Shirley Ann James Hanshaw v. Larry Hanshaw
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2005-CA-01680-COA
SHIRLEY ANN JAMES HANSHAW
APPELLANT
v.
LARRY HANSHAW
DATE OF JUDGMENT:
TRIAL JUDGE:
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:
NATURE OF THE CASE:
TRIAL COURT DISPOSITION:
DISPOSITION:
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
APPELLEE
07/29/2005
HON. EDWIN H. ROBERTS, JR.
LAFAYETTE COUNTY CHANCERY
COURT
RALPH STEWART GUERNSEY
THOMAS HENRY FREELAND
CIVIL - DOMESTIC RELATIONS
APPELLANT FOUND IN CONTEMPT OF
COURT AND ORDERED TO PAY $500 PER
HOUR FOR NON-COMPLIANCE WITH
COURT ORDER, NOT TO EXCEED
TWENTY-FOUR HOURS
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED AND
RENDERED IN PART, AND REMANDED –
04/15/2008
04/29/2008 – GRANTED; REVERSED AND
RENDERED – 12/15/2009
MANDATE ISSUED:
EN BANC.
GRIFFIS, J., FOR THE COURT:
MODIFIED OPINION ON MOTION FOR REHEARING
¶1.
Appellant’s motion for rehearing is granted. The prior opinion of this Court is
withdrawn, and this opinion is substituted therefor.
¶2.
Shirley Ann James Hanshaw and Larry Hanshaw were divorced by the Lafayette
County Chancery Court, which also divided up the marital estate. Pursuant to the division,
Shirley was ordered to vacate the marital residence so that it could be sold. When she failed
to do so, she was cited for contempt of court and fined $12,000, which was paid to Larry
from Shirley's proceeds from the sale. Shirley raises the following issues on appeal, which
we list verbatim:
I.
II.
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ASSUMING JURISDICTION OF
A CONTEMPT CHARGE WITHOUT PROPER NOTICE;
III.
¶3.
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY GRANTING AN UNNOTICED OR
IMPROPERLY NOTICED CONTEMPT CITATION AGAINST
PLAINTIFF/APPELLANT, SHIRLEY HANSHAW;
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN AWARDING $500 PER HOUR
CONTEMPT PENALTY AGAINST PLAINTIFF/APPELLANT, AS
SUCH PENALTY IS EXCESSIVE.
We find that the chancellor erred in holding that Shirley waived proper notice of the
contempt action. Therefore, we reverse the chancellor's finding of contempt.
FACTS
¶4.
Shirley filed for a divorce in 1998. Eventually, the parties agreed to an irreconcilable
differences divorce, leaving the issue of property division for the chancery court's
determination. On June 23, 2004, the chancery court entered a judgment dividing the
property and requiring that if the house was not sold within ninety days, it would be sold at
auction. On September 3, 2004, the court entered a final judgment regarding the division of
the marital estate, which Larry sought clarification of pursuant to Rule 59 of the Mississippi
2
Rules of Civil Procedure. Larry filed his motion for clarification on September 13, 2004.
The court did not rule on the motion until October 14, 2004.
¶5.
A buyer was found for the house, and closing was scheduled for September 30, 2004.
At Shirley's request, the closing was rescheduled to October 5, 2004. On October 4, 2004,
both Shirley's and Larry's attorneys appeared before the chancellor and expressed concern
that Shirley would not vacate the residence in time to complete the sale. Consequently the
chancellor issued an order on October 5, 2004, providing that if Shirley did not vacate the
residence by 2:00 p.m. on October 5, she would be fined $500 per hour every hour until 2:00
p.m. on October 6, at which time she could be held in contempt and would be subject to
incarceration. While the chancellor referred to a potential finding of contempt and called the
$500 per hour penalty a "fine," it was a fine payable to Larry rather than to the court or the
state. No summons was issued to give Shirley notice of the attorneys' appearances before the
chancellor on October 4, 2004, but it is clear from the record that Shirley's attorney called
her and related what had happened before the chancellor.
¶6.
On October 4, 2004, Shirley was hospitalized due to chronic fatigue. She was not
discharged until approximately 5:00 p.m. on October 5, and she did not fully vacate the
marital residence until sometime after 2:00 p.m. on October 6. On October 7, 2004, the
chancery court entered an order requiring that Shirley vacate by close of business on October
7 and requiring Shirley and Larry to sign an addendum extending the closing date until
October 8, 2004. There were additional provisions fining Shirley $12,000, payable to Larry,
and ordering Shirley arrested until she vacated the residence, but these provisions were struck
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by the chancellor. Eventually, the sale of the house took place without incident. It is
undisputed that there was no loss of value in the sale as a result of Shirley's delay in vacating
the marital residence.
¶7.
Sometime after this, the court held a hearing on Larry's Rule 59 motion for
clarification. At the hearing, the parties and the court discussed what should be done
regarding Shirley's contempt of court. It is undisputed that Shirley and her counsel attended
and asked the chancery court to "reconsider [its] ruling concerning contempt." In an October
14, 2004, order, the court clarified its judgment and denied Shirley's request for
reconsideration of contempt. A "settlement sheet" attached to the October 14 order shows
that Shirley paid Larry $12,000 of her share of the proceeds from the sale of the marital
residence as a fine for her late removal from the residence.
¶8.
On October 15, 2004, new counsel for Shirley filed a Rule 59 motion, contending that
jurisdiction had not been properly obtained in the contempt matter. The chancellor denied
Shirley's Rule 59 motion in a July 29, 2005, order, finding that her "general appearance" at
the hearing leading to the October 14 order waived any issue regarding the lack of a Rule 81
summons. The July 29 order stated that Shirley had produced evidence that she was
hospitalized with chronic fatigue on October 4, 2004, and was discharged the next day. The
court found that it was "unable to accept" Shirley's explanation that her hospitalization made
her move impossible. The court noted that Shirley had scheduled movers for October 4,
2004, well in advance of the October 6, 2004, deadline, but she had cancelled the move.
¶9.
Neither of the Rule 59 hearings was transcribed, nor is there any record of what
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transpired at the October 4 appearance by both counsel before the chancellor. Our record is
limited to the pleadings by the parties in the chancery court and the court orders themselves.
ANALYSIS
Jurisdiction and Notice of the Contempt Citation
¶10.
Shirley's first two assertions of error go to the same issue and will be discussed
together.
We will not disturb a chancellor's findings of fact unless the findings are
"manifestly wrong, clearly erroneous or an erroneous legal standard was applied." Isom v.
Jernigan, 840 So. 2d 104, 106 (¶6) (Miss. 2003) (quoting Bell v. Parker, 563 So. 2d 594,
596-97 (Miss. 1990)). However, we review the court's findings of law de novo. Id.
¶11.
The first two issues raised by Shirley turn upon whether she received proper notice
of the court's contempt action. Actions for contempt are governed by Rule 81(d) of the
Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure. Rule 81(d)(5) requires that upon the filing of an action
for contempt, a summons be issued that commands the defendant to appear and defend at a
specific time and place. Further, a Rule 81 summons must be personally served on the
defendant. Dennis v. Dennis, 824 So. 2d 604, 609-10 (¶13) (Miss. 2002).
¶12.
Here, the chancellor found that Shirley waived any objection to improper service
when her attorney made an appearance at a later hearing on an unrelated motion for
clarification. This exact issue of waiver was decided by the supreme court in Isom. There,
a Rule 81 summons was issued based on charges of contempt. Isom, 840 So. 2d at 105 (¶4).
The summons was served on Isom's attorney, but Kelly Isom was never personally served.
Id. The supreme court held that it was error not to serve Isom personally; however, the court
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further determined that the requirements of Rule 81 had been waived by the appearance of
Isom's attorney at the contempt hearing. Id. at 107 (¶9).
¶13.
The supreme court held that special appearances are only recognized "where a party
appears solely to object to the court's jurisdiction over her person on grounds that she is not
amenable to process." Id. The appearance of Isom's attorney waived all objections to
insufficient service of process. Id.
¶14.
The circumstances are similar here, yet not identical. In Isom, Isom's attorney actually
appeared at the contempt hearing. There, Isom's attorney was able to present evidence on
Isom's behalf related to the contempt charge. That did not happen here.
¶15.
There was no contempt hearing held in this case. On October 4, 2004, attorneys for
both parties met with the chancellor because of the concern that Shirley would not vacate the
house in time for its scheduled sale. Thus, the chancellor issued an order on October 5th
providing that Shirley could be held in contempt if the house was not vacated by 2:00 p.m.
on October 6th.
¶16.
In Isom, the court held that the requirements of Rule 81 were waived because Isom's
attorney appeared at the contempt hearing, failed to challenge jurisdiction or service, and
offered evidence on her behalf. Id. Here, Shirley was never given an opportunity to present
evidence on her behalf before a finding of contempt was made. There was no Rule 81 notice
of a contempt hearing because there was no contempt hearing at all.
¶17.
On October 4th, Shirley’s attorney agreed that Shirley's failure to vacate the house on
October 6th would constitute contempt. However, it is unclear whether her attorney was
6
aware of her hospitalization at that time. A hearing was never scheduled between the filing
of Larry's motion for relief for contempt on October 6th and the chancellor's October 7th
order finding Shirley in contempt. Thus, there was no opportunity to present evidence of her
hospitalization as the basis for her failure to vacate the house.
¶18.
Additionally, the dissent argues that the chancellor’s continuing jurisdiction over the
case negated the requirement of a Rule 81 summons. Here, it is clear that the chancery court
had continuing jurisdiction to enforce the judgment dividing the marital property. However,
Shirley's fundamental right to due process afforded her the right to notice and the right to be
heard on the action for contempt. Dennis, 824 So. 2d at 609 (¶11).
¶19.
As the supreme court held in Dennis, the chancery court's continuing jurisdiction
alone was not enough to waive David Dennis's claims of insufficient service and violation
of his due process rights. Id. at 610 (¶16). Dennis received notice through his attorney, but
more importantly, Dennis appeared and defended himself at the contempt hearing. Id. He
was given a meaningful opportunity to explain his actions that were the subject of the motion
for contempt; thus, his claims of insufficient service and violation of due process were
waived. Id.
¶20.
Shirley was not given notice or an opportunity for a hearing before the chancellor
ruled on the motion for contempt. Unlike Isom and Dennis, Shirley was not given an
opportunity to present evidence on her behalf regarding the motion. Thus, the service
requirements of Rule 81 were not waived as in Isom and Dennis.
¶21.
Accordingly, the chancellor erred by finding that Shirley's general appearance at the
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hearing on a motion for clarification, which was held after the chancellor’s finding of
contempt, waived any issue concerning the requirements of Rule 81 notice.
¶22.
As we find that Shirley’s first two issues are dispositive, we decline to address her
remaining assignment of error.
¶23. THE JUDGMENT OF THE LAFAYETTE COUNTY CHANCERY COURT IS
REVERSED AND RENDERED. ALL COSTS OF THIS APPEAL ARE ASSESSED
TO THE APPELLEE.
LEE AND MYERS, P.JJ., BARNES AND ISHEE, JJ., CONCUR. IRVING,
J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. KING, C.J., ROBERTS,
CARLTON AND MAXWELL, JJ., NOT PARTICIPATING.
IRVING, J., DISSENTING:
¶24.
The majority, finding that the chancery court lacked personal jurisdiction over Shirley
Ann Hanshaw, reverses and renders the judgment of the chancery court. Because I believe
the majority errs in its finding, on the facts of this case, that a Rule 81 summons was required
for the chancery court to acquire jurisdiction over Shirley, I dissent. I find that the court
possessed jurisdiction over Shirley when the contempt hearing was held. Therefore, I would
affirm the court’s finding of contempt, but reverse and render the $12,000 fine levied against
Shirley and remand the case for the chancellor to consider a more reasonable amount of
sanctions and to whom those sanctions should properly be paid.
¶25.
Shirley’s first two assertions of error go to the same issue and will be discussed
together.
We will not disturb a chancellor’s findings of fact unless the findings are
“manifestly wrong, clearly erroneous or an erroneous legal standard was applied.” Isom v.
Jernigan, 840 So. 2d 104, 106 (¶6) (Miss. 2003) (quoting Bell v. Parker, 563 So. 2d 594,
8
596-97 (Miss. 1990)). However, we review the court’s findings of law de novo. Id.
¶26.
The first two issues raised by Shirley turn upon whether she received proper notice
of the court’s contempt action. The court’s final judgment was entered on September 3,
2004, and Larry Hanshaw filed a Rule 59 motion for clarification on September 13, 2004.
Because Larry’s motion was filed timely, the court retained jurisdiction over the case until
it finally ruled on Larry’s motion. The court did not rule on the motion for clarification until
October 14, 2004. Therefore, there was no need for the court to issue a summons and notice
to Shirley, as the court had continuing jurisdiction over the case.
¶27.
In reviewing a judgment for contempt, our review of a chancellor’s finding of ultimate
fact is limited, and the finding will be upheld where there is substantial evidence consistent
with the finding and manifest error has not occurred. Moses v. Moses, 879 So. 2d 1036, 1039
(¶11) (Miss. 2004). Our inquiry is limited to whether a judgment has been violated, a
question that necessarily includes a review of whether it was possible to carry out the
judgment of the court. Id. See also, Wing v. Wing, 549 So. 2d 944, 947 (Miss. 1989).
¶28.
The record does not disclose precisely what evidence and argument was presented to
the chancellor at the October 14 hearing where Shirley first requested relief from the
contempt finding. The court’s order simply states that, “[h]aving heard argument,” relief was
denied. However, at a prior hearing on April 14, 2004, Shirley testified that she had twice
been treated for cancer, had been diagnosed with chronic fatigue syndrome, and had been
determined to be fully disabled by the Social Security Administration. The court’s prior
order dividing the marital estate explicitly referenced the disability: “The plaintiff’s ability
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to work is diminished by her illness; however, she has earned a Ph.D. during that period of
illness[,] and the Court feels that she will be able to gain gainful employment at sometime
in the future.” It is therefore probable that Shirley raised the issue of her inability to move
due to her illness at the hearing.
¶29.
However, Shirley’s claims of inability are belied by the record, which reveals that she
had hired movers to move her at 6:00 a.m. on October 4, but that she cancelled the movers
and rescheduled for October 7. Shirley stated by affidavit that she did not begin to feel ill
until she left for a doctor’s appointment on October 4. I find it highly unlikely that her
doctor’s appointment was scheduled any earlier than 8:00 a.m. Since the movers were
scheduled for 6:00 a.m., it appears that Shirley cancelled the scheduled move before she ever
began to feel ill. Therefore, I would find that the court did not err in finding Shirley in
contempt. However, I would find that the fine was excessive and that it was improper for
the chancellor to order that the fine be paid to Larry rather than to the court without first
addressing whether Larry suffered any injuries as a result of the contempt.
¶30.
I note that the settlement sheet appended to the October 14, 2004, order denying relief
indicates that the residence had been sold. Larry does not claim that Shirley’s delay resulted
in any reduction in the sale price of the house. Moreover, the settlement sheet shows that
after debts, attorney’s fees, and other costs, including the $12,000 fine, were paid, Larry was
credited with $65,213.21, while Shirley was credited only with $11,633.21. Therefore,
regardless of what evidence Shirley produced at the October 14, 2004, hearing, the
chancellor knew that Larry had suffered no financial loss in the sale of the marital residence.
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¶31.
It is unclear to me what the chancellor here was attempting to do when he fined
Shirley $12,000. Because the fine was intended to compel compliance with the court’s order,
the contempt appears to be civil in nature. However, while civil contempt fines are
sometimes payable to the opposing party, they “are related to, and ordinarily should not
exceed, the injured party’s proved losses and litigation expenses, including counsel fees.”
Ill. Cent. R.R. Co. v. Winters, 815 So. 2d 1168, 1180 (¶47) (Miss. 2002) (overruled on other
grounds) (quoting Hyde Constr. Co. v. Koehring Co., 387 F. Supp. 702, 715-16 (S.D. Miss.
1974)). From the record, it appears that Larry received the lion’s share of the marital estate.
It also appears that Larry’s proceeds from the sale of the house were not affected by Shirley’s
tardiness in vacating the residence, as there has been no suggestion that the house sold for
less than it would have otherwise sold. While attorney’s fees may be assessed as part of a
contempt finding, there is no suggestion here that the court was attempting to order Shirley
to pay Larry’s attorney’s fees. In fact, nothing in the record indicates what additional
attorney’s fees, if any, Larry incurred as a result of Shirley’s contempt. Therefore, in the
absence of any evidence that the $12,000 was even remotely related to any injury suffered
by Larry, I would find that the court’s decision to levy such a large fine and then make that
fine payable to Larry was in error.
¶32.
I would reach the same result if we view Shirley’s contempt as criminal. There are
two forms of criminal contempt – direct and indirect. Direct contempt occurs in the presence
of the court, while indirect contempt occurs outside the presence of the court. Mingo v. State,
944 So. 2d 18, 32 (¶50) (Miss. 2006). Shirley’s contemptuous actions would necessarily be
11
indirect, because her refusal to vacate occurred outside the presence of the court. However,
a person accused of indirect criminal contempt “must be provided with procedural due
process safeguards, including a specification of charges, notice, and a hearing.” In re Smith,
926 So. 2d 878, 888 (¶14) (Miss. 2006) (quoting In re Williamson, 838 So. 2d 226, 237 (¶31)
(Miss. 2002)). Those safeguards include the right to have “a different judge . . . hear the
contempt proceedings.” Id. Clearly, Shirley was not afforded the safeguards that would
accompany a charge of criminal contempt. Additionally, criminal contempt charges are only
payable to the court, not to an opposing party. Winters, 815 So. 2d at 1180 (¶47).
¶33.
Therefore, I would find that whether Shirley’s contempt was civil or criminal, it was
improper for her to pay the sum of $12,000 to Larry in the absence of any proof regarding
any injury to Larry as a result of Shirley’s contempt. In addition, $12,000 was an excessive
fine to levy against Shirley, regardless of to whom the fine was payable. The sanctions
levied against a party must be reasonable. Twelve thousand dollars for a twenty-four delay
is clearly excessive and was an abuse of the chancellor’s discretion. Although Shirley’s
contempt did not constitute direct criminal contempt, we note that Mississippi Code
Annotated section 9-1-17 (Rev. 2002) limits the fines for direct criminal contempt to $100
per offense. Even had each hour that Shirley tardied been considered a separate offense, her
fine would have been limited to $2,400 dollars rather than $12,000.
¶34.
For the reasons above, I would affirm the court’s finding of contempt, although I
would reverse and render the $12,000 fine levied against Shirley. However, I would remand
the case to the court to consider a more reasonable amount of sanctions and to whom those
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sanctions should properly be paid. If the court still chooses to make Shirley’s fine payable
to Larry, I believe such a finding should necessarily entail a study of Larry’s injuries, if any,
as a result of the contempt. If the purpose of the fine is to punish Shirley on the court’s
behalf, the court should reassess a reasonable amount for the fine, as, in my judgment, $500
per hour is clearly excessive.
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