Executive Re Indemnity, Inc., a Delaware Corporation, et al., Respondents, vs. National Title Resources Corp., et al., defendants and third-party plaintiffs, Appellants, vs. Timothy Netzell, et al., Third-Party Defendants.

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This opinion will be unpublished and

may not be cited except as provided by

Minn. Stat. § 480 A. 08, subd. 3 (1996).

 STATE OF MINNESOTA

 IN COURT OF APPEALS

 C7-96-2486

 

Executive Re Indemnity, Inc.,

a Delaware Corporation, et al.,

Respondents,

vs.

National Title Resources Corp., et al.,

defendants and third-party plaintiffs,

Appellants,

vs.

Timothy Netzell, et al.,

Third-Party Defendants.

 Filed September 2, 1997

 Affirmed

 Randall, Judge

Hennepin County District Court

File No. MC953293

Daniel Q. Poretti, Rider, Bennett, Egan & Arundel, LLP, 2000 Metropolitan Centre, 333 South Seventh Street, Minneapolis, MN 55402 (for respondent)

Wayne B. Holstad, Karen Hill Fjeld, John L. Lindell, Holstad & Larson, P.L.C., 3535 Vadnais Center Drive, #130, St. Paul, MN 55110 (for appellants)

Considered and decided by Toussaint, Chief Judge, Randall, Judge, and Kalitowski, Judge.

 

 

 

 

 U N P U B L I S H E D O P I N I O N

 RANDALL, Judge

Defendants in a fraud action appeal from a judgment in favor of plaintiffs entered subsequent to a jury special verdict and from the trial court's denial of their posttrial motions, arguing: (1) respondents' reliance was unjustified as a matter of law; and (2) respondents' alleged negligence in failing to conduct an adequate title search provides an absolute defense to a determination of fraud. We affirm.

 FACTS

  Timothy Netzell and Joel M. Holstad were business associates, jointly involved with National Title Resources Corp. (National Title), a title insurance agency. National Title processed title insurance applications, handling every aspect, including receiving applications, searching courthouse records, and issuing the final policies. After working together for several years, Netzell left National Title and became president of and a shareholder in Network Title, Inc., a competing entity. While Netzell was manager of the Eagan, Minnesota branch of National Title, title insurance was issued by that office on a piece of property located in Apple Valley, Minnesota. The title insurance policy failed to note an unpaid mortgage. Netzell claims he discussed the problem file with Holstad in January 1993, but Holstad testified that he was unaware of any title cloud prior to receiving physical possession of the file on February 3, 1993, when Netzell left National Title. There were no discussions as to responsibility for the problem file, and Netzell testified that he assumed Holstad and National Title would handle the matter. After the break-up, the relationship between Holstad and Netzell rapidly deteriorated, with Holstad claiming that Netzell had violated an unwritten non-compete agreement. Shortly after Netzell left National Title, Holstad received a demand for payment to avoid foreclosure from the mortgage holder on the Apple Valley property. Subsequently, the homeowners of the involved property sought to refinance. First National Bank of Monticello (the bank) agreed to refinance, provided National Title would issue new title insurance (new title insurance is necessary upon refinancing because paying off the prior mortgage ends coverage under the current title insurance policy). Accordingly, the bank contacted National Title in January of 1994 and discussed the existing title problem. National Title acknowledged the problem and agreed to issue new insurance for the refinancing. An officer for the bank faxed a one-page application for title insurance to National Title's main office.

The application faxed by the bank to National Title was duly received by National Title and the staff at National Title began processing the application. Holstad directed his staff to alter the title insurance application by whiting out their notations. Holstad then had the altered document sent to Network, but without any indication that the paperwork had ever been handled by National Title. Holstad told his employees that if Network Title would issue the new title insurance, National Title would no longer be responsible for the Apple Valley property's title defect. Holstad later had a National Title employee check the county records to see if Network Title had issued new title insurance. Upon learning that Network Title had issued new title insurance, Holstad became very excited and told his employees that he had "screwed" Netzell and Network Title.

Network Title received the application in January of 1994 and processed the application without awareness that it had originated from National Title. A copy of the prior title commitment issued by National Title, under which National Title had been obligated for the previously-missed title defect, was attached to the one-page application for title insurance. The attached title commitment incorrectly showed a clean title, as of August 1992, for the Apple Valley property. Network Title relied on the prior title commitment and only searched the title forward from the August 1992 policy date. Evidence produced at trial indicated that Network Title had received a tract search from Quality Abstract indicating the existence of the prior mortgage. In addition, evidence indicated that the encumbrance was recorded on April 16, 1993, and June 10, 1993. The parties dispute whether that information was available prior to closing and whether a proper forward title search would have revealed the title defect. The application did not come to the attention of Netzell until after the title insurance had been issued and Network Title had assumed responsibility for the underlying title defect.

Subsequently, Network Title tendered a claim to its underwriter, Fidelity National Title Insurance Company, and to Network's errors and omissions insurer, Executive Re Indemnity, Inc., and the claim was settled.

 D E C I S I O N

The trial court's denial of a motion for a new trial will be reversed

only upon a showing of clear abuse of discretion or if conduct was so prejudicial that it would be unjust to allow the result to stand.

 Jack Frost, Inc. v. Engineered Bldg. Components Co., 304 N.W.2d 346, 352 (Minn. 1981). In reviewing the denial of a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, this court applies the same standard as the trial court did in passing on the jury verdict. Ledoux v. Northwest Pub., Inc., 521 N.W.2d 59, 65 (Minn. App. 1994) (citing Edgewater Motels, Inc. v. Gatzke, 277 N.W.2d 11, 14 (Minn. 1979)), review denied (Minn. Nov. 16, 1994). "The evidence and inferences must be viewed in the light most favorable to the jury." Id. (citing Bergemann v. Mutual Serv. Ins. Co., 270 N.W.2d 107, 109 (Minn. 1978)).

On review, answers to special verdict questions will not be set aside unless they are perverse and palpably contrary to the evidence or where the evidence is so clear to leave no room for differences among reasonable people.

Hanks v. Hubbard Broad., Inc., 493 N.W.2d 302, 309 (Minn. App. 1992) (citation omitted), review denied (Minn. Feb. 12, 1993). If the special verdict can be reconciled on any theory, the verdict will not be disturbed. Id.

 I.

  The jury, by special verdict, found that Holstad committed fraud against respondents. Appellants contend that the jury's finding is not sustained by the evidence and that Network Title's reliance was unjustified as a matter of law. See Davis v. Re-Trac Mfg. Corp., 276 Minn. 116, 117, 149 N.W.2d 37, 38-39 (1967) (quoting Hanson v. Ford Motor Co., 278 F.2d 586, 591 (8th Cir. 1960)) (elements of fraud include justifiable reliance). We disagree. Appellants' argument is a basic disagreement with the jury's factual determinations. Where a promise is not in plain contradiction of a contract, the issue of reasonable reliance in a fraud action is a fact question for the jury to decide. Hanks, 493 N.W.2d at 310. The issue of justifiable reliance was argued by the parties and presented to the jury. Respondents presented their testimony that industry custom and practice with regard to refinancing is to utilize the prior commitment title work and only search forward from the date of the last title insurance policy. The jury was not obligated to believe the testimony of appellants' experts. Thus, the jury could reasonably have determined that Network Title was justified in relying on the prior title commitment work. Further, the jury may well have given more credibility to the witnesses of Network Title and Netzell than to appellants if the jury came to the conclusion that National Title intended financial harm to come to Network Title. The credibility of trial witnesses is best left to the jury.

The jury considered the issue of justifiable reliance and determined that Holstad committed fraud on Network Title. On these facts, we cannot say that a manifest justice has been done or that the evidence is palpably contrary to the verdict, and we conclude that the trial court's order is correct. See Gardner v. Germain, 264 Minn. 61, 63, 117 N.W.2d 759, 761 (Minn. 1962) (setting forth circumstances under which verdict will be sustained).

 II.

  Appellants argue that even if Holstad intended to deceive respondents by presenting them with fallacious title insurance application documents, Network Title's alleged contributory negligence in failing to discover the title defect by conducting an adequate forward title search provides an absolute defense. We disagree.

It is true that in some cases, where both parties have been negligent, a trial court may direct a verdict under the Minnesota comparative fault statute. See Minn. Stat. § 604.01, subd. 1 (1996) (setting forth comparative fault rules). But principles of comparative negligence do not apply in the context of intentional torts. Florenzano v. Olson, 387 N.W.2d 168, 175 (Minn. 1986); see also Kelzer v. Wacholtz, 381 N.W.2d 852, 854 (Minn. App. 1986) (declining to apply comparative fault statute and stating that fault of intentional tort victim is irrelevant to the victim's action). Here, Holstad committed a fraud, and is therefore an intentional tortfeasor. See Florenzano, 387 N.W.2d at 173 (classifying fraud as intentional tort). As the trial court aptly pointed out in its memorandum:

[D]efendant confuses the issue in this case. We are not dealing with the failure of both the plaintiff and the defendant to initially discover the defect clearly identifiable by a protracted title search. Rather, we are dealing with the overt act of defendant in attempting to literally "stick" the plaintiffs with this loss by presenting documents that Mr. Holstad knew were fallacious.

Accordingly, Network Title's alleged contributory negligence has no effect on appellants' liability for fraud.

Appellants contend that respondents' fraud claim is, in reality, an indemnity claim. Appellants then argue that indemnity principles preclude such a claim because appellants did not participate in the settlement. We disagree. Respondent did not bring an indemnity claim. It is immaterial whether indemnity principles might have precluded this claim.

  Affirmed.

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