ALLSTATE INSUR CO V ROBERT DANIEL MCCARN
Annotate this Case
Download PDF
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
ALLSTATE INSURANCE COMPANY,
UNPUBLISHED
November 15, 2002
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v
ROBERT DANIEL MCCARN, ERNEST WARD
MCCARN, PATRICIA ANN MCCARN and
NANCY S. LABELLE, Personal Representative of
the Estate of KEVIN CHARLES LABELLE,
Deceased,
Defendants-Appellees.
No. 213041
Shiawassee Circuit Court
LC No. 97-000369-CK
ON REMAND
Before: Zahra, P.J., and White and Hoekstra, JJ.
WHITE, J. (dissenting).
Because I conclude that under the case law there is a question of fact regarding whether
the criminal acts exclusion of the policy excludes coverage, I respectfully dissent.
The intentional or criminal acts policy exclusion at issue states:
We do not cover any bodily injury or property damage intended by, or which may
reasonably be expected to result from the intentional or criminal acts or omissions
of, any insured person. This exclusion applies even if:
a) such insured person lacks the mental capacity to govern his or her
conduct.
b) such bodily injury or property damage is of a different kind or degree
than intended or reasonably expected; or
c) such bodily injury or property damage is sustained by a different person
than intended or reasonably expected.
This exclusion applies regardless of whether or not such insured person is actually
charged with, or convicted of a crime.
-1-
In Allstate Ins Co v Freeman, 432 Mich 656, 660, 700; 443 NW2d 734, reh denied with
addenda to opinion, 433 Mich 1202 (1989), a majority of the Court interpreted a similar
exclusion1 and concluded that it required application of a two-part objective test: “An insurer
may relieve itself of its duty to defend and indemnify if (1) the insured acted either intentionally
or criminally, and (2) the resulting injuries occurred as the natural, foreseeable, expected, and
anticipated result of an insured’s intentional acts.” The Freeman Court noted in discussing the
companion case to Freeman, Metropolitan Property & Liability Ins Co v DiCicco, that:
[W]e agree with those courts which have held that “[f]or purposes of an
exclusionary clause in an insurance policy the word ‘expected’ denotes that the
actor knew or should have known that there was a substantial probability that
certain consequences will result from his actions.” City of Carter Lake v Aetna
Casualty & Surety Co, 604 F2d 1052, 1058-1059 (CA 8, 1979). We also reject
defendant’s contention that the standard we adopt today will preclude coverage
for negligent acts by the insured. As the City of Carter Lake court stated, supra at
1059, n 4:
The difference between “reasonably foreseeable” and “substantial
probability” is the degree of expectability. A result is reasonably
foreseeable if there are indications which would lead a reasonably
prudent man to know that the particular results could follow from
his acts. Substantial probability is more than this. The indications
must be strong enough to alert a reasonably prudent man not only
to the possibility of the results occurring but the indications must
also must be sufficient to forewarn him that the results are highly
likely to occur. [432 Mich at 675. Emphasis added.]
Applying Freeman to the instant case, Robert’s acts of pointing the gun and pulling the
trigger were intentional, and possibly criminal, but he did not intend any injury or even to fire a
loaded gun. See Allstate Ins Co v McCarn, 466 Mich 277, 285; 645 NW2d 20 (2002), in which
the Supreme Court stated:
However, Robert believed the gun was not loaded. Robert had no intention of
firing a loaded weapon. No bodily injury would have been caused by Robert’s
intended act of pulling the trigger of an unloaded gun.
Under the second prong of Freeman, the question is whether Kevin’s death occurred as the
natural, foreseeable, expected, and anticipated result of Robert’s intentional or criminal acts;
whether Robert knew or should have known that there was a substantial probability, i.e., that it
was “highly likely,” that Kevin’s death would result from his actions.
1
The exclusion in Freeman, supra at 685, provided:
We do not cover any bodily injury or property damage which may reasonably be
expected to result from the intentional or criminal acts of an insured person or
which is in fact intended by an insured person.
-2-
In Buczkowski v Allstate Ins Co, 447 Mich 669; 526 NW2d 589 (1994), the Supreme
Court addressed a policy exclusion similar to the one at issue in the instant case and identical to
the exclusion in Freeman, supra.2 The insured in Buczkowski, while intoxicated, fired a gun at
the plaintiff’s car late at night while it was parked in the plaintiff’s driveway, intending to hit the
vehicle. Unknown to the insured, the plaintiff was sitting at a picnic table behind his house. The
bullet ricocheted through the car tire and struck the plaintiff’s arm and hand. Buczkowski, supra
at 678-679. The insured was convicted of reckless use of a firearm and carrying a concealed
weapon. A majority of the Supreme Court concluded in Buczkowski that
shooting a gun in a residential neighborhood in the middle of the night at an
unoccupied car does not necessarily lead, as a matter of law, to a reasonable
expectation of bodily injury. What is to be reasonably expected is a question of
fact, and, as a disputed question of fact, it was improper for the trial court to grant
the defendant’s motion for summary disposition brought pursuant to MCR
2.116(C)(10). [Id. at 671-672 (Cavanagh, C.J., with whom Levin and Mallett, JJ.,
concurred), 676 (Brickley, J., concurring in result of C.J. Cavanagh’s opinion)[3].
As in Buczkowski,4 I conclude that reasonable minds could differ regarding whether
Kevin’s death occurred as the natural, foreseeable, expected, and anticipated result of Robert’s
intentional or criminal acts, and I would thus remand to the trial court.
/s/ Helene N. White
2
The intentional acts exclusion in Buczkowski, supra at 682-683, provided:
We do not cover any bodily injury or property damage which may reasonably be
expected to result from the intentional or criminal acts of an insured person or
which is in fact intended by an insured person.
3
In his concurring opinion, Justice Brickley stated:
If an act is highly likely to cause personal injury, performing that act usually
should result in somebody getting hurt. This is what the words “highly likely”
mean, and what it means when we say that the injury is expected to result from
the act. This cannot be said of McKay’s actions in this instance, however.
McKay used a shotgun to shoot at the back of a car from inside another car on a
residential street at night. A person could easily use up a lot of bullets shooting at
cars in residential neighborhoods and not hit anyone. [447 Mich at 673-674.]
4
The majority distinguishes Buczkowski by concluding that the insured’s actions in Buczkowski
were not highly likely to cause injury but that it was highly likely that injury would result from
Robert’s action of aiming a gun at LaBelle’s face and pulling the trigger. However, this is only
the case if one assumes knowledge that the gun was loaded, and Robert believed the gun was
unloaded.
-3-
Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.