DENISE MOYER V NANCY SIELOFF
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
DENISE MOYER,
UNPUBLISHED
June 30, 2009
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v
No. 285587
Macomb Circuit Court
LC No. 05-001443-NI
NANCY SIELOFF and KENNETH SIELOFF,
Defendants-Appellants.
Before: O’Connell, P.J., and Bandstra and Donofrio, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Defendants appeal by leave granted an order denying their motion for summary
disposition. We reverse. This appeal has been decided without oral argument pursuant to MCR
7.214(E).
Defendants argue that they owed no duty to plaintiff because any danger was open and
obvious with no special aspects, and thus, they are entitled to judgment as a matter of law in this
negligence action. This Court reviews de novo a trial court’s decision on a motion for summary
disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10). Dressel v Ameribank, 468 Mich 557, 561; 664
NW2d 151 (2003). When deciding a motion for summary disposition under this rule, a court
must consider the pleadings, affidavits, depositions, admissions, and other documentary evidence
then filed in the action or submitted by the parties in the light most favorable to the nonmoving
party. MCR 2.116(G)(5); Wilson v Alpena County Road Comm, 474 Mich 161, 166; 713 NW2d
717 (2006). Summary disposition is proper if the evidence fails to establish a genuine issue
regarding any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id. at
166.
A negligence claim requires that a plaintiff prove the following four elements: (1) a duty
owed to the plaintiff by the defendant; (2) a breach of that duty; (3) causation; and (4) damages.
Case v Consumers Power Co, 463 Mich 1, 6; 615 NW2d 17 (2000). The duty a landowner owes
to those who enter the landowner’s land is determined by the status of the visitor. Stitt v Holland
Abundant Life Fellowship, 462 Mich 591, 596; 614 NW2d 88 (2000). Michigan recognizes three
traditional categories of visitors: trespasser, licensee, and invitee. Id. The parties do not dispute
that plaintiff was a licensee when she visited defendants’ home. “A landowner owes a licensee a
duty only to warn the licensee of any hidden dangers the owner knows or has reason to know of,
if the licensee does not know or have reason to know of the dangers involved.” Id. Thus, a
landowner need not warn a licensee of dangers already known to the licensee. Pippin v Atallah,
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245 Mich App 136, 143; 626 NW2d 911 (2001). A natural result is that landowners have no
duty with respect to visitors and “open and obvious” dangers because obvious dangers are, in
fact, no danger at all to a reasonably careful person. Slaughter v Blarney Castle Oil Co, 281
Mich App 474, 478; 760 NW2d 287 (2008).
Simply put, if the icy condition on defendants’ porch was open and obvious, then
defendants owed no duty to warn plaintiff of that condition. Determining if a danger was open
and obvious utilizes a subjective test as well as an objective test. Kenny v Kaatz Funeral Home,
Inc, 264 Mich App 99, 119-120; 689 NW2d 737 (2004) (Griffin, J., dissenting), adopted in 472
Mich 929 (2005). Subjectively, a danger is open and obvious if the plaintiff actually recognizes
it as such. Id. at 119. Objectively, a danger is open and obvious even if the plaintiff did not
know of its existence, but “an average user with ordinary intelligence” would have discovered it
upon casual inspection. Novotney v Burger King Corp (On Remand), 198 Mich App 470, 475;
499 NW2d 379 (1993); see also Bertrand v Alan Ford, Inc, 449 Mich 606, 611; 537 NW2d 185
(1995) (“[T]he open and obvious danger doctrine will cut off liability if the [visitor] should have
discovered the condition and realized its danger.”).
Here, plaintiff admits that even though the porch light was not on, she was able to see
that the porch was “all white and flat” as if it had been recently shoveled leaving residual snow.
Thus, plaintiff had actual knowledge of the existence of snow on defendants’ porch and any
objective inquiry is not needed. Plaintiff argues that she had no actual knowledge of ice and
nothing put her on notice that ice could be present. However, this Court has already addressed
this issue when it announced, “as a matter of law[,] . . . by its very nature, a snow-covered
surface presents an open and obvious danger because of the high probability that it may be
slippery.” Ververis v Hartfield Lanes (On Remand), 271 Mich App 61, 67; 718 NW2d 382
(2006). Therefore, the slippery condition on defendants’ porch was an open and obvious danger
to plaintiff.
Still, if there are “special aspects” that make the open and obvious condition
“unreasonably dangerous,” then the premises possessor’s duty to warn remains intact. See Lugo
v Ameritech Corp, 464 Mich 512, 517; 629 NW2d 384 (2001). “Special aspects” are those that
“give rise to a uniquely high likelihood of harm or severity of harm if the risk is not avoided.”
Id. at 519. However, “[t]he risk of slipping and falling on ice” does not “constitute a uniquely
high likelihood or severity of harm and remove the condition from the open and obvious danger
doctrine.” Royce v Chatwell Club Apartments, 276 Mich App 389, 395-396; 740 NW2d 547
(2007). The types of severe harm contemplated by the Supreme Court include “an unguarded
30-foot deep pit in the middle of a parking lot” and “a commercial building with only one exit
for the general public where the floor is covered with standing water.” Lugo, supra at 518.
These two examples show harms that present a substantial risk of death or severe injury or are
effectively unavoidable. Neither aspect is present in the instant case. Slipping and falling on ice,
even from a porch, does not present the same risk of death or injury as falling into a 30-foot deep
pit. Also, plaintiff did not have to encounter the front porch – she could have used the rear door
of the house, which she said she had done on prior occasions. Therefore, no “special aspects”
existed with regard to the snow-covered, icy porch.
For these reasons, the open and obvious doctrine removes any duty defendants owed to
plaintiff with regard to the snow-covered icy condition on defendants’ front porch, and
defendants are entitled to summary disposition on plaintiff’s negligence claim.
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We reverse. Defendants, being the prevailing parties, may tax costs pursuant to MCR
7.219.
/s/ Peter D. O’Connell
/s/ Richard A. Bandstra
/s/ Pat M. Donofrio
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