David J. Caldwell v. Glen C. Warren, Sr.
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2008-CA-00173-COA
DAVID J. CALDWELL, D.M.D.
APPELLANT
v.
GLEN C. WARREN, SR., M.D., AND
MISSISSIPPI NEUROSURGERY AND SPINE
CENTER, PLLC
DATE OF JUDGMENT:
TRIAL JUDGE:
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES:
NATURE OF THE CASE:
TRIAL COURT DISPOSITION:
DISPOSITION:
APPELLEES
08/29/2007
HON. WILLIAM E. CHAPMAN III
RANKIN COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
CHRISTOPHER HEDERI NEYLAND
ANASTASIA G. JONES
JAMES A. BECKER
CIVIL - MEDICAL MALPRACTICE
SUMMARY JUDGMENT FOR
DEFENDANTS
AFFIRMED IN PART AND REVERSED
AND REMANDED IN PART: 02/10/2009
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
BEFORE LEE, P.J., GRIFFIS AND BARNES, JJ.
GRIFFIS, J., FOR THE COURT:
¶1.
David J. Caldwell, D.M.D., brought suit against Glen C. Warren, Sr., M.D., River
Oaks Hospital, Inc., and the Mississippi Neurosurgery and Spine Center, PLLC, alleging
medical negligence, fraud, and negligence per se due to a failure to maintain true and
accurate hospital records. The circuit court granted summary judgment for Dr. Warren and
the Mississippi Neurosurgery and Spine Center because: (1) Dr. Caldwell’s expert did not
hold an unrestricted medical license, and (2) the existence of a prior pending action required
dismissal of the current action. We affirm the circuit court’s grant of summary judgment as
to the claim of medical negligence; however, we reverse the circuit court’s grant of summary
judgment as to the claims of fraud and negligence per se. Accordingly, the case is remanded
for further proceedings consistent with this opinion regarding the claims of fraud and
negligence per se.
FACTS
¶2.
On June 17, 2003, Dr. Caldwell underwent a cervical discectomy performed by Dr.
Warren at River Oaks Hospital. Dr. Caldwell claims that this is not the surgery to which he
had previously consented. Instead, he understood that he was to have two bone spurs
removed. After the surgery, Dr. Caldwell experienced complications breathing, swallowing,
and sleeping, along with severe pain and discomfort. Dr. Caldwell contacted Dr. Warren’s
office by phone numerous times, and he was prescribed various medications.
¶3.
Dr. Warren did not conduct a post-operative follow-up until eleven weeks following
the surgery. Dr. Caldwell was informed that the locking plate and screws that were placed
in his neck were out of place and needed to be removed. A second surgery was performed
by Dr. Warren to remove the plate and screws.
¶4.
On June 15, 2005, Dr. Caldwell sent his notice of intention to commence an action to
Dr. Warren and the Mississippi Neurosurgery and Spine Center as is required by Mississippi
Code Annotated section 15-1-36(15) (Rev. 2003). That section requires that sixty days from
the time written notice is given pass before a medical negligence claim may begin. Here, the
sixtieth day fell on Sunday, August 14, 2005. In an abundance of caution, Dr. Caldwell filed
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two identical complaints – one on Friday, August 12, 2005, and one on Monday, August 15,
2005. Only the August 15th complaint was served on the defendants.
¶5.
Dr. Warren and the Mississippi Neurosurgery and Spine Center filed a motion for
summary judgment or, in the alternative, to dismiss claiming: (1) Dr. Caldwell had failed to
designate a medical expert, and (2) a prior action was pending based on the same claim. Dr.
Caldwell was granted an extension of time, and he later designated Dr. John A. Frenz as his
expert. Dr. Warren and the Mississippi Neurosurgery and Spine Center then filed a
supplement to their motion for summary judgment and objected to Dr. Frenz testifying as an
expert in this case because: (1) Dr. Frenz was unqualified to be a medical expert in
neurosurgery, and (2) Dr. Frenz did not hold an unrestricted medical license.
¶6.
The circuit court granted summary judgment in favor of Dr. Warren and the
Mississippi Neurosurgery and Spine Center based on the fact that Dr. Frenz did not have an
unrestricted medical license. Alternatively, the circuit court found that dismissal was
necessary because the August 12th complaint constituted a prior action and violated the
prohibition against splitting claims. The circuit court certified a partial final judgment under
Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b), finding that Dr. Warren and the Mississippi
Neurosurgery and Spine Center should be finally dismissed in accord with the grant of
summary judgment as to all claims. Dr. Caldwell filed a motion to file an out-of-time appeal
that was granted by the circuit court.
¶7.
Dr. Caldwell now appeals claiming that the circuit court erred by (1) granting
summary judgment based upon Dr. Frenz’s restricted medical license, (2) granting dismissal
based upon the two separate actions maintained by Dr. Caldwell, and (3) dismissing all of
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his claims when the order did not address each cause of action.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶8.
The standard of review of an order granting summary judgment is de novo. PPG
Architectural Finishes, Inc. v. Lowery, 909 So. 2d 47, 49 (¶8) (Miss. 2005) (citing Hurdle
v. Holloway, 848 So. 2d 183, 185 (¶4) (Miss. 2003)). It is well settled that “[a] summary
judgment motion is only properly granted when no genuine issue of material fact exists. The
moving party has the burden of demonstrating that no genuine issue of material fact exists
within the ‘pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file,
together with the affidavits.’” Id. (quoting M.R.C.P. 56(c)).
¶9.
The supreme court has set forth the standard of review in medical negligence actions
as follows:
Absent error so obvious that a layman could easily determine fault, expert
testimony is generally required to survive summary judgment and establish the
negligence of a physician. A trial judge's determination as to whether a
witness is qualified to testify as an expert is given the widest possible
discretion and that decision will only be disturbed when there has been a clear
abuse of discretion.
Sheffield v. Goodwin, 740 So. 2d 854, 856 (¶6) (Miss. 1999) (internal citations omitted).
ANALYSIS
1.
¶10.
Whether the circuit court erred by granting Dr. Caldwell’s motion to
file an out-of-time appeal.
Dr. Warren argues that this appeal should never have been taken. He claims that the
circuit court erred in granting Dr. Caldwell’s motion to file an out-of-time appeal because
Dr. Caldwell did not prove any excusable neglect. While it is true that a circuit court may
grant extra time for appeal upon a finding of excusable neglect under Mississippi Rule of
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Appellate Procedure 4(g), we find that the circuit court had authority to grant the out-of-time
appeal under Mississippi Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(h).
¶11.
Rule 4(h) allows a circuit court to reopen the time for appeal “if it finds (a) that a party
entitled to notice of the entry of a judgment or order did not receive such notice from the
clerk or any party within 21 days of its entry and (b) that no party would be prejudiced, may,
upon motion filed within 180 days of entry of the judgment or order or within 7 days of
receipt of such notice, whichever is earlier . . . .” Here, Dr. Caldwell filed a motion stating
that the final judgment was sent to the wrong address; thus, he never received notice of its
entry. Dr. Warren’s response to the motion contained no allegation of any type of prejudice
that such an out-of-time appeal might cause. Further, the comments to Rule 4 state, “the
concept of excusable neglect embodied in Rule 4(g) simply has no place in the application
of Rule 4(h).” Therefore, the circuit court had authority under Rule 4(h) to allow this appeal
despite Dr. Caldwell’s failure to prove excusable neglect.
2.
¶12.
Whether the circuit court erred by dismissing the second complaint
filed by Dr. Caldwell on August 15, 2005.
There is an additional issue that we must address before reaching the merits of this
appeal. It regards the validity of the two complaints filed by Dr. Caldwell. Mississippi Code
Annotated section 15-1-36(15) (Rev. 2003) requires that a notice of claim be filed sixty days
prior to the filing of the complaint in a medical negligence action. The sixtieth day in this
case fell on a Sunday. Dr. Caldwell claims that, at the time he filed his complaints, the law
was unclear as to how to proceed when the sixtieth day fell on the weekend, i.e., whether the
complaint should be filed on Friday – within the statute of limitation but before the sixtieth
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day, or on Monday – after the sixtieth day and possibly outside the statute of limitations.
¶13.
The circuit court held that Dr. Caldwell was attempting to maintain two separate
actions and dismissed the second complaint due to the existence of the first complaint. There
is no question that Dr. Caldwell filed two complaints. However, he did so out of an
abundance of caution because, at the time, it was unclear as to how he should proceed under
the statute. It is evident that Dr. Caldwell did not attempt to, nor did he, file two separate
actions based on the same cause of action; instead, he filed an identical complaint on two
different days. The conclusion by the circuit court that there were two separate actions was
in error. Further, based on the applicable statute and supreme court precedent, we find that
the circuit court dismissed the wrong filing.
¶14.
Mississippi Code Annotated section 15-1-36(1) (Rev. 2003) sets the statute of
limitations for a medical malpractice action at two years from the date of the alleged
negligent act. Section 15-1-36(15) adds the requirement that a notice of claim be given sixty
days prior to the filing of such action:
No action based upon the health care provider's professional negligence may
be begun unless the defendant has been given at least sixty (60) days' prior
written notice of the intention to begin the action. No particular form of notice
is required, but it shall notify the defendant of the legal basis of the claim and
the type of loss sustained, including with specificity the nature of the injuries
suffered. If the notice is served within sixty (60) days prior to the expiration
of the applicable statute of limitations, the time for the commencement of the
action shall be extended sixty (60) days from the service of the notice for said
health care providers and others.
¶15.
Dr. Caldwell was faced with the decision to file on Friday before the passing of sixty
days – potentially in violation of section 15-1-36(15) – or to file on Monday – potentially
after the running of the two-year statute of limitations. Thus, he filed on both days out of
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caution.
¶16.
The clear language of section 15-1-36(15) prohibits the filing of an action before the
defendant has been given at least sixty days’ notice. Thus, Dr. Caldwell’s filing on August
12, 2005, was invalid as it was filed only fifty-eight days following the notice of intention.
See also Williams v. Skelton, 2007-CA-00095-COA (¶6) (Miss. Ct. App. Apr. 22, 2008)
(holding that where the plaintiff waited only thirty-seven days before filing the complaint,
she did not comply with requisite sixty-day waiting period; thus, the medical negligence
action was properly dismissed).1 However, we find that the second filing of the complaint
on August 15, 2005, was valid as the required sixty days had passed and the filing was within
the statute of limitations as interpreted by the supreme court.
¶17.
The two complaints at issue in the present case were filed before the supreme court
clarified how to proceed under section 15-1-36(15) in Pope v. Brock, 912 So. 2d 935, 939
(¶21) (Miss. 2005). In Pope, the supreme court found section 15-1-36(15) to be ambiguous.
Pope, 912 So. 2d at 936-37 (¶5). In clarifying that ambiguity, the supreme court in Pope
construed section 15-1-36(15) together with Mississippi Code Annotated section 15-1-57
(Rev. 2003), which states:
When any person shall be prohibited by law . . . from commencing or
prosecuting any action or remedy, the time during which such person shall be
so prohibited . . . shall not be computed as any part of the period of time
limited by this chapter for the commencement of such action.
1
At the time of this writing, no mandate has been issued in Williams. A petition for
writ of certiorari was filed with the supreme court in this matter on September 2, 2008. See
M.R.A.P. 40(a) and 41(a) and (b). Therefore, the opinion is not final. See Miss. Transp.
Comm'n v. Allday, 726 So. 2d 563, 565-66 (¶8) (Miss. 1998).
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Pope, 912 So. 2d at 938 (¶14). Because Pope was prohibited from filing during the sixty-day
period, this statute prohibited the inclusion of those sixty days in the computation of the
statute of limitations. Id. at (¶15). It was held “that the most reasonable interpretation of
[sections] 15-1-36(15) and 15-1-57 tolls the two-year statute of limitations for sixty days.”
Id. at 939 (¶21).
¶18.
Thus, following Pope, Dr. Caldwell had two years and sixty days to file his action.
The allegedly negligent surgery occurred on June 17, 2003. The second filing of the
complaint on August 15, 2005, was within this time period. The circuit court erred by
dismissing the complaint filed on August 15, 2005. As this complaint was the valid of the
two filed, the circuit court’s proper course of action would have been to dismiss the first
complaint filed on August 12, 2005, and proceed under the August 15, 2005, complaint.
Because the complaints were identical, this error does not effect the issues addressed in the
circuit court’s grant of summary judgment or the assignments of error raised on appeal.
Accordingly, we now address those issues.
3.
¶19.
Whether the circuit court improperly granted summary judgment for
Dr. Warren and the Mississippi Neurosurgery and Spine Center based
on the qualifications held by Dr. Caldwell’s medical expert.
Dr. Caldwell contends that the grant of summary judgment in favor of Dr. Warren
and the Mississippi Neurosurgery and Spine Center was in error. Specifically, he argues that
an unrestricted medical license is not a requisite to be an expert witness in a medical
negligence action. In response, Dr. Warren and the Mississippi Neurosurgery and Spine
Center argue that the regulations of the State Board of Medical Licensure (“the Board”)
require that a physician who testifies as an expert in a legal matter hold an unrestricted
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medical license. They additionally contend that Dr. Frenz is not qualified to testify as an
expert under Mississippi Rule of Evidence 702.
¶20.
Dr. Frenz was designated as Dr. Caldwell’s expert. In 2001, while under investigation
for sexual impropriety involving his patients, Dr. Frenz resigned his medical and staff
privileges at Rankin Medical Center. Charges were filed by the Board, and Dr. Frenz
surrendered his license to practice medicine in Mississippi. The Alabama State Board of
Medical Examiners found that Dr. Frenz committed fraud when he attempted to renew his
Alabama medical license without any mention of the investigation in Mississippi. Thus, his
Alabama medical license was also revoked.
¶21.
Dr. Frenz did not practice medicine from October 2001 until his license was reinstated
on March 20, 2006. However, his license was reinstated with certain restrictions. Among
the various restrictions was the requirement that Dr. Frenz could no longer practice
neurosurgery.
a.
¶22.
Mississippi State Board of Medical Licensure Rules and
Regulations
The Mississippi Legislature, through the passage of Mississippi Code Annotated
section 73-43-11 (Rev. 2008), relegated certain powers and responsibilities to the State Board
of Medical Licensure, including the power to license physicians. The Board enacted various
rules and regulations regarding the activities of medical experts in legal proceedings. The
purpose of these regulations is “to protect the public, to set professional standards, to enforce
the provisions of law regarding the performance of medical expert activities by physicians,
and to further other legitimate government purposes in the public interest.” Section 1,
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Chapter 22, Rule 100 of the Miss. State Bd. of Med. Licensure Rules and Regulations (Rev.
August 2008).
¶23.
The regulations further state:
Except as otherwise provided by law, rule or regulation of this state, any
medical expert activity by a physician regarding a legal matter pending in a
state or federal court or administrative agency in Mississippi must be
performed by a physician who holds a current unrestricted medical license in
Mississippi, another state or foreign jurisdiction, and who has the
qualifications to serve as a medical expert on the issue(s) in question by virtue
of knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education.
Section 1, Chapter 22, Rule 400 of the Miss. State Bd. of Med. Licensure Rules and
Regulations (Rev. August 2008) (emphasis added).
Dr. Warren and the Mississippi
Neurosurgery and Spine Center argue that this regulation requires that a physician expert in
a medical negligence case hold an unrestricted medical license. Therefore, because Dr.
Frenz’s medical license was subject to several restrictions, he was not qualified as an expert.
¶24.
Dr. Caldwell responds that Mississippi case law trumps the regulations of the Board;
thus, an unrestricted medical license is not always required. The supreme court has allowed
an expert in the field of toxicology and pharmacology, who did not have a medical degree,
to testify as to a physician’s standard of care when prescribing medication. Thompson v.
Carter, 518 So. 2d 609, 615 (Miss. 1987). It was held that “[a] witness may qualify as an
expert based on his knowledge, skill, experience, training, education, or a combination
thereof. Qualification as an expert does not necessarily rest upon the educational or
professional degree a witness possesses.” Id. at 614. The toxicologist was found to have a
great deal of knowledge about prescribing medication – the very issue to which his testimony
was offered. Id.
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¶25.
The supreme court’s holding in Thompson allows for expert testimony in medical
negligence cases despite the expert’s lack of a medical license. See also Sheffield, 740 So.
2d at 856-57 (¶¶6-11). Moreover, the Board’s regulations specifically state that they are not
to conflict with Mississippi case law:
No part of these regulations is intended to conflict with or supercede the
authority of any state or federal court or administrative agency to designate a
physician as a medical expert in a legal matter then pending before the court
or agency. The Board does not intend for these regulations to conflict with or
supercede the description or regulation of the function of a physician serving
as an “expert” as that term is used in the Mississippi Rules of Evidence or in
other provisions of law, rules, regulations, or decisions of any court or
administrative agency.
Section 1, Chapter 22, Rule 201 of the Miss. State Bd. of Med. Licensure Rules and
Regulations (Rev. August 2008). Accordingly, we find that an unrestricted medical license
is not always a prerequisite to an expert’s testimony regarding the standard of care at issue.
As such, the circuit court erred by granting summary judgment in favor of Dr. Warren and
the Mississippi Neurosurgery and Spine Center on the basis that Dr. Frenz’s medical license
was restricted.
b.
¶26.
Mississippi Rule of Evidence 702
However, under our de novo review of the trial court’s decision, we find that the
medical negligence claim was properly dismissed because Dr. Frenz was not qualified to
testify as an expert pursuant to Mississippi Rule of Evidence 702. While the supreme court
in Thompson held that a medical license is not the sine qua non to qualify as an expert in a
medical negligence action, the opinion referenced Rule 702 and clarified that, “[s]imply put,
before one may testify as an expert, that person must be shown to know a great deal
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regarding the subject of his testimony.” Thompson, 518 So. 2d at 614.
¶27.
Rule 702 states:
If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of
fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness
qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education,
may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise, if (1) the testimony
is based upon sufficient facts or data, (2) the testimony is the product of
reliable principles and methods, and (3) the witness has applied the principles
and methods reliably to the facts of the case.
¶28.
The evidence before us shows that Dr. Frenz did not have the required specialized
knowledge. Here, the proposed expert testimony was in the area of neurosurgery. Dr.
Warren’s alleged negligence in the field of neurosurgery occurred in 2003 – during the time
period in which Dr. Frenz was not allowed to practice medicine.
¶29.
Proceedings regarding the possible reinstatement of Dr. Frenz’s medical license were
held on September 15, 2005. In its order, the Board found that Dr. Frenz had submitted to
an assessment by the Center for Personalized Education for Physicians. It was determined
that Dr. Frenz had deficiencies in his medical knowledge, specifically in the areas of spinal
and intra cranial topics, as well as patient care documentation issues. The Director of
Licensure for the Board found that there were multiple grounds upon which the Board could
deny licensure of Dr. Frenz: (1) Dr. Frenz had fraudulently procured a license to practice
medicine in Alabama in violation of Mississippi Code Annotated section 73-25-29(9) and
(10) (Rev. 2004), and (2) Dr. Frenz was evaluated to be incompetent in the practice of
medicine or surgery in violation of section 73-25-83(b) (Rev. 2004).
¶30.
The Board then applied several restrictions that would apply when Dr. Frenz’s
application for licensure was granted. Some of these restrictions require that Dr. Frenz: (1)
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have the consistent use of a chaperone at all times, (2) report for polygraph examinations, (3)
never have a solo practice, (4) continue AA group meetings and therapy, and (5) agree to no
longer practice neurosurgery. We note that it is not a requirement that a proposed expert be
a specialist in a particular branch of the medical profession as long as the expert is familiar
with the standards of the speciality. West v. Sanders Clinic for Women, P.A., 661 So. 2d 714,
718-19 (Miss. 1995) (citations omitted). The issue is the scope of the expert’s knowledge
and not any type of artificial classification by title. Id. (citations omitted).
¶31.
Here, it cannot be said that Dr. Frenz is a specialist in neurosurgery as the State of
Mississippi prohibits him from practicing neurosurgery. Further, this Court cannot find that
he is qualified based on his specialized knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education
because the very reason he is not allowed to practice neurosurgery is that he was found to
have deficiencies in his medical knowledge, specifically in the areas of spinal and intra
cranial topics.
¶32.
Dr. Caldwell cannot prove his medical negligence claim without proper expert
testimony. Therefore, the circuit court’s dismissal of the claims of medical negligence
against Dr. Warren and the Mississippi Neurosurgery and Spine Center was proper because
Dr. Frenz did not have the requisite medical knowledge to testify as to the proper standard
of care for Dr. Caldwell’s spinal surgery. Accordingly, this issue is without merit, and the
circuit court’s grant of summary judgment dismissing the medical negligence claims against
Dr. Warren and the Mississippi Neurosurgery and Spine Center is affirmed.
4.
Whether the circuit court improperly dismissed Dr. Caldwell’s claims
of fraud and negligence per se.
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¶33.
Dr. Caldwell’s complaint set forth claims of fraud and negligence per se in addition
to the medical negligence claim. In his opinion and order that granted summary judgment
as to the medical negligence claim, the circuit judge stated: “[Dr. Caldwell] complained of
a variety of claims and causes of action, but all are considered as a medical malpractice
claim.”
¶34.
However, the fraud claim is based on Dr. Caldwell’s allegation that his medical
records were altered, including a forged signature on an informed consent document. The
complaint also alleges that hospital records and other documents were deliberately
misplaced. The negligence per se claim regards a statutory duty to maintain true and
accurate hospital records. Neither of these claims are related to the medical negligence
claim. They center on issues of record keeping and forgery – issues that were never
addressed in any manner by the circuit judge in his dismissal of the claims.
¶35.
We find that it was error for the circuit judge to summarily consider all the claims as
a medical negligence claim. The issues of fraud and negligence per se were separate and
distinct from the claim of medical negligence. Further, the underlying facts of the fraud and
negligence per se claims were not addressed by the circuit court. As such, the circuit court’s
grant of summary judgment did not fully adjudicate Dr. Caldwell’s claims. See M.R.C.P.
56(d). The claims of fraud and negligence per se are still pending. Accordingly, the circuit
court’s judgment dismissing these claims on summary judgment is reversed, and the case is
remanded to the circuit court for the adjudication of the claims of fraud and negligence per
se.
¶36.
THE JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT OF RANKIN COUNTY IS
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AFFIRMED IN PART AND REVERSED AND REMANDED IN PART FOR
FURTHER PROCEEDINGS CONSISTENT WITH THIS OPINION. ALL COSTS OF
THIS APPEAL ARE ASSESSED EQUALLY BETWEEN THE APPELLANT AND
THE APPELLEES.
LEE AND MYERS, P.JJ., IRVING, BARNES, ISHEE AND ROBERTS, JJ.,
CONCUR. KING, C.J., AND CARLTON, J., CONCUR IN RESULT ONLY.
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