m telling you?
Joiner: Yes, sir.
Court: I expect to receive a recommendation in your case, and that’s going to
be that the court sentence . . . you to habitual time. It’s 15 years to serve in one
case and 4 years to serve in the other case consecutive habitual offender dayfor-day. Do you understand that recommendation?
Joiner: Yes, sir.
Court: And you will be required to serve all 19 of those years?
Joiner: Yes, sir.
(Emphasis added.)
¶10.
We find that Joiner knowingly and voluntarily pleaded guilty to the charge of felony
flight as a Section 99-19-81 habitual offender. We further find that a knowing and voluntary
guilty plea waives an indictment’s failure to include habitual offender status, and we
therefore affirm the trial court’s denial of Joiner’s petition for post-conviction relief as well
as the Court of Appeals’ affirmance of that judgment.
¶11.
AFFIRMED.
5
WALLER, C.J., CARLSON AND DICKINSON, P.JJ., RANDOLPH AND
PIERCE, JJ., CONCUR. CHANDLER, J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN
OPINION JOINED BY KITCHENS, J. KING, J., NOT PARTICIPATING.
CHANDLER, JUSTICE, DISSENTING:
¶12.
The majority’s decision eliminates the requirement under Uniform Rule of Circuit and
County Court Practice 7.09 that the State obtain an amendment to the indictment before a
defendant may be sentenced as a habitual offender, depriving Joiner and future defendants of
due process of law. Therefore, I respectfully dissent.
¶13.
Rule 7.09 provides:
All indictments may be amended as to form but not as to the substance of the
offense charged. Indictments may also be amended to charge the defendant as
an habitual offender or to elevate the level of the offense where the offense is
one which is subject to enhanced punishment for subsequent offenses and the
amendment is to assert prior offenses justifying such enhancement (e.g., driving
under the influence, Miss. Code Ann. § 63-11-30). Amendment shall be
allowed only if the defendant is afforded a fair opportunity to present a defense
and is not unfairly surprised.
URCCC 7.09 (emphasis added). Under this rule, “an indictment maybe [sic] amended to
include the charge of habitual offender only if the offender is given ‘a fair opportunity to
present a defense and is not unfairly surprised.’” Smith v. State, 835 So. 2d 927, 948-49
(Miss. 2002) (quoting Adams v. State, 772 So. 2d 1010, 1020 (Miss. 2000) (quoting URCCC
7.09))). “This means that the defendant must be afforded due process of law and be given fair
notice of ‘the nature and cause of the accusation.’” Gowdy v. State, 56 So. 3d 540, 545 (Miss.
2011); see U.S. Const. amends. VI, XIV; Miss. Const. art. 3, §§ 14, 26.
An “indictment
against an habitual offender must include a charge of habitual offender status sufficient to
satisfy notice/due process requirements and double jeopardy concerns.” Hentz v. State, 542
6
So. 2d 914, 918 (Miss. 1989) (citations omitted). This Court has held that if a defendant is
not indicted as a habitual offender, the defendant cannot be convicted and sentenced as a
habitual offender. Feazell v. State, 761 So. 2d 140, 142-43 (Miss. 2000) (citing Keyes v.
State, 549 So. 2d 949, 951 (Miss. 1989)). This Court recently has held that, consistent with
Rule 7.09, the State may not be permitted to amend the indictment to charge habitual-offender
status after the defendant has been convicted. Gowdy, 56 So. 3d at 546.
¶14.
Because the State failed to seek and obtain an amendment to Joiner’s indictment under
Rule 7.09, Joiner presently stands before this Court having been sentenced, but never indicted,
as a habitual offender. No precedent cited by the State or identified by the majority addresses
a total failure by the State either to indict the defendant as a habitual offender, or to obtain an
amendment, prior to the defendant’s sentencing as a habitual offender. I would find that
Joiner’s guilty plea did not waive this error. Rule 7.09 clearly requires that an indictment
must be amended before the State may seek habitual-offender sentencing. The amendment
must be made in such time as to permit the defendant a fair opportunity to present a defense
and to prevent unfair surprise. URCCC 7.09. These are due-process considerations, none of
which were met in this case.
¶15.
Only a voluntary guilty plea functions as a waiver. Brooks v. State, 573 So. 2d 1350,
1353 (Miss. 1990). A guilty plea is voluntary if it “represents a voluntary and intelligent
choice among the alternative courses of action open to the defendant.” Hill v. Lockhart, 474
U.S. 52, 56, 106 S. Ct. 366, 88 L. Ed. 2d 203 (1985).
The accused’s ignorance or
incomprehension impacts the constitutionality of a guilty plea. Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S.
238, 242-43, 89 S. Ct. 1709, 23 L. Ed. 2d 274 (1969).
7
¶16.
The trial court may not accept a guilty plea without determining that the plea is
voluntarily and intelligently made. URCCC 8.04. Uniform Rule of Circuit and County Court
8.04 provides that, before accepting a guilty plea, the trial court must inquire as to the
voluntariness of the plea. URCCC 8.04. The trial court must ascertain that the defendant is
competent to understand the nature of the charge, and understands that the guilty plea operates
as a waiver of certain constitutional rights. URCCC 8.04. The trial court must inform the
defendant of the nature and consequences of the plea, and the maximum and minimum
sentences that may be imposed for the crime charged. URCCC 8.04. This Court has held
that, under Rule 8.04, “notice of the charge includes notice of the applicable minimum and
maximum penalties,” including habitual-offender status. Gowdy, 56 So. 3d at 546.
¶17.
In this case, an “Agreed Motion and Order to Reduce Charges,” entered by the circuit
court stated that Joiner and the district attorney had agreed to reduce the charge from “lifetime
habitual” to “felony fleeing – maximum habitual.” Thus, the “Agreed Motion and Order”
reflects Joiner’s understanding that he was “pleading down” from sentencing eligibility under
Mississippi Code Section 99-19-83 to sentencing eligibility under Mississippi Code Section
99-19-81. While Joiner’s guilty plea had other requisites of voluntariness, the record reflects
that neither the prosecutor, nor Joiner’s defense counsel, nor the court, informed Joiner that
his indictment actually had not charged him as a habitual offender. Without proper notice of
this fact, Joiner could not knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily have waived the State’s
failure to charge him as a habitual offender.4 A guilty plea entered under the mistaken belief
4
The facts of this case are distinguishable from those in Elliott v. State, 993 So. 2d
397 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008), and Smith v. State, 965 So. 2d 732 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007). In
8
that one has been charged as a habitual offender cannot be said to be voluntary. Therefore,
Joiner’s guilty plea did not function as a waiver of his right to be indicted as a habitual
offender. Because Joiner was not indicted as a habitual offender, and he did not knowingly,
intelligently, and voluntarily waive the right to be indicted as a habitual offender, I would
reverse the Court of Appeals and the circuit court, grant the petition for post-conviction relief
to vacate the habitual-offender portion of Joiner’s sentence for Count I, felony flight, and
remand for resentencing as to Count I as a nonhabitual offender.
KITCHENS, J., JOINS THIS OPINION.
both cases, the defendant had agreed to habitual-offender sentencing as part of a plea
bargain, although neither defendant’s original indictment had charged habitual-offender
status. Elliott, 993 So. 2d at 399; Smith, 965 So. 2d at 736. In both cases, prior to the plea
colloquy, the trial court granted the State’s motion to amend the indictment to charge the
defendant as a habitual offender under Rule 7.09 after fully explaining the process to the
defendant. Elliott, 993 So. 2d at 399; Smith, 965 So. 2d at 735-36. Thus, unlike this case,
in Elliott and Smith, it was shown that the defendant voluntarily had pleaded guilty upon a
proper indictment amended in compliance with Rule 7.09.
9
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