LISA A DOUGLAS V RUSSELL E EATON
Annotate this Case
Download PDF
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
LISA A. DOUGLAS, f/k/a LISA A. EATON,
UNPUBLISHED
May 25, 2010
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v
No. 294177
Midland Circuit Court
LC No. 06-001485-DM
RUSSELL E. EATON,
Defendant-Appellant.
Before: BANDSTRA, P.J., and BORRELLO and SHAPIRO, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Defendant appeals as of right the order granting plaintiff’s petition for modification of
custody and awarding plaintiff sole legal and physical custody of the minor children and
modifying defendant’s parenting time. For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm.
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Plaintiff and defendant were divorced in June 2007. They had two minor children, Cody
(d/o/b 3/15/99) and Tyler (d/o/b 10/14/00). The divorce judgment awarded the parties joint legal
and physical custody of the minor children, with the children’s primary residence being with
plaintiff. Defendant was awarded parenting time on alternating week-ends and for one evening
each week on the weeks he did not have parenting time on the weekend. On August 14, 2008,
defendant filed a petition for change of custody, seeking equal parenting time for the parties,
with custody of the minor children alternating each week. Plaintiff filed a response to
defendant’s petition for change of custody and a counter-petition for a change in parenting time
that sought, among other things, to increase plaintiff’s parenting time and decrease defendant’s
parenting time. On April 8, 2009, plaintiff filed an amended petition for modification of
custody, seeking sole legal and physical custody of the parties’ minor children.
The trial court found that there was proper cause to revisit the custody order and found
that there was an established custodial environment with plaintiff, but not with defendant. The
trial court considered the statutory best interest factors in MCL 722.23 and found that it was in
the children’s best interests to award sole legal and physical custody to plaintiff. Defendant was
-1-
awarded parenting time on alternating week-ends during the school year, from 6:00 p.m. on
Friday to 6:00 p.m. on Sunday. The trial court ordered summer parenting time “according to the
Midland County Co-Parenting Plan . . . .” Defendant thereafter filed a motion for
reconsideration, which the trial court denied.1
II. ANALYSIS
1. STANDARD OF REVIEW
This Court applies three standards of review in child custody cases. See Fletcher v
Fletcher, 447 Mich 871, 876-877; 526 NW2d 889 (1994). First, the trial court’s findings of fact
are reviewed under the “‘great weight of evidence’” standard and will be affirmed unless the
evidence clearly preponderates in the opposite direction. Id. at 877-878, quoting MCL 722.28.
A trial court’s findings regarding the existence of proper cause or a change in circumstances
sufficient to reconsider a custody award and the existence of an established custodial
environment, as well as the trial court’s findings regarding the best interest factors under MCR
722.23, are reviewed under the great weight of the evidence standard. Berger v Berger, 277
Mich App 700, 705; 747 NW2d 336 (2008); Vodvarka v Grasmeyer, 259 Mich App 499, 512;
675 NW2d 847 (2003). Second, this Court reviews questions of law for clear legal error that
occurs when a trial court incorrectly chooses, interprets, or applies the law. Berger, 277 Mich
App at 706. Third, discretionary rulings, such as custody decisions, are reviewed for an abuse of
discretion. Fletcher, 447 Mich at 879; Shulick v Richards, 273 Mich App 320, 323-325; 729
NW2d 533 (2006). An abuse of discretion in matters involving child custody exists where the
result is so palpably and grossly violative of fact and logic that it evidences a perversity of will or
the exercise of passion or bias. Shulick, 273 Mich App at 324-325. The overriding concern in
custody determinations is the child’s best interests. Fletcher v Fletcher, 229 Mich App 19, 29;
581 NW2d 11 (1998).
2. PROPER CAUSE/CHANGE OF CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER MCL 722.27(1)(c)
Defendant first argues that there was not proper cause to modify the custody order. A
trial court may modify a custody award only if the moving party first establishes proper cause or
a change in circumstances. MCL 722.27(1)(c); Vodvarka, 259 Mich App at 508-509. The goal
of MCL 722.27 is to minimize unwarranted and disruptive changes of custody orders, except
under the most compelling circumstances. Foskett v Foskett, 247 Mich App 1, 6; 634 NW2d 363
(2001). Thus, a party seeking a change in child custody is required, as a threshold matter, to first
demonstrate to the trial court either proper cause or a change in circumstances. Vodvarka, 259
Mich App at 508. If a party fails to do so, the trial court may not hold a child custody hearing.
Id. In Vodvarka, this Court explained the terms “proper cause” and “change of circumstances”:
1
In its order denying defendant’s motion for reconsideration, the trial court clarified that while it
eliminated defendant’s mid-week parenting time during the school year, defendant’s mid-week
parenting time on alternating weeks would continue during the summer.
-2-
[T]o establish “proper cause” necessary to revisit a custody order, a movant must
prove by a preponderance of the evidence the existence of an appropriate ground
for legal action to be taken by the trial court. The appropriate ground(s) should be
relevant to at least one of the twelve statutory best interest factors, and must be of
such magnitude to have a significant effect on the child’s well-being. When a
movant has demonstrated such proper cause, the trial court can then engage in a
reevaluation of the statutory best interest factors.
***
[I]n order to establish a “change of circumstances,” a movant must prove that,
since the entry of the last custody order, the conditions surrounding custody of the
child, which have or could have a significant effect on the child’s well-being,
have materially changed. Again, not just any change will suffice, for over time
there will always be some changes in a child’s environment, behavior, and wellbeing. Instead, the evidence must demonstrate something more than the normal
life changes (both good and bad) that occur during the life of a child, and there
must be at least some evidence that the material changes have had or will almost
certainly have an effect on the child. This too will be a determination made on
the basis of the facts of each case, with the relevance of the facts presented being
gauged by the statutory best interest factors. [Vodvarka, 259 Mich App at 512514 (emphasis in original).]
In this case, defendant himself sought a change in custody, and in his petition for change
of custody, he argued that there had been a substantial change of circumstances since the entry of
the judgment of divorce. In his petition, defendant articulated numerous specific instances that
constituted a change of circumstances, including plaintiff’s strict enforcement of the parenting
time schedule in the judgment of divorce, plaintiff’s violations of the inherent rights of the minor
children, plaintiff’s refusal to let defendant see the minor children on a particular weekend for a
matter of hours per defendant’s special request, plaintiff’s failure to pick up the children after
defendant exercised parenting time with them, problems between the parties regarding one of the
minor children’s participation on a baseball team that was coached by defendant, and a conflict
between the parties that resulted in a scene at the minor children’s baseball practice.
The trial court specifically rejected defendant’s contention that plaintiff’s strict
enforcement of the parenting time schedule in the judgment of divorce constituted a change in
circumstances. In reviewing the specific instances cited by defendant, the trial court stated that
the parties’ problems with co-parenting were more properly characterized as proper cause to
revisit the custody order, rather than a change of circumstances sufficient to revisit custody:
The specific instances raised by the Defendant in his petition were also
thoroughly discussed at the hearing through testimony by both parties and their
witnesses. The situations are clear illustrations of the parties’ current inability to
co-parent their children in a manner geared toward the best interests of the
children. The Court does not feel, however, that the contention between the
parties is appropriately categorized as a change of circumstances. Instead, the coparenting problems should be classified as proper cause by which to revisit the
current order. The issues surrounding the parties’ inability to co-parent, and the
-3-
instances in which those issues have manifested themselves, are clearly relevant
to the parties’ willingness and ability to encourage and facilitate a close
relationship between the child and the other parent. The facilitation and
encouragement of such relationship is one of the twelve best interest factors, and
based on the testimony presented, the problems between the parties are having a
significant effect on the well-being of the children involved in this case.
Therefore, the Court finds proper cause exists to revisit the current custody order.
[Footnote omitted.]
It is arguable that defendant has waived his argument that there was not proper cause or
change of circumstances sufficient to revisit the custody order by asserting in his petition for
change of custody that there was proper cause to revisit the custody issue. Error requiring
reversal cannot be error to which the aggrieved party contributed by plan or negligence. People
v Gonzalez, 256 Mich App 212, 224; 663 NW2d 499 (2003). Even if defendant has not waived
his argument regarding the lack of proper cause or change of circumstances, his argument is
without merit. Defendant argues that there was not proper cause to revisit the custody issue
because the only testimony that the parties’ inability to co-parent the children was affecting the
children came from plaintiff and plaintiff’s witnesses. Defendant’s argument in this regard
essentially asks this Court to interfere with the factfinder’s duty to determine the credibility of
witnesses and the weight of the evidence, something which this Court cannot do. MCR
2.613(C); Berger, 277 Mich App at 715. As the trial court observed, one of the statutory best
interest factors is “[t]he willingness and ability of each of the parties to facilitate and encourage a
close and continuing parent-child relationship between the child and the other parent or the child
and the parents.” MCL 722.23(j). The trial court’s finding that the parties were unable to coparent and that this affected the parties’ ability to facilitate a close relationship between the
children and the other parent was based on its determinations regarding the credibility of the
witnesses and its weighing of the evidence. The trial court’s findings were not against the great
weight of the evidence, and the trial court properly found that proper cause existed to revisit the
custody order.
2. ESTABLISHED CUSTODIAL ENVIRONMENT
Defendant next argues that the trial court erred in ruling that an established custodial
environment existed with respect to plaintiff and in ruling that there was no established custodial
environment with respect to defendant. As noted above, whether an established custodial
environment exists is a question of fact that this Court must affirm unless the trial court’s finding
is against the great weight of the evidence. Berger, 277 Mich App at 706. “A finding is against
the great weight of the evidence if the evidence clearly preponderates in the opposite direction.”
Id. The trial court must address whether an established custodial environment exists before it
makes a determination regarding the child’s best interests. Mogle v Scriver, 241 Mich App 192,
197; 614 NW2d 696 (2000). “An established custodial environment is one of significant
duration in which a parent provides care, discipline, love, guidance, and attention that is
appropriate to the age and individual needs of the child. It is both a physical and psychological
environment that fosters a relationship between custodian and child and is marked by security,
stability, and permanence.” Berger, 277 Mich App at 706, citing Baker v Baker, 411 Mich 567,
579-580; 309 NW2d 532 (1981). An established custodial environment exists “if over an
appreciable time the child naturally looks to the custodian in that environment for guidance,
-4-
discipline, the necessities of life, and parental comfort,” MCL 722.27(1)(c), and “the relationship
between the custodian and the child is marked by qualities of security, stability and
permanence.” Baker, 411 Mich at 579-580. An established custodial environment may exist
with both parents where a child looks to both the mother and father for guidance, discipline, and
the necessities of life. Foskett, 247 Mich App at 8; Mogle, 241 Mich App at 197-198.
The trial court found that there was an established custodial environment with plaintiff,
but that there was not an established custodial environment with defendant:
[T]he Court finds that there is an established custodial environment with the
Plaintiff in this case. Plaintiff was the children’s primary caregiver from their
birth, staying home with the children while Defendant worked. This arrangement
continued until Defendant’s retirement in 2005. At that time, Plaintiff did return
to work, but she has continued to be a constant, positive presence in the children’s
lives. It is clear that the children look to her for guidance, discipline, comfort and
the fulfillment of their needs.
On the other hand, the relationship the boys have with their father has not
been shown to be of the same positive nature as that with their mother. The boys
have spent more time with their father since his retirement than they did in the
first years of their lives. However, that time has been sporadic and not fostered
the same type of relationship with their father as the boys have with their mother.
The time Defendant shares with the boys is primarily spent engaging in physical
and outdoor activities. It seems that the boys look to their father more as someone
to have fun with than someone who provides them guidance in their lives. While
it does appear that the boys listen to their father’s directives, they seem to do so
because they fear his reactions more than they respect his authority as a parent.
The Court finds no established custodial environment with Defendant.
The trial court’s finding that there was an established custodial environment between the
children and plaintiff was not against the great weight of the evidence. There was evidence that
the relationship between plaintiff and the children had qualities of security, stability, and
permanence. Furthermore, plaintiff’s residence had been the children’s primary residence since
the parties divorced in July 2007, and the children spend the majority of their days and nights
with plaintiff. As for defendant, the evidence does not clearly preponderate towards a finding of
an established custodial environment. According to defendant, the trial court downplayed
defendant’s role in the children’s lives and ignored credible witnesses that positively described
the children’s relationship with defendant. It is true that there was testimony that defendant
loves his children and that he generally exercised his parenting time with the children,
participated with their baseball and school activities, and enjoyed outdoor activities with them,
such as hunting, fishing and golfing. Furthermore, there was testimony that defendant guided
and disciplined the children. However, there was also evidence that tended to show that the
relationship between defendant and the children did not have qualities of security and stability.
For example, there was evidence that defendant sometimes became angry when the children
were present and that his anger affected the children, there was evidence that defendant made
custodial exchanges traumatic, and there was evidence that defendant sometimes did not exercise
his parenting time when he was expected to. Furthermore, there was evidence to support the trial
-5-
court’s finding that defendant was the “fun” parent with whom the boys liked to hang out and
have a good time.
To the extent that the trial court’s conclusion that there was not an established custodial
environment with defendant involved credibility determinations and the possible rejection of
evidence presented by defendant, we note that the existence of an established custodial
environment is a factual inquiry, and we defer to the trial court’s determinations regarding the
weight of the evidence and the credibility of witnesses. MCR 2.613(C); Berger, 277 Mich App
at 715. We find that the evidence does not clearly preponderate against the trial court’s findings
regarding the existence of an established custodial environment with respect to plaintiff and the
lack of an established custodial environment with respect to defendant. The trial court’s findings
were not against the great weight of the evidence, and the trial court did not err in finding that an
established custodial environment existed with plaintiff, but not with defendant.
3. STATUTORY BEST INTEREST FACTORS
Defendant next argues that the trial court’s findings with respect to the statutory best
interest factors were against the great weight of the evidence. To determine child custody, the
trial court must consider the statutory best interest factors in MCL 722.23:
As used in this act, “best interests of the child” means the sum total of the
following factors to be considered, evaluated, and determined by the court:
(a)
The love, affection, and other emotional ties existing between the parties
involved and the child.
(b)
The capacity and disposition of the parties involved to give the child love,
affection, and guidance and to continue the education and raising of the child in
his or her religion or creed, if any.
(c)
The capacity and disposition of the parties involved to provide the child
with food, clothing, medical care or other remedial care recognized and permitted
under the laws of this state in place of medical care, and other material needs.
(d)
The length of time the child has lived in a stable, satisfactory environment,
and the desirability of maintaining continuity.
(e)
The permanence, as a family unit, of the existing or proposed custodial
home or homes.
(f)
The moral fitness of the parties involved.
(g)
The mental and physical health of the parties involved.
(h)
The home, school, and community record of the child.
(i)
The reasonable preference of the child, if the court considers the child to
be of sufficient age to express preference.
-6-
(j)
The willingness and ability of each of the parties to facilitate and
encourage a close and continuing parent-child relationship between the child and
the other parent or the child and the parents.
(k)
Domestic violence, regardless of whether the violence was directed
against or witnessed by the child.
(l)
Any other factor considered by the court to be relevant to a particular child
custody dispute.
The trial court found the parties equal for factors (c) and (f). The trial court found that
factors (a), (b), and (h) favored plaintiff, that factor (d) slightly favored plaintiff, and that factors
(e), (g), (j) and (k) strongly favored plaintiff. The trial court did not inverview the minor
children and therefore did not favor either party under (i). Furthermore, the trial court did not
consider any other factor under (l).
The trial court found in plaintiff’s favor for factor (a). Defendant attacks the trial court’s
finding regarding this factor on the basis that the trial court disregarded the testimony of
unbiased defense witnesses. As the trier of fact, the trial court was in the best position to
determine the credibility of witnesses and determine what weight to give the evidence. MCR
2.613(C); Berger, 277 Mich App at 715. The trial court apparently found the testimony of
plaintiff and her witnesses more credible in this regard than the testimony of defendant and his
witnesses. The trial court’s finding for factor (a) was not against the great weight of the
evidence.
The trial court also found in plaintiff’s favor for factor (b). The trial court found the
parties’ capacity to continue the education and raising of the children as Catholics to be
significant regarding this factor and found that defendant was “not consistent with delivering the
boys to religious activities during his parenting time.” There was evidence that plaintiff led the
religious training of the parties’ children and evidence regarding defendant’s lack of participation
and involvement in the children’s religious education and even defendant’s inhibition of the
children’s religious training. The trial court’s finding regarding this factor was not against the
great weight of the evidence.
The trial court found that factor (d) slightly favored plaintiff because of the children’s
familiarity with plaintiff’s home. Defendant argues that the trial court failed to note that the
minor children had been spending significant time with defendant in defendant’s new home since
January 2007. This may be true, but the evidence established that the minor children spent the
majority of their days and nights in plaintiff’s home and that the environment in plaintiff’s home
was stable. The trial court did not err in slightly favoring plaintiff under this factor.
The trial court found that factor (e) strongly favored plaintiff. There was evidence that
plaintiff, who had not remarried, was in a long-term relationship with a man and that the man
resided in plaintiff’s home and had a good relationship with the minor children. Defendant had
just remarried the very month of the custody trial. Defendant’s wife was a woman he had met
online. He met her in person for the first time in December 2008 and they spent some time
together for about five weeks from March 25, 2009, until they were married on May 3, 2009.
The minor children spent some time with defendant’s wife during these visits, but she did not
-7-
appear to have given a lot of consideration to her role as step-mother to the minor children, as
evidenced by her statement that she “never really thought about being their step-mom.”
Defendant takes issue with the trial court’s conclusion that defendant places little value
on his relationships with women. It can be inferred from certain evidence that defendant places
little value on his relationships with women. There was evidence that defendant called plaintiff
vulgar names, sometimes in the children’s presence, and he apparently dated a woman who he
met online because she lived near an author of books that one of his sons liked to read.
According to defendant, “the only reason [he] wanted to interact with” the woman was to meet
this author. Thus, there was evidence to permit the inference to support the trial court’s finding
that defendant places little value on his relationships with women. Furthermore, given the
evidence, and inferences therefrom, regarding the permanence of the parties’ respective homes,
we conclude that the trial court’s finding regarding this factor was not against the great weight of
the evidence.
Defendant argues that the trial court erred in strongly favoring plaintiff under factor (g),
the mental and physical health of the parties involved. Defendant was disabled from the
military. He described the nature of his disability as including injuries to both knees and his
right shoulder. He also stated that he ingested gas during Operation Desert Storm and that he
had stomach problems and irritable bowel syndrome. Furthermore, defendant testified that he
suffered from depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder. In contrast, plaintiff does
not have any significant physical or mental health issues. The trial court’s finding regarding this
factor was not against the great weight of the evidence.
Defendant does not advance any meaningful argument that the trial court erred in
favoring plaintiff under factor (h). “A party abandons a claim when it fails to make a meaningful
argument in support of its position.” Berger, 277 Mich App at 712.
Defendant argues that the trial court wrongfully strongly favored plaintiff under factor (j).
Defendant’s argument in this regard is limited to listing ways in which plaintiff attempted to
undermine defendant’s relationship with the children. We again note that a party waives a claim
by failing to make a meaningful argument in support of his position. Id. To the extent that this
factor depended on credibility determinations, the trial court is in the best position to determine
the credibility of witnesses and weigh the evidence, and this Court must give deference to the
trial court’s superior abilities in this regard. MCR 2.613(C); Berger, 277 Mich App at 715.
Defendant also argues that the trial court erred in strongly favoring plaintiff under factor
(k), domestic violence. According to defendant, plaintiff was the controlling party, and she was
verbally and emotionally abusive. Defendant asserts that even though plaintiff called the police
on several occasions during the marriage, no police complaints were ever filed and defendant
was never charged with domestic violence. There was evidence that defendant blocked
plaintiff’s car with his truck at a baseball game because he was angry at her, that he threatened to
kill plaintiff’s boyfriend, that he was sometimes “volatile,” and that plaintiff had sought help
from law enforcement on four occasions after the parties were separated because of defendant’s
conduct. A woman who saw defendant block plaintiff’s car in at the baseball game later
approached plaintiff and told plaintiff that she worked for a domestic violence and sexual assault
shelter and that plaintiff should call if she needed anything. Therefore, even without evidence of
-8-
a criminal complaint or that defendant was charged without domestic violence, the trial court’s
finding regarding this factor was not against the great weight of the evidence.
In sum, the trial court’s findings of fact regarding the best interest factors were not
against the great weight of the evidence.
4. DUE PROCESS
Defendant finally argues that the trial court violated his due process right to a fair
tribunal. According to defendant, the trial court violated his due process rights by failing to hold
a hearing to determine the preferences of the minor children, MCR 722.23(i), and by deferring to
the report of psychologist Dr. Tracy Allan without taking into consideration any of defendant’s
witnesses or exhibits in rendering its opinion.
We review de novo issues of constitutional law. Sinicropi v Mazurek, 273 Mich App
149, 155; 729 NW2d 256 (2006).
The Michigan Constitution and the United States Constitution both preclude the
government from depriving a person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. US
Const, Am V; Const 1963, art 1, § 17; Reed v Reed, 265 Mich App 131, 159; 693 NW2d 825
(2005). “Parents have a significant interest in the companionship, care, custody, and
management of their children, and the interest is an element of liberty protected by due process.”
In re JK, 468 Mich 202, 210; 661 NW2d 216 (2003). There are two types of due process:
procedural due process and substantive due process. By Lo Oil Co v Dep’t of Treasury, 267
Mich App 19, 32-33; 703 NW2d 822 (2005). Procedural due process requires notice and a
meaningful opportunity to be heard before an impartial decision maker. Mettler Walloon, LLC v
Melrose Twp, 281 Mich App 184, 213-214; 761 NW2d 293 (2008). Substantive due process is
concerned with the arbitrary deprivation of a liberty or property interest. Id. at 201.
The trial court’s rejection of defendant’s witnesses and defendant’s own testimony and
acceptance of plaintiff’s witnesses and evidence did not deprive defendant of his due process
rights. Once again, defendant’s argument is tantamount to a rejection of the trial court’s
credibility determinations. As stated previously, this Court defers to the trial court’s superior
ability to make determinations regarding the credibility of witnesses and the weight of evidence.
MCR 2.613(C); Berger, 277 Mich App at 715. The trial court’s apparent conclusion that
plaintiff’s evidence was more credible or that defendant’s evidence was incredible does not mean
that the trial court failed to consider defendant’s testimony and other evidence. The finder of
fact does not violate a party’s due process rights by finding the party’s evidence incredible or
less credible than evidence presented by the opposing party. Furthermore, the fact that the trial
court may not have mentioned certain portions of defendant’s evidence does not mean that the
trial court failed to consider defendant’s evidence. The trial court need not comment on every
matter in evidence. Sinicropi, 273 Mich App at 180. Defendant’s argument in this regard is
without merit.
In addition, the trial court did not violate defendant’s due process rights by not holding a
hearing to determine the custody preferences of the minor children under MCL 722.23(i). Under
factor (i), the trial court must consider “[t]he reasonable preference of the child, if the court
considers the child to be of sufficient age to express preference.” MCL 722.23(i); Treutle v
-9-
Treutle, 197 Mich App 690, 694; 495 NW2d 836 (1992). In this case, the minor children were
eight and ten years old at the time of trial. This Court has stated that children of six years of age
are generally old enough to express a preference. Bowers v Bowers, 190 Mich App 51, 55-56;
475 NW2d 394 (1991). The trial court did not interview the minor children to ascertain their
preferences.
Defendant cites Stringer v Vincent, 161 Mich App 429; 411 NW2d 474 (1987), in support
of his contention that the trial court violated his due process rights by failing to consider the
reasonable preference of the children. In Stringer, which involved the defendant’s petition for
change of custody, this Court stated: “[t]he trial court’s failure to interview the children was
itself error requiring reversal.” Id. at 434. We find Stringer to be distinguishable from the
instant case, however, because in Stringer, the trial court made a custody decision without
holding an evidentiary hearing at all, on the basis of the pleadings and a friend of the court
report, which the parties had not agreed could be considered as evidence. Id. at 432-433. We
reversed because of the trial court’s failure to hold an evidentiary hearing and consider the best
interest factors. Id. at 433. In so doing, we stated: “[t]he trial court could not have considered
the eleven factors set out in the definition of a child’s best interests since it had been presented
with no evidence.” Id. Unlike the facts in Stringer, in this case, the trial court held an
evidentiary hearing and considered the best interest factors and made findings regarding those
factors. Although the trial court did not ascertain the children’s preference under factor (i), it
found most of the best interest factors favored plaintiff (and that four factors “strongly” favored
plaintiff) and that the parties were equal for two factors. Significantly, the trial court did not find
in defendant’s favor for any of the best interest factors. The trial court’s holding of an
evidentiary hearing and consideration of the best interest factors in the instant case distinguishes
it from Stringer. Furthermore, in requiring the trial court to interview the children to determine
their preference in Stringer, this Court noted that its statements regarding factor (i) were made
only “to provide guidance to the trial court on remand.” Id.
More recently, this Court has held that the trial court’s failure to consider the preference
of the child under factor (i) does not require reversal if the parties did not ask the trial court to
speak to the child regarding his or her preference and the child’s preference would not have
changed the trial court’s ruling. Sinicropi, 273 Mich App at 182-183. In Sinicropi, we stated:
[Defendant] also takes issue with the fact that the trial court did not
consider the child’s preference under factor i (child’s preference). The trial court
stated that it could not consider the child’s preference because none of the parties
presented him for an interview. We note that the parties stood mute when the trial
court made this statement, and there is no indication in the record that [defendant]
wished or requested that the trial court speak to the child regarding his preference.
This fact distinguishes the case from Flaherty v Smith, 87 Mich App 561, 564565; 274 NW2d 72 (1978); Lewis v Lewis, 73 Mich App 563, 564; 252 NW2d
237 (1977), and In re Custody of James B, 66 Mich App 133, 134; 238 NW2d 550
(1975), in which the trial court either declined or refused to interview the children
on request. We recognize that “[a] trial court must consider, evaluate, and
determine each of the factors contained in [MCL 722.23]” when determining a
child’s best interests. Mann v Mann, 190 Mich App 526, 536; 476 NW2d 439
(1991). Assuming that the child, who was six years old when the custody hearing
-10-
was conducted, was of sufficient age to express a preference, and assuming that
the trial court erred in not interviewing the child when neither party apparently
wished to have the child appear, reversal is not warranted because had the child
expressed a preference, it would not have changed the trial court’s ruling, given
the court’s overall statements and strong feelings regarding what was best for the
child . . . . [Sinicropi, 273 Mich App at 182-183.]
The facts of the instant case are similar to the facts in Sinicropi. In this case, there is no
indication that defendant presented the minor children to the court for an interview.2 Moreover,
there is no indication that the trial court declined or refused to interview the children on request.
In addition, even if defendant had asked the trial court to speak with the minor children to
ascertain their preference, in the present case, like in Sinicropi, the trial court’s findings
regarding the other best interest factors and statements regarding the best interests of the children
indicate that the minor children’s preference would not have changed the trial court’s ruling. In
the present case, the trial court did not find any of the best interest factors in favor of plaintiff.
Moreover, even if the children had articulated a preference to be in the custody of defendant, the
best interest factors need not be given equal weight, McCain v McCain, 229 Mich App 123, 131;
580 NW2d 485 (1998), and a child’s preference does not automatically outweigh all other best
interest factors, Treutle, 197 Mich App at 694, which the trial court found primarily in favor of
2
There is an indication that defendant wished to have the trial court speak with the minor
children regarding their preference even though he did not present them to the trial court for an
interview. On the record on the last day of trial, May 28, 2009, the trial court stated that in lieu
of closing arguments, it wanted the parties to prepare written proposed findings of fact and
conclusions of law. The trial court stated that it would give the parties 14 days to prepare these
closing briefs, which would have made them due on June 11, 2009. Thereafter, counsel for
plaintiff advised the trial court that school for the minor children was out on June 12 and that
plaintiff “would appreciate any speed that you could lend to the decision, especially as it relates
to the summer break parenting time.” The trial court then stated that it was willing to shorten the
timetable to facilitate an earlier decision, but counsel for defendant made comments that
indicated that it would be difficult for her to complete the document any earlier than June 11,
2009. The trial court ultimately left the June 11, 2009, deadline intact, and defendant filed his
closing brief with the trial court on June 11, 2009. In his closing brief, defendant asserted that
“the preference of the children should be determined by this court.” Under the facts of this case,
such a statement, assuming that it constitutes a request that the trial court speak with the minor
children to ascertain their preference, is not a timely request for the trial court to interview the
minor children to ascertain their preferences, when there is no evidence that defendant had the
children available so that the trial court could speak to them that day, and defendant knew that
the children would be out of school on June 12, and knew that the trial court desired to issue its
decision before that date. In fact, the trial court issued its order and opinion on June 11, 2009,
and defendant’s brief on appeal indicates that the trial court actually rendered its opinion before
receiving defendant’s closing brief, although it is impossible to verify this because there is no
time stamp on either the closing brief or the opinion. Significantly, defendant’s motion for
reconsideration did not include any argument regarding the trial court’s failure to ascertain the
minor children’s preference under MCL 722.23(i).
-11-
plaintiff. The trial court did not violate defendant’s due process rights by not interviewing the
minor children to determine their preference under factor (i).
III. CONCLUSION
In sum, the trial court’s findings regarding the existence of proper cause to revisit the
custody order were not against the great weight of the evidence. In addition, the trial court’s
findings regarding the existence of an established custodial environment with respect to plaintiff
and defendant and regarding the best interest factors also were not against the great weight of the
evidence. Finally, the trial court did not violate defendant’s due process rights by making
credibility determinations in plaintiff’s favor and by not interviewing the minor children to
determine their preference.
Affirmed. Plaintiff, being the prevailing party, may tax costs pursuant to MCR 7.219.
/s/ Richard A. Bandstra
/s/ Stephen L. Borrello
/s/ Douglas B. Shapiro
-12-
Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
