Marco J. Borne v. Dunlop Tire Corporation, Inc
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2008-CA-00078-COA
MARCO J. BORNE; AND THE ESTATE OF
ELDRIDGE DUPREE, DECEASED, BY AND
THROUGH HIS PERSONAL
REPRESENTATIVE, NICHOLE DUPREE; AND
THE WRONGFUL DEATH BENEFICIARIES OF
ELDRIDGE DUPREE, DECEASED
APPELLANTS
v.
DUNLOP TIRE CORPORATION, INC.
DATE OF JUDGMENT:
TRIAL JUDGE:
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS:
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
NATURE OF THE CASE:
TRIAL COURT DISPOSITION:
DISPOSITION:
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
APPELLEE
12/10/2007
HON. SAMAC S. RICHARDSON
RANKIN COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
MARK D. LUMPKIN
JAMES R. REEVES
JERRY L. SAPORITO
LEANN W. NEALEY
CIVIL - PERSONAL INJURY
MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
GRANTED TO DEFENDANT
AFFIRMED - 6/30/2009
BEFORE LEE, P.J., IRVING AND BARNES, JJ.
BARNES, J., FOR THE COURT:
¶1.
Marco J. Borne and the Estate of Eldridge Dupree (“Plaintiffs”) appeal the judgment
of the Circuit Court of Rankin County, which granted summary judgment in favor of
Defendant Dunlop Tire Corporation, Inc. (“Dunlop”). Finding no error, we affirm.
STATEMENT OF FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶2.
This lawsuit originates from a single vehicle rollover accident early in the evening of
February 14, 1998, on Interstate 59 in Pearl River County, Mississippi. Borne was driving
a 1992 Ford Explorer with two passengers: co-plaintiff, Eldridge Dupree, and another
individual. Both passengers were ejected from the vehicle; Borne was not. As a result of the
accident, Dupree died, and Borne sustained severe injuries, including the subsequent
amputation of his leg. Plaintiffs alleged that the right rear tire of the Explorer malfunctioned,
along with unspecified defects in the Ford Explorer, causing the vehicle to go out of control
and roll over.
¶3.
In September 2001, Plaintiffs filed a self-styled “personal injury and wrongful death
action” against several defendants, including Dunlop, as the manufacturer of the allegedly
defective tire.1 Plaintiffs’ claims include negligence, strict liability, and breach of warranty.
Plaintiffs presented a Dunlop RV Radial Rover tire, which they claimed was the right rear
tire that was mounted on the Explorer and malfunctioned, causing the accident.
¶4.
During the course of discovery, in July 2004, Dunlop filed a motion for a protective
order to limit Plaintiffs’ discovery requests. In its motion, Dunlop argued that it should not
1
Borne also sued Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc., as the retailer of the allegedly defective
tire; Ford Motor Company as the manufacturer of the allegedly defective Ford Explorer; and
Interstate Ford, as the retailer of the vehicle. Ford Motor Company and Interstate Ford
settled with Plaintiffs and were dismissed from the case. Plaintiffs voluntarily dismissed
Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc., after it filed a motion for summary judgment on the ground that
it did not sell Dunlop tires at the time relevant to this case. Therefore, this appeal involves
only Defendant Dunlop, as all of the other original defendants are no longer a part of this
action.
Plaintiffs initially filed the action in the Hinds County Circuit Court; however, venue
was changed to the Rankin County Circuit Court, from which this appeal was taken.
2
be required to go through extensive research and investigation when Plaintiffs had not shown
that the tire they presented as the subject tire of the February 1998 accident was actually
attached to the Ford Explorer at the time of the accident. Dunlop’s counsel explained at the
hearing on the protective order that neither the Explorer nor any of the other tires were
preserved after the accident. The only item presented to the Defendants as a remaining
component of the accident was the subject tire. Dunlop contended that all of the evidence
gathered at that point showed the alleged subject accident tire was not the tire mounted on
Borne’s Explorer when the accident occurred. In January 2005, the trial court ruled that the
parties were allowed limited discovery on information regarding the manufacturing,
wholesale, and retail dates of the tire presented by Plaintiffs as the accident tire.2
¶5.
In June 2005, after the trial court ruled on Dunlop’s protective order, Plaintiffs filed
a “supplementation” to their opposition to Dunlop’s motion for a protective order: the
affidavit of Jay C. Zainey, whose firm originally investigated the accident and who, since the
lawsuit was filed, was appointed as a United States District Court Judge for the Eastern
District of Louisiana. Plaintiffs provided the affidavit in an attempt to show that the chain
of custody of the subject tire had not been breached. The affidavit stated in pertinent part:
As best as I recall, on March 9, 1998, State Farm Fire & Auto Insurance
Company verified that it had possession of the vehicle and that the tires were
still on the vehicle. My records indicated that on April 8, 1998, my firm
requested the tire from State Farm Fire & Auto Insurance Company. Soon
2
Borne testified he paid cash for the tires, but he could not produce a receipt for them.
As previously mentioned, Plaintiffs voluntarily dismissed their suit against the alleged
retailer, Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc., after the retailer established that it did not sell Dunlop
tires at the time Borne contends he purchased the Dunlop tire. The subject tire had no
individualized serial number for tracking it from the manufacturer to the retailer; counsel for
Dunlop explained that this is not unusual.
3
thereafter, my employee, Wayne Parker, traveled to Long Beach, Mississippi
where he retrieved the subject tire. As best as I recall, in May 1998, the
subject tire was sent to a consultant. At sometime thereafter, it was returned
to my possession. The tire was subsequently placed in storage at the U-Haul
Storage Facility . . . in New Orleans, Louisiana. It remained in this storage
facility until it was turned over to the custody of the attorney, Mark Lumpkin,
in November, 2001.
¶6.
After additional discovery had concluded, on October 11, 2007, Dunlop filed a motion
for summary judgment on the tire-identification issue.
Dunlop alleged “nothing has
changed” since the protective order – Plaintiffs still had not proven that the subject Dunlop
RV Radial Rover tire was mounted on Borne’s Explorer at the time of the accident. Dunlop
also addressed the validity of Jay Zainey’s affidavit, stating that it was invalid as it was not
based on the affiant’s personal knowledge. Thus, Dunlop argued Jay Zainey’s affidavit
should not be considered probative evidence.
¶7.
In moving for summary judgment, Dunlop presented the following undisputed facts
which Plaintiffs did not contest: Borne purchased his 1992 Ford Explorer in January 1996;
Borne purchased three new Dunlop RV Radial Rover tires and had them mounted on his
Explorer on November 24, 1997; and the rollover accident occurred almost three months
after Borne had bought these new tires.
¶8.
Dunlop supported its motion for summary judgment with the affidavit of Thomas
Johnson, a tire performance manager for Goodyear Dunlop Tires North America, Ltd., who
had inspected the subject tire and reviewed the police photographs taken at the accident
scene. Johnson noted that, according to his review of the police photographs taken at the
scene of the accident, the left front tire was not a Dunlop tire. Johnson stated he inspected
the single tire presented by Plaintiffs as the right rear tire and found it to have excessive tread
4
wear, measuring 4/32nds of an inch groove depth down to 2/32nds and 0/32nds inches at the
serial side shoulder.3 He also stated that the subject tire had some tread missing and the rest
of the tread was “worn excessively.” Photographs of the subject tire submitted by Plaintiffs
confirm these observations.4 Additionally, Borne had testified in his deposition that he had
driven the Explorer between 3,000 and 4,000 miles with the subject tire mounted on the
Explorer, from the time of purchasing the three tires on November 24, 1997, and the date of
the accident on February 14, 1998, which coincided with the monthly mileage calculated by
the vehicle’s odometer reading during this time. Johnson opined that if the tire had been
purchased new in November 1997, as indicated by Borne, it was impossible for the tread to
be as worn as the subject tire, after only a few months’ use and 3,000 to 4,000 miles’ wear.
Therefore, Johnson concluded that the tire presented for inspection could not have been on
the vehicle at the time of the accident.
¶9.
In further support of its motion, Dunlop attached the deposition testimony of Joseph
Johnson, a Mississippi State Trooper who was called to the scene of the accident. He
testified that his accident report reflects that the right rear tire blew out; he did not observe
any tread separation at the scene of the accident, which Plaintiffs contended caused the
accident.
¶10.
On December 10, 2007, a hearing was held on Dunlop’s motion for summary
3
Johnson stated that a tread is considered worn out when any groove reaches 2/32nds
of an inch of tread remaining or less. The tread depth on a new tire of this type is 16/32nds
of an inch.
4
In these photographs, as Dunlop’s counsel argued at the summary judgment hearing,
the subject tire is “completely void of tread, worn out, [containing a] flat surface, bald, and
also [there is] a big part of the tire where the tread is entirely missing.”
5
judgment, at which time Dunlop moved to strike Jay Zainey’s affidavit. At the hearing,
counsel for Dunlop also argued that the subject tire, allegedly sold to Borne as a new tire in
November 1997, was manufactured in 1994. The trial court found Jay Zainey’s affidavit was
“not sufficient” to meet the requirements of Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 56(e)5 and
granted Dunlop’s motion for summary judgment because Plaintiffs had not established that
the subject tire was actually on the vehicle at the time of the accident. Plaintiffs timely
appealed, raising two issues: the supposed striking of Jay Zainey’s affidavit at the motion
hearing and the appropriateness of summary judgment.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶11.
This Court reviews a trial court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Brown ex rel.
Ford v. J.J. Ferguson Sand & Gravel Co., 858 So. 2d 129, 130 (¶5) (Miss. 2003) (citing
O’Neal Steel, Inc. v. Millette, 797 So. 2d 869, 872 (¶8) (Miss. 2001)). In conducting its
review, this Court looks “at all evidentiary matters before us, including admissions in
pleadings, answers to interrogatories, depositions, and affidavits.” Id. (citing Lee v. Golden
Triangle Planning & Dev. Dist., Inc., 797 So. 2d 845, 847 (¶5) (Miss. 2001)). This evidence
will be viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Id. (citing Leslie v. City
of Biloxi, 758 So. 2d 430, 431 (¶5) (Miss. 2000)). Summary judgment is appropriate if “there
is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment
as a matter of law.” M.R.C.P. 56(c).
5
Rule 56(e) requires supporting and opposing affidavits to be made on personal
knowledge, setting forth facts that would be admissible in evidence, and “show affirmatively
that the affiant is competent to testify to the matter stated therein.”
6
ANALYSIS OF THE ISSUES
1.
¶12.
Jay Zainey’s Affidavit
Plaintiffs relied on the affidavit of Jay Zainey, who originally represented Borne, to
rebut Dunlop’s motion for summary judgment. Through the affidavit, Plaintiffs attempted
to establish a chain of custody regarding the subject tire. Plaintiffs argue that the trial judge
erroneously struck the affidavit at the hearing on Dunlop’s motion for summary judgment.
Plaintiffs contend that since no formal motion to strike the affidavit was filed by Dunlop,
they were not provided an opportunity to respond, which they argue was improper. Finally,
Plaintiffs state the affidavit was substantively sufficient under Rule 56(e).
¶13.
It is undisputed that Dunlop did not file a motion to strike Jay Zainey’s affidavit with
the court; instead, it made the motion for the first time at the hearing, arguing that the
affidavit was facially and substantively insufficient pursuant to Rule 56(e); the affidavit was
not based on the personal knowledge of Jay Zainey; and it did not create a genuine issue of
material fact. Plaintiffs’ counsel promptly objected. In reviewing the hearing transcript,
however, we note the trial judge did not actually strike the affidavit. Instead, the trial judge
stated that the affidavit was “not sufficient” to meet the requirements of Rule 56(e), thereby
implying that he did, in fact, consider the affidavit in assessing whether Plaintiffs met their
burden of proof in rebutting Dunlop’s motion for summary judgment. Jay Zainey’s affidavit
contained a double layer of hearsay. “[M]ost, if not all, affidavits are hearsay, but they are
nevertheless properly considered on summary judgment motions as long as they are based
on personal knowledge and set forth facts such as would be admissible in evidence.” Stewart
v. Se. Foods, Inc., 688 So. 2d 733, 734 (Miss. 1996) (citing M.R.C.P. 56(e)). Here, however,
7
Jay Zainey’s information about the subject tire is not based on his own personal knowledge,
but on that of State Farm and his firm’s employee who retrieved the tire from State Farm.
Jay Zainey’s affidavit is carefully worded not to overstate his position.
¶14.
Because the affidavit was not stricken, we find this issue without merit. In the
following issue, we shall discuss the affidavit’s substantive deficiencies pursuant to Rule
56(e).
2.
¶15.
Summary Judgment
Borne contends that there is a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether the
subject tire in Borne’s possession was, in fact, the tire on his Explorer at the time of the
accident. He argues that the trial court impermissibly weighed the evidence and resolved the
ultimate issues of the case by granting summary judgment based on its own observations and
assessment of the evidence. We disagree.
¶16.
The law of summary judgment is well established. Summary judgment is warranted
if the nonmoving party fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an
element essential to his case and on which he bears the burden of proof at trial. Grisham v.
John Q. Long V.F.W. Post, No. 4057, Inc., 519 So. 2d 413, 416 (Miss. 1988) (citing
Galloway v. The Travelers Insurance Co., 515 So. 2d 678, 683 (Miss. 1987)). Therefore, to
survive summary judgment, the party opposing the motion must “rebut by producing
significant probative evidence showing that there are indeed genuine issues for trial.” Price
v. Purdue Pharma Co., 920 So. 2d 479, 485 (¶16) (Miss. 2006) (quoting McMichael v.
Nu-Way Steel and Supply, Inc., 563 So. 2d 1371, 1375 (Miss. 1990)). “[A]n adverse party
may not rest upon the mere allegations or denials of the pleadings, but instead the response
8
must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Id. at 483-84
(¶10). Furthermore, each element of each claim must be based on more than a scintilla of
evidence; it must be “evidence upon which a fair-minded jury could return a favorable
verdict.” Luvene v. Waldrup, 903 So. 2d 745, 748 (¶10) (Miss. 2005) (quoting Wilbourne
v. Stennett, Wilkinson & Ward, 687 So. 2d 1205, 1214 (Miss. 1996)).
¶17.
In their complaint, Plaintiffs claim the subject tire was defective and caused the
accident which resulted in the death of Dupree and serious injury to Borne. Therefore, an
essential element of each of Plaintiffs’ legal claims against Dunlop is that this specific
Dunlop RV Radial Rover tire was the tire on the vehicle at the time of the accident. Dunlop,
in moving for summary judgment, presented evidence to the effect that the subject tire could
not have been on the vehicle at the time of the accident. The burden of proof then shifted to
Borne to rebut Dunlop’s contentions and submit “significant, probative evidence” showing
there was a triable issue of fact as to whether the subject tire was mounted on the right rear
of the Explorer at the time of the accident. Plaintiffs, however, failed to present such proof
and instead relied wholly upon Jay Zainey’s affidavit.
¶18.
Dunlop concluded that the subject tire’s tread depth, based on Plaintiffs’ factual time
line, established that the subject tire was not on the vehicle at the time of the accident, and
our de novo review of the record confirms this conclusion. According to Borne’s discovery
responses and deposition, he purchased three new Dunlop replacement tires on November
24, 1997, and had them mounted on his Explorer. The accident at issue occurred nearly three
months later on February 14, 1998. Borne testified in his deposition that he traveled between
3,000 and 4,000 miles with the new Dunlop tires during this approximate three-month period.
9
The Explorer’s odometer readings corroborated Borne’s mileage estimation. He testified that
he never looked at his tires; so he did not know how worn they were. The evidence shows
that the Dunlop subject tire was manufactured during the thirty-third week of 1994.
Dunlop’s tire performance manager, Thomas Johnson, physically examined the subject tire
which revealed excessive tread wear. Johnson was of the opinion that it was physically
impossible for a new tire after only 3,000 to 4,000 miles of usage to exhibit the tread wear
he measured. Therefore, he concluded the subject tire could not have been on Borne’s
Explorer at the time of the accident.
¶19.
Further, photographs of the subject tire presented by Plaintiffs show a significant
amount of tread missing, which is indicative of tread separation, not a blowout.
Contrastingly, Trooper Joseph Johnson, who was on the scene investigating the accident,
testified in his deposition that his personal inspection of the tire at the scene revealed nothing
more than a blowout, not tread separation. Trooper Johnson testified he would have noted
any tread separation in his report if he had noticed any at the scene.
¶20.
Plaintiffs argue that since Dunlop’s motion for summary judgment was based solely
on whether the subject tire was on the Explorer during the accident, not the ultimate issue of
whether the tire was defective, this is the only issue before the Court. We agree. However,
Plaintiffs further contend that Jay Zainey’s affidavit creates a genuine issue of material fact
about the chain of the tire’s custody from the time of the accident until it was turned over to
Borne’s current attorney. We disagree.
¶21.
In his affidavit, Jay Zainey stated, “[a]s best as I recall, on March 9, 1998, State Farm
Fire & Auto Insurance Company verified that it had possession of the vehicle and that the
10
tires were still on the vehicle.” The next month, Jay Zainey’s firm requested the tire, and a
firm employee traveled to Long Beach, Mississippi to retrieve it. Then, in May 1998, Jay
Zainey again stated, “[a]s best as I recall,” the subject tire was sent to a consultant, returned
to his possession, placed in storage in New Orleans, Louisiana and handed over to Plaintiffs’
current counsel. The trial judge found Jay Zainey’ affidavit insufficient under Rule 56(e)
because it was not based on Jay Zainey’s personal knowledge.
¶22.
We find the trial judge properly found Jay Zainey’s affidavit insufficient. Jay
Zainey’s affidavit does not set forth specific facts showing there is a genuine issue for trial;
it merely contains multiple levels of hearsay statements concerning the chain of custody of
the tire. There is no testimony from the actual individuals who may have handled the tire;
instead, Jay Zainey recounts what he heard happened to the tire. While most affidavits are
hearsay, the supreme court has stated that such affidavits may be considered on summary
judgment motions where they are “based on personal knowledge and set forth facts such as
would be admissible in evidence.” Levens v. Campbell, 733 So. 2d 753, 758 (¶13) (Miss.
1999) (citing Stewart, 688 So. 2d at 734). Here, there is no personal knowledge expressed
by Jay Zainey about the subject tire. The affidavit neither indicates that Jay Zainey actually
saw or examined the subject tire nor that Jay Zainey even specifically linked his statements
to the specific Dunlop RV Radial Rover tire presented by Plaintiffs in this case.
Accordingly, the affidavit is substantively insufficient in linking statements about the subject
tire to the tire on the Explorer at the time of the accident.
¶23.
While Plaintiffs’ ultimate issue is whether the tire is defective, the first hurdle for all
of Plaintiffs’ claims is to establish that the subject tire they presented was actually the tire on
11
the vehicle at the time of the accident. This they did not do. There is no admissible evidence
linking the tire presented in discovery to the accident at issue; there is only the affidavit of
a single witness with no personal knowledge repeating hearsay and double hearsay.6 It
appears from the facts of this case, that State Farm had exclusive control over the tire at
issue, and someone who had personal knowledge of the storage of the tire would have to
testify that the tire, which was turned over to Parker, an employee of Jay Zainey’s firm, was
in fact the tire that was on the vehicle at the time of the accident. This was not done.
Plaintiffs were aware that the authenticity of the subject tire was at issue since July 2004, yet
they never presented an affidavit of anyone with personal knowledge of its chain of custody.
¶24.
After careful examination of the record, we find Plaintiffs failed to meet their burden
of linking the subject tire to the tire that was on the Explorer at the time of the accident.
Plaintiffs failed to provide specific, significant, probative evidence to rebut Dunlop’s
contentions and to establish a genuine issue for trial “upon which a fair-minded jury could
return a favorable verdict.” See Luvene, 903 So. 2d at 748 (¶10). Therefore, we affirm the
trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Dunlop.
¶25. THE JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT OF RANKIN COUNTY IS
AFFIRMED. ALL COSTS OF THIS APPEAL ARE ASSESSED TO THE
APPELLANTS.
KING, C.J., LEE AND MYERS, P.JJ., IRVING, GRIFFIS, ISHEE, ROBERTS,
CARLTON AND MAXWELL, JJ., CONCUR.
6
Implicitly, Jay Zainey’s affidavit is based either upon what State Farm “verified” to
him or what his employee, Wayne Parker, told him upon his return with the tire. Each
hearsay part of the statement must qualify under an exception for hearsay to be admissible.
M.R.E. 805 cmt.
12
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