JACQUELINE ROBY V CITY OF MT CLEMENS
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
JACQUELINE ROBY,
UNPUBLISHED
November 21, 2006
APPROVED FOR
PUBLICATION
January 25, 2007
9:05 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v
No. 269563
Macomb Circuit Court
LC No. 2004-004751-NO
CITY OF MOUNT CLEMENS,
Defendant-Appellee.
Official Reported Version
Before: Whitbeck, C.J., and Saad and Schuette, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Plaintiff Jacqueline Roby appeals as of right the trial court's order granting summary
disposition to defendant city of Mount Clemens (the City) under MCR 2.116(C)(7). We affirm.
We decide this appeal without oral argument.1
I. Basic Facts And Procedural History
On September 15, 2004, Roby fell on a paved area in front of her place of employment,
Johnson Controls, and she sustained injuries. Johnson Controls leases the premises, and the City
has a right-of-way in the area where Roby fell, which is an area paved with asphalt and cement
between a fenced parking lot and the road. The six blocks next to the subject property all have
grass-covered rights-of-way.
On October 26, 2004, in response to a report about Roby's fall, the City's blight officer,
John Denomme, sent a notice to Johnson Controls instructing it to repair the defective asphalt on
the paved area. According to Denomme, the commercial or residential owner of the property has
the responsibility to repair and maintain the right-of-way. But if the owner does not do so, the
City has a right to repair it and assess a lien against the property.
1
MCR 7.214(E).
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There were no permits issued to build a sidewalk where Roby fell. In fact, there were no
records for the site in question until the October 26, 2004, notice. Denomme testified that he
thought that the area where Roby fell was a parking area for Johnson Controls because he had
seen vehicles and trucks parked there. Roby also admitted that trucks park in this area on a daily
basis. And Johnson Controls indicated that it used the area for parking, turning, and putting
trucks on the property.
Roby filed suit against the City, alleging that it was negligent because it failed to properly
maintain and repair the paved area in front of Johnson Controls, which she alleges is a public
sidewalk. The City moved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7), arguing that
Roby's claim was barred by governmental immunity because the area where she tripped was not
a public sidewalk, so it had no duty to maintain it. The trial court agreed and granted the City's
motion, concluding that the accident did not occur on "a public sidewalk or in an area that would
otherwise give rise to liability on the part of [d]efendant." Roby now appeals.
II. Summary Disposition
A. Standard Of Review
Roby argues on appeal that the trial court erred in granting the City's motion for summary
disposition based on governmental immunity. We review de novo a trial court's decision on a
motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7).2 We also review de novo the
applicability of governmental immunity.3 "Under MCR 2.116(C)(7), the trial court must accept
as true the contents of the complaint, unless they are contradicted by documentary evidence
submitted by the moving party."4 A trial court may also consider the parties' pleadings,
affidavits, depositions, admissions, and other documentary evidence filed to determine whether
the defendant is entitled to immunity.5 To overcome a motion brought under MCR 2.116(C)(7),
the plaintiff must allege facts warranting the application of an exception to governmental
immunity.6
B. Governmental Immunity
Under the governmental tort liability act, a governmental agency is shielded from tort
liability if it is engaged in the exercise or discharge of a governmental function.7 A municipal
2
Davis v Detroit, 269 Mich App 376, 378; 711 NW2d 462 (2006).
3
Herman v Detroit, 261 Mich App 141, 143; 680 NW2d 71 (2004).
4
Davis, supra at 378.
5
Renny v Dep't of Transportation, 270 Mich App 318, 321; 716 NW2d 1 (2006).
6
Id. at 322.
7
MCL 691.1407(1); Grimes v Dep't of Transportation, 475 Mich 72, 76-77; 715 NW2d 275
(2006).
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corporation is considered a governmental agency.8 "A governmental function is 'an activity that
is expressly or impliedly mandated or authorized by constitution, statute, local charter or
ordinance, or other law.'"9
One enumerated exception to the broad grant of governmental immunity is the highway
exception.10 Under this exception, a person who sustains bodily injury or property damage may
recover for the damages suffered from the failure of a governmental agency having jurisdiction
over a highway to "'maintain the highway in reasonable repair so that it is reasonably safe and
convenient for public travel.'"11 The highway exception is narrowly construed, and an action
under this exception must be "clearly within the scope and meaning of the statute."12 A
governmental agency's jurisdiction is determined by its control over a highway.13
"Highway" is statutorily defined as "a public highway, road, or street that is open for
public travel and includes bridges, sidewalks, trailways, crosswalks, and culverts on the
highway."14 There is a provision limiting liability to the improved portion of the highway, but
this limitation only applies to the state and to county road commissions, and not to
municipalities.15 Therefore, a sidewalk is included in the City's realm of responsibility.
"Sidewalk" is not statutorily defined, so caselaw has looked to the meaning of the word as used
in common language.16 Caselaw has defined the word "sidewalk" as a paved way that runs
alongside and adjacent to a public roadway intended for the use of pedestrians.17 A paved way
must be located adjacent to a highway to be considered a sidewalk, but such proximity does not
necessarily make it a sidewalk, and a court will take into account the character of the paved way
and its intended use.18
8
Warda v Flushing City Council, 472 Mich 326, 331-332; 696 NW2d 671 (2005).
9
Maskery v Univ of Michigan Bd of Regents, 468 Mich 609, 613-614; 664 NW2d 165 (2003),
quoting MCL 691.1401(f).
10
MCL 691.1402; Nawrocki v Macomb Co Rd Comm, 463 Mich 143, 156; 615 NW2d 702
(2000).
11
Pusakulich v City of Ironwood, 247 Mich App 80, 83; 635 NW2d 323 (2001), quoting MCL
691.1402(1).
12
Hatch v Grand Haven Charter Twp, 461 Mich 457, 464; 606 NW2d 633 (2000).
13
Markillie v Livingston Co Bd of Co Rd Comm'rs, 210 Mich App 16, 21-22; 532 NW2d 878
(1995).
14
MCL 691.1401(e).
15
Pomeroy v Dep't of Transportation, 175 Mich App 556, 560; 438 NW2d 264 (1988).
16
Stabley v Huron-Clinton Metro Park Auth, 228 Mich App 363, 367; 579 NW2d 374 (1998).
17
Hatch, supra at 462-465; Stabley, supra at 369.
18
See Hatch, supra at 464-465.
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The trial court properly granted summary disposition for the City after it determined that
the accident did not occur on a public sidewalk. The evidence presented established that the area
in question was not intended for pedestrian travel and, therefore, was not a sidewalk for purposes
of the highway exception. The area was paved all the way to the road, but there were no permits
in the file to build a sidewalk. When asked what the area appeared to be, Denomme responded
that he thought it was a parking area for Johnson Controls because he had seen vehicles and
trucks parked there. Roby also admitted that trucks park in this area on a daily basis. And
Johnson Controls indicated that it used the area for parking, turning, and putting trucks on the
property, which is why it was not a grass right-of-way.
This Court has held that the grass berm between a public road and a sidewalk "is not
included within the definition of the term 'highway' and is thus not included within the highway
exception to governmental immunity."19 There is no reason that the City should be liable for the
condition of an area that a private party chose to convert from grass to pavement with the intent
to use it for parking, turning, and putting trucks on the property. The character of the area in
question is more comparable to a private driveway than a public sidewalk, and, therefore, the
highway exception to governmental immunity does not apply. The trial court did not err in
granting summary disposition in favor of the City because it is entitled to governmental
immunity from tort liability where Roby tripped on a paved area that was not a "sidewalk" for
the purposes of the highway exception.
Affirmed.
/s/ William C. Whitbeck
/s/ Henry William Saad
/s/ Bill Schuette
19
Stevenson v Detroit, 264 Mich App 37, 44-45; 689 NW2d 239 (2004).
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