GWINIOV J RILEY V STATE FARM FIRE AND CASUALTY CO
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
GWINIOV J. RILEY,
UNPUBLISHED
September 25, 2008
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v
No. 276195
Muskegon Circuit Court
LC No. 03-042817-CZ
STATE FARM FIRE AND CASUALTY CO.,
Defendant-Appellee,
and
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESOURCES,
SERVPRO OF MUSKEGON, and RANDALL C.
MULDER,
Defendants.
Before: Meter, P.J., and Talbot and Servitto, JJ.
TALBOT, J. (dissenting)
I respectfully dissent from the majority’s decision to vacate the financial offsets to the
jury verdict ordered by the trial court and the award of case evaluation sanctions.
I believe the majority’s decision is based on an incorrect premise regarding the lower
court record. Specifically, the majority indicates, “the jury was not instructed to determine the
total amount of benefits plaintiff was entitled to recover under the contract.” The full jury
instruction, pertinent to this issue, is as follows:
Gwin Riley must prove by a preponderance of the evidence the amount of any
damages to be awarded, however, Gwin Riley is not required to prove her
damages with mathematical precision because it is not always possible that a
party can prove the exact amount of her damages. Therefore, it’s necessary only
that Gwin Riley prove her damages to a reasonable certainty or a reasonable
probability. However, you may not award damages on the basis of guess,
speculation or conjecture. Contract damages are intended to give the party the
benefit of the party’s bargain by awarding her a sum of money that will, to the
extent possible, put her in as good a position as she would have been in had the
contract been fully performed. The injured party – the injured party should
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receive those damages naturally arising from the breach. Gwin Riley cannot
receive a greater amount as damages than she could have gained by the full
performance of the contract. In this case, the following types of damages are
available if you can find Gwin Riley to have met her burden of proof: a) The cost
of repair or replacement of the property itself. b) The cost of cleaning or
replacing contents damaged. c) Additional living expenses. Whether or not State
Farm is entitled to a credit or offset for amounts already paid is a question of law
for the Court to determine. In making your assessment, therefore, I am asking
you to award such sums to the plaintiff as you find she has proved regardless of
any offset for amounts paid. If I find that State Farm is entitled to such a credit or
offset, I will make that decision as a matter of law after the trial. You may,
however, evaluate the amounts allegedly paid and the timing of those payments in
making all other decisions you need to make. [Emphasis added.]
Notably, the trial court and counsel for the parties engaged in multiple discussions
pertaining to these jury instructions. Following completion of the instructions to the jury,
plaintiff’s counsel was afforded the opportunity to make any corrections, but declined. In
addition, before closing arguments, the trial court specifically indicated to both counsel:
So, except for those changes, I’m going to go with those instructions as presented
to you. Anything about that you – anything in addition that needs to be
memorialized about that . . . ?
Plaintiff’s attorney specifically responded, “No.” It is well established that error requiring
reversal cannot be error to which the aggrieved party contributed by plan or negligence. Phinney
v Perlmutter, 222 Mich App 513, 537; 564 NW2d 532 (1997). Because plaintiff expressly
indicated satisfaction with the jury instructions and verdict form, any objection is deemed
waived. Chastain v GMC, 254 Mich App 576, 591-592; 657 NW2d 804 (2002). See also,
Hilgendorf v St John Hosp and Medical Ctr Corp, 245 Mich App 670, 695-696; 630 NW2d 356
(2001); Phinney, supra at 537-538. Further, on the verdict form used by the jury, and approved
by counsel, when determining damages the jury responded to the following:
Question 2: What is amount of damages plaintiff has sustained, as defined in
these instructions?
A. The cost of repair or replacement of the property itself. $___________
B. The cost of cleaning or replacing contents damaged.
C. Additional living expenses.
$___________
$___________
This wording does not indicate a temporal limitation, as asserted by the majority, regarding the
incurrence of damages by plaintiff. In particular, the reference to “[t]he cost of repair or
replacement of the property itself” is inclusive and should be interpreted expansively.
I would further note that plaintiff also argues that the trial court erred regarding the
apportionment of offsets against damages already paid. However, based on the majority
determination that the imposition of any offsets was error, a review of the methodology and
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proofs used by the trial court in its determination regarding the apportionment of offsets would
be superfluous to address within this dissent.
I find that the complete text and context of the trial court’s instruction on the issue of
damages is clear and demonstrates that the jury was instructed to determine “the total amount of
benefits plaintiff was entitled to recover under the contract.” This Court “must presume that the
jurors understood and followed these instructions.” Dep’t of Transportation v Haggerty
Corridor Partners Ltd Partnership, 473 Mich 124, 178-179; 700 NW2d 380 (2005). Based on
this record, I would affirm the trial court’s imposition of offsets, but do not render an opinion
regarding the propriety of the apportionment of the offsets.
/s/ Michael J. Talbot
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