Jorge Ramos v. State of Mississippi
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6/3/97
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
OF THE
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 94-KA-00879 COA
JORGE RAMOS A/K/A JORGE ANTONIO RAMOS
APPELLANT
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
APPELLEE
THIS OPINION IS NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION AND
MAY NOT BE CITED, PURSUANT TO M.R.A.P. 35-B
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. JAMES W. BACKSTROM
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: CIRCUIT COURT OF JACKSON COUNTY
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:
MICHAEL W. CROSBY
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
BY: DEIRDRE MCCRORYDISTRICT ATTORNEY: KEITH MILLER
NATURE OF THE CASE: CRIMINAL: FELONY POSSESSION OF MARIJUANA WITH
INTENT
TRIAL COURT DISPOSITION: POSSESSION OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE WITH
INTENT; SENTENCED TO SERVE 15 YEARS IN THE MDOC AND PAY FINE OF $10,000
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:6/18/97
CERTIORARI FILED: 10/31/97
BEFORE BRIDGES, C.J., HERRING, AND PAYNE, JJ.
PAYNE, J., FOR THE COURT:
Jorge Ramos was convicted of possession of a controlled substance with intent to distribute. The trial
court sentenced Ramos to serve a term of fifteen (15) years in the custody of the Mississippi
Department of Corrections and ordered him to pay a fine in the amount of $10,000. The trial court
denied Ramos's motion for JNOV or, in the alternative, a new trial. We find that none of Ramos's
issues on appeal has merit and therefore affirm.
FACTS
On January 30, 1993, Jorge Ramos and his family were traveling Highway I-10 through Jackson
County, Mississippi, when his vehicle was stopped by Deputy Randy Bosarge of the Jackson County
Sheriff's Department. Deputy Bosarge testified that he initially stopped Ramos for changing lanes
without signaling and because one of the tires on Ramos's vehicle was wobbling. Bosarge indicated
that he ran a check on Ramos's driver license and while waiting for the information to be processed
he retrieved his K-9 dog from the car and then walked the dog around Ramos's vehicle. Bosarge
testified that the dog immediately alerted to a rear portion of the car. Bosarge stated that Ramos,
upon being questioned about the possible presence of narcotics in the vehicle, indicated that there
were no drugs in the car and permitted Bosarge to search the vehicle. Bosarge testified that his
search revealed a specially constructed compartment underneath the body of the car. At this point,
Bosarge testified that he placed Ramos under arrest and called for backup. A short time later, Case
Investigator Donald Bourgeois arrived at the scene, and the car was taken to a nearby shop where it
could be inspected. Further investigation revealed approximately thirty-seven (37) pounds of
marijuana concealed underneath the body of the car.
Bourgeois testified that Ramos made a statement explaining how the marijuana was packaged and
concealed in the car. Bourgeois stated that Ramos indicated that his wife knew nothing about the
marijuana, and he took full responsibility for hiding it in the car. Ramos testified at trial in his own
behalf and denied making any such statements.
The jury subsequently convicted Ramos for possession of a controlled substance with intent to
distribute. Feeling aggrieved, Ramos raises three issues on appeal alleging that (1) the State violated
the rules of discovery, (2) the State was allowed to solicit expert testimony from a witness without
being required to qualify him as an expert, and (3) the State failed to show a proper chain of custody
for the marijuana seized in this case.
ANALYSIS
I. DID THE TRIAL COURT ERR IN FAILING TO GRANT A MISTRIAL WHEN THE STATE
VIOLATED DISCOVERY RULES BY INTRODUCING MULTIPLE INCULPATORY
STATEMENTS AND DOCUMENTS WHICH HAD NOT BEEN PROVIDED TO THE
DEFENSE THROUGH DISCOVERY?
Ramos asserts three discovery violations:
(1) STATEMENTS MADE BY RAMOS. Deputy Bosarge testified that Ramos stated to him on the
roadside that there was forty (40) to fifty (50) pounds of marijuana in the car. Ramos takes issue with
this testimony because Deputy Bosarge made no mention of this statement in his narrative report.
Ramos asserts that the only mention of any statement by Ramos concerning the amount of marijuana
in the car was contained in Investigator Bourgeois's report which indicated that Deputy Bosarge was
told by Ramos that there was fifty pounds of marijuana in the car. Ramos alleges that the testimony
of both Bosarge and Bourgeois was a material departure from the statement provided to the defense
through discovery in that the officers testified that Ramos stated that there was "forty to fifty" pounds
of marijuana in the car instead of fifty pounds as indicated by Bourgeois's report.
Bourgeois also testified that Ramos told him that he had the car altered in order to hide the marijuana
and that Ramos further indicated that Mrs. Ramos was unaware of the marijuana being in the car.
Ramos contends that this information was not contained within Bourgeois's report nor was it
provided to him through discovery. Bourgeois, however, testified that he told Ramos's attorney about
these statements. Ramos denies making the statements and his attorney denies that Bourgeois ever
told him about the incriminating statements.
(2) ORDER TO DESTROY EVIDENCE. Bourgeois testified that the marijuana seized from
Ramos's car had been destroyed because he thought that Ramos's previous statements concerning the
marijuana amounted to a confession and that there would be no trial. The State attempted to
introduce into evidence the document authorizing the destruction of the marijuana, but the judge
refused to allow it. Ramos alleges that failure to provide the documentation prior to trial violated the
rules of discovery and that the trial court should not have allowed Bourgeois the opportunity to
explain why the evidence could not be produced at trial.
(3) BILL OF SALE. Ramos contends that the State, in an effort to contradict Mrs. Ramos's
testimony regarding the purchase of the vehicle in which they were riding at the time of the arrest,
ambushed the defense with new documents which it previously claimed that it did not have in its
possession. These new documents contained the name of the seller of the vehicle, the date of the sale,
and the amount of the sale.
Ramos argues that Rule 4.06The current version of this rule is contained at Rule 9.04 of the Uniform
Rules of Circuit and County Court Practice. of the Uniform Criminal Rules of Circuit Court Practice
requires that the above information be provided to the defense in discovery. Ramos contends that the
State was in direct violation of the discovery rules in failing to provide pertinent information to him
prior to trial and that such failure prevented him from preparing an adequate defense. Ramos cites
Box v. State, 437 So. 2d 19, 23 (Miss. 1983) (Robertson, J., specially concurring), as support for his
allegation that he was entitled to a "mistrial/continuance."
Ramos is correct in that Box v. State and progeny provide guidelines for trial judges in dealing with
violations of discovery. See also Roberson v. State, 595 So. 2d 1310, 1316 (Miss. 1992). The
Mississippi Supreme Court has set forth the following procedures for the trial court to follow when
faced with a discovery violation:
1) Upon defense objection, the trial court should give the defendant a reasonable opportunity to
become familiar with the undisclosed evidence by interviewing the witness, inspecting the physical
evidence, etc.
2) If, after this opportunity for familiarization, the defendant believes he may be prejudiced by lack of
opportunity to prepare to meet the evidence, he must request a continuance. Failure to do so
constitutes a waiver of the issue.
3) If the defendant does request a continuance the State may choose to proceed with trial and forego
using the undisclosed evidence. If the State is not willing to proceed without the evidence, the trial
court must grant the requested continuance.
Roberson, 595 So. 2d at 1316.
In the present case, Ramos's attorney moved for a mistrial instead of requesting a continuance as
specified under the Box guidelines. Id. However, our case law indicates that a motion for a mistrial
will suffice to preserve the issue for appeal. West v. State, 553 So. 2d 8, 18 n.6 (Miss. 1989).
Procedurally, Ramos did everything he was supposed to do in addressing an alleged discovery
violation and perhaps a continuance should have been granted. Nevertheless, we find that the
assigned errors, if errors at all, do not warrant reversal.
Ramos first takes issue with testimony regarding statements that he allegedly made to police officers
at the time of his arrest regarding the quantity of marijuana that was in the car. While the testimony
of Officers Bosarge and Bourgeois differed from facts found in the police report, we find that such
inconsistency does not rise to the level of being a discovery violation. If anything, it would seem that
the discrepancy between the quantity of marijuana to which the officers testified and the quantity
listed in the police report merely provided the defense with an excellent opportunity to impeach the
officers' testimony.
Ramos next complains about testimony in which Officer Bourgeois indicated that Ramos admitted
that he had altered the car in order to hide the marijuana. While oral statements made by a defendant
to a law enforcement officer are discoverable, Nixon v. State, 533 So. 2d 1078, 1089 (Miss. 1987),
we cannot assign error to the omission of such information from discovery if it was not requested.
McCaine v. State, 591 So. 2d 833, 835 (Miss. 1991) ("With regard to issues involving alleged
discovery violations, the discovery request must be made in writing in order to be enforceable under
Rule 4.06 of the Uniform Rules of Circuit Court Practice."). Granted, Ramos did submit a written
motion for discovery in which he requested many things. However, after careful review of this
motion, we find no request for oral statements made by the defendant nor does Ramos ask to be
informed of the substance of any testimony the State intends to present. Ramos requests the names
and addresses of all the State's witnesses but not the substance of their testimony. Ramos also
requests a copy of any recorded statements of the defendant but nowhere does he request oral
statements.
The next discovery violation alleged by Ramos involves the order to destroy evidence. We note that
the judge did not allow the order to be admitted into evidence because it was not provided in
discovery. The judge did allow Bourgeois to explain the absence of the marijuana to which Ramos
also objected. Again, we find no basis for reversal. The marijuana was not destroyed until it had been
submitted to the crime lab where it was weighed and tested. Documentation and testimony regarding
the testing was provided at trial by the State. The fact that the marijuana had been destroyed is not
significant, and we can find no prejudice in allowing Bourgeois testimony regarding the destruction.
The fact that marijuana was taken from Ramos's car has never been in dispute. Ramos's defense was
that he did not know the marijuana was in the car. Clearly, any arguable error in this instance is
harmless in light of the overwhelming evidence of guilt.
Ramos's final complaint involves the bill of sale for the car in which he was driving. Ramos claims
that he was surprised when the State produced this document at trial because the State had
previously informed him that they did not have any documents pertaining to the sale of the car. While
the State should have provided the documents in discovery and the judge should have granted Ramos
a continuance, the error is harmless. The Mississippi Supreme Court has stated on numerous
occasions that the purpose of Rule 4.06 is "to avoid unfair surprise to either the state or the
defendant at trial." Ghoston v. State, 645 So. 2d 936, 939 (Miss. 1994). Certainly, Ramos cannot
claim surprise as the registration of the car was taken from his personal possessions. Ramos's surprise
was that the State found the public record to which there could be no rebuttal even if the Appellant
had been "noticed" with the information on discovery.
We find that Ramos's arguments are without merit.
II. DID THE TRIAL COURT ERR IN ALLOWING DEPUTY BOSARGE TO TESTIFY AS A
LAY WITNESS INSTEAD OF REQUIRING THE STATE TO QUALIFY BOSARGE AS AN
EXPERT?
Ramos contends that the trial court committed reversible error in allowing Deputy Bosarge to testify,
in the form of lay opinion, as to the following: (1) the street value of marijuana, (2) that tar is used by
drug smugglers to disguise the smell of marijuana, (3) that the packaging used in this case was the
typical mechanism for smuggling, and (4) that the marijuana seized in this case appeared to be
"fresh." Ramos argues that all of the above statements were based on Bosarge's training and
experience as a deputy sheriff and therefore, could not be classified as lay opinion.
The State argues that, in light of Ramos's overwhelming guilt, the introduction of Deputy Bosarge's
opinions under the auspices of Mississippi Rule of Evidence 701 was harmless at worst. We agree.
The State also correctly points out that Ramos's reliance on Sample v. State, 643 So. 2d 524 (Miss.
1994), to support his argument for reversal, is misplaced. In Sample, the supreme court held that the
trial court committed reversible error in allowing inadmissible hearsay. Id. at 528-29. The court went
on to hold that opinion testimony by a police officer based on his professional experiences and
training was expert testimony which should have been admitted pursuant to Mississippi Rule of
Evidence 702, and which should have been disclosed to the defense prior to trial. Id. The court then
instructed the trial court to follow the Rule 702 procedures with regard to this witness "on retrial."
Id. It is significant that Sample was reversed not on this issue, but on the question of the introduction
of inadmissible hearsay. We agree with the State's argument that Sample does not mandate the
reversal of this case.
Ramos, as a supplement to his Appellant's brief, provides us with a copy of Couch v. City of
D'Iberville, Miss., 656 So. 2d 146 (Miss. 1995). This case is similar to Sample in that the supreme
court recognized that a police officer's testimony based on knowledge acquired through professional
training and experience falls under Rule 702 of the Mississippi Rules of Evidence. Id. at 153. Here, as
in Sample, the Couch court reversed on an issue other than a Rule 702 violation but does instruct the
trial court, on remand, to admit the testimony of the police officer only if he is properly qualified as
an expert witness. Id. We find that Couch also does not mandate reversal of this case.
In the present case, we believe that Deputy Bosarge should have been proffered as an expert and
therefore, qualified as such before being permitted to testify. See Seal v. Miller, 605 So. 2d 240, 244
(Miss. 1992) (calling on a police officer to respond a question based on his experience as an officer
investigating accidents is by definition not a lay opinion). The error, however, is negligible in light of
the fact that Ramos was arrested while driving a vehicle containing thirty-seven pounds of marijuana.
We therefore find that reversal is not required in this instance.
III. DID THE TRIAL COURT ABUSE ITS DISCRETION IN ACCEPTING THE STATE'S
PROOF OF THE CHAIN OF CUSTODY OF THE MARIJUANA?
Ramos contends that the State failed to establish a proper chain of custody in light of the fact that the
marijuana allegedly seized from Ramos's vehicle had been destroyed by the Sheriff's Department.
Ramos argues further that the chain of custody for the evidence submission form used by Investigator
Bourgeois in submitting the evidence to the crime lab for testing was also not properly established
and should not have been admitted into evidence. Ramos contends that the possibility of a mix-up of
the evidence in this case is obvious. As a result, Ramos argues that his conviction should be reversed
and rendered.
In the present case, Investigator Bourgeois testified that he authorized the destruction of the
marijuana seized from Ramos's car because of a mistaken belief that Ramos's statements to him
shortly after Ramos's arrest constituted a confession and that, as a result of this admission of guilt,
there would be no trial. We find that the destruction of the evidence prior to trial does not require
reversal in this case. The Mississippi Supreme Court has held that the destruction or loss of evidence
prior to trial does not necessarily warrant a reversal if the State can show that "it has acted
reasonably and in good faith" in the handling of the evidence. Coyne v. State, 484 So. 2d 1018, 1021
(Miss. 1986). We find nothing in the case to show that the destruction of the marijuana was anything
more than the mistaken belief on the part of Investigator Bourgeois that the case would not go to
trial. We note that the evidence was destroyed only after it had been tested by the Mississippi Crime
Lab and that the State was able to produce an evidence submission form and testimony by the
evidence technician who received the marijuana, as well as testimony from the crime lab analyst who
tested it.
We find further that the chain of custody for the evidence submission form was properly established.
The Mississippi Supreme Court has held that the test for chain of custody is "whether there is any
indication of tampering or substitution of evidence." Wells v. State, 604 So. 2d 271, 277 (Miss.
1992). Furthermore, the State does not have to produce every person who handled the evidence, nor
does the State have to account for every minute of every day. Butler v. State, 592 So. 2d 983, 985
(Miss. 1991).
In the present case, Investigator Bourgeois testified that he took the marijuana from Ramos's car and
kept it under lock and key until such time as he turned it over to the Gautier Police Department's
evidence technician, Lula Ryan. Lula Ryan testified that she did in fact receive the marijuana seized in
this case and transported it to the crime lab for testing. Both Bourgeois and Ryan identified the
evidence submission form and testified that the form contained their signatures indicating that Ryan
was the agent delivering the marijuana to the crime lab and that Bourgeois was the "requesting
officer" which meant that he was the officer to whom the marijuana was to be returned following
testing. Ryan testified further that the evidence submission form was used as a part of standard
operating procedure and that a form was filled out every time she received evidence that needed to be
transported to the crime lab.
Next, the State presented the testimony of Tim Gross, a forensic chemist with the Mississippi Crime
Lab, who testified that he tested the marijuana submitted with the evidence submission form and that
he prepared a report containing the results of his tests. These results indicated that the evidence
submitted was in fact marijuana and that it weighed approximately thirty-seven pounds. Mr. Gross
testified that he knew that the results contained in his report pertained to the marijuana in Ramos's
case because the evidence submission form and all subsequent forms prepared following the
examination of the evidence contained a laboratory case number which is assigned to every piece of
evidence that is received by the crime lab. Mr. Gross testified further that the laboratory case number
on his report containing the results of his examination of the marijuana and the laboratory case
number on the evidence submission form were identical.
There was no showing by Ramos that the evidence recovered from his vehicle was not what it was
purported to be, nor was there any indication that the evidence had been tampered with or altered
prior to or during the examination by the crime lab. The decision of whether the State has properly
shown the chain of custody of evidence is left to the discretion of the trial court. Wells, 604 So. 2d at
277. This Court will not reverse the trial court's ruling "absent abuse resulting in prejudice to the
defendant." Gibson v. State, 503 So. 2d 230, 233 (Miss. 1987). We find no abuse of discretion in this
instance and therefore affirm the decision of the trial court.
THE JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT OF JACKSON COUNTY OF CONVICTION
OF POSSESSION OF A CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE WITH INTENT TO DISTRIBUTE
AND SENTENCE OF FIFTEEN (15) YEARS IN THE CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI
DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS AND FINE OF $10,000 IS AFFIRMED. ALL COSTS
OF THIS APPEAL ARE TAXED TO THE APPELLANT.
BRIDGES, C.J., McMILLIN AND THOMAS, P.JJ., COLEMAN, DIAZ, HERRING,
HINKEBEIN, KING, AND SOUTHWICK, JJ., CONCUR.
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