ROSEMARY KNOWLES V PROGRESSIVE MICHIGAN INSURANCE CO
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
ROSEMARY KNOWLES,
UNPUBLISHED
June 17, 2010
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v
No. 291430
Monroe Circuit Court
LC No. 07-023588-NF
PROGRESSIVE MICHIGAN INSURANCE
COMPANY and MARK KIEBLER,
Defendants,
and
FARMERS INSURANCE EXCHANGE,
Defendant-Appellee.
Before: ZAHRA, P.J., and CAVANAGH and FITZGERALD, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Plaintiff appeals as of right the trial court’s judgment in favor of plaintiff following a jury
trial. We affirm.
Plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in granting defendant Progressive Michigan
Insurance’s motion in limine to preclude defendant-appellee Farmers Insurance Exchange’s
claims adjuster from testifying at trial. It contends that the trial court’s ruling deprived plaintiff
of the right of cross-examination. We review this evidentiary ruling for an abuse of discretion.
Chmielewski v Xermac, Inc, 457 Mich 593, 614; 580 NW2d 817 (1998).
Progressive filed a motion in limine arguing that that the trial court should preclude the
deposition testimony of Progressive’s claims adjuster, Kevin Ference, from being read into
evidence by plaintiff. Farmers filed a concurrence with Progressive’s motion, arguing that the
testimony of its claims adjustor, Wanda Tremble, was irrelevant, and any testimony from
Tremble regarding medical causation would not have a proper foundation. The trial court
verbally granted Progressive’s motion at the hearing, finding that the testimony of Tremble and
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Ference was not relevant to the issue of causation at trial and that plaintiff improperly relied
upon MCL 600.2161 in support of its motion. 1
Evidence that tends to make the existence of a fact at issue more probable or less
probable is relevant and, therefore, admissible. MRE 401;2 MRE 402;3 Lanigan v Huron Valley
Hosp, Inc, 282 Mich App 558, 564 n 6; 766 NW2d 896 (2009). Also, “[i]t must be material, that
is, related to a fact of consequence to the action, and have probative force, that is, have a
tendency to make the existence of a fact of consequence to the action more probable or less
probable than it would be without the evidence.” Id.
The trial court found that the testimony of both insurance adjusters would not be relevant
to the issue at trial -- causation. Neither Tremble nor Ference made admissions in their
depositions regarding the cause of plaintiff’s injuries. Neither claims adjuster disputes that
plaintiff has a lower back injury. Rather, each adjustor denies that the automobile accident their
company insured against is the cause of plaintiff’s injuries. Testimony from either Tremble or
Ference detailing how or why plaintiff was denied PIP benefits would not have been relevant
because it would not have tended to make the material fact at issue during trial (causation) more
or less probable. Thus, the trial court did not err by granting Farmer’ motion in limine on the
ground that the evidence was not relevant and, therefore, not admissible.
Plaintiff’s argument suggesting her right to cross-examine pursuant to MCL 600.2161
and MRE 611(d)(3) was violated is misplaced. The purpose of MCL 600.2161 and MRE
611(d)(3) is “to permit calling the opposite party, or his agent or employee, as a witness with the
same privileges of cross-examination and contradiction as if the opposite party had called that
witness.” Linsell v Applied Handling, Inc, 266 Mich App 1, 26; 697 NW2d 913 (2005). This
purpose allows “truth to be brought out with great regularity.” Jackovich v Gen Adjustment
Bureau, Inc, 119 Mich App 221, 232-233; 326 NW2d 458 (1982). Thus, when there is an issue
in dispute, a party has a right to call the opposite party in order to seek out the truth of the matter.
However, the trial court properly ruled that the testimony of Tremble and Ference was not
relevant to the causation issue and, therefore, the trial court did not violate plaintiff’s right to
1
The trial court’s written order references only the testimony of Ference. It is well settled that a
court speaks only through its written orders. Since the written order did not reference whether
Tremble could testify at trial, this issue is technically unpreserved for appellate review.
However, since the trial court’s ruling is clear from the record, we will review this issue as
though it is preserved.
2
MRE 401 provides, “‘[r]elevant evidence’ means evidence having any tendency to make the
existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or
less probable than it would be without the evidence.”
3
MRE 402 provides, [a]ll relevant evidence is admissible, except as otherwise provided by the
Constitution of the United States, the Constitution of the State of Michigan, these rules, or other
rules adopted by the Supreme Court. Evidence which is not relevant is not admissible.”
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cross-examination pursuant to MCL 600.2161 or MRE 611(d)(3) by granting the motion in
limine.
Affirmed.
/s/ Brian K. Zahra
/s/ Mark J. Cavanagh
/s/ E. Thomas Fitzgerald
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