PEOPLE OF MI V CHRISTOPHER GREENFIELD
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,
FOR PUBLICATION
May 18, 2006
9:00 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v
No. 264879
Oakland Circuit Court
LC No. 04-199568-FH
CHRISTOPHER GREENFIELD,
Defendant-Appellee.
Before: Murray, P.J., and Cavanagh and Saad, JJ.
SAAD, J.
The prosecutor appeals the circuit court’s order that affirmed the district court’s order for
discovery sanctions in which the court suppressed two Datamaster breath alcohol test results and
excluded the results from trial. We reverse.
I. Nature of the Case
The district court’s discovery order required the prosecutor to produce a booking
videotape of defendant’s Datamaster breath test and the court issued a discovery sanction for the
prosecutor’s failure to comply with its order. These orders raise two legal issues under
Michigan’s reciprocal criminal discovery rule, MCR 6.201: Is the videotape the type of
discovery expressly permitted under MCR 6.201, and, if not, may the trial court order the
discovery of such material absent a showing of good cause?
We hold that the district court and circuit court erred because (1) our Supreme Court has
clearly held that discovery in criminal cases is governed by MCR 6.201; (2) the subject matter of
the district court’s discovery order, the booking room videotape, does not come within the class
of discoverable material permitted by the rule, and (3) defendant failed to establish “good cause”
for the discovery under MCR 6.201(I). Therefore, because the district court erred as a matter of
law in ordering this discovery, it abused its discretion when it suppressed the test results as a
discovery sanction. Accordingly, we reverse the circuit court’s affirmance of these rulings and
its order that excluded the test results from trial.
II. Facts and Procedural History
On September 29, 2004, defendant nearly collided with an Oakland County Sheriff’s
patrol car at an intersection in Oakland Township. Sergeant Anthony Spencer pulled defendant
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over and issued him a citation for his failure to yield the right of way. Defendant admitted that
he had recently consumed “a beer” and the officer observed that defendant appeared flushed and
his eyes were glassy. Accordingly, another Oakland County Sheriff’s officer, Deputy Michael
Marohn, administered a preliminary breath test and, on the basis of the test result, the officers
arrested defendant for operating a vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor
(OUIL).
The deputy sheriffs drove defendant to the Rochester City Police Department and took
him to the booking room. Officer Marohn then read defendant his chemical test rights, watched
defendant’s conduct for 20 minutes, and conducted two Datamaster breath tests. The tests
showed that defendant had a breath alcohol content of .11 grams of alcohol per 210 liters of
breath. Officer Marohn also observed that defendant’s speech was impaired, his eyes were
glassy and bloodshot and that he smelled of intoxicants. Thereafter, the prosecutor charged
defendant with OUIL third, a felony pursuant to MCL 257.625(1) and (9).
Unbeknownst to the Oakland County deputy sheriffs, the Rochester Police Department
had recently equipped its booking room with a video recording system that was designed to turn
on and record when motion sensors detected someone in the room. The system operated on a
continuous loop and, when the tape was full, the system automatically recorded over previous
video. Certain testimony suggested that the video system did not work properly at the time of
defendant’s arrest and that the system may have overwritten the booking tape as early as two
days after the recording, but other testimony indicated that the system may not have recorded
over the tape for approximately two weeks. In other words, the record evidence is inconclusive
on when the recording of defendant’s chemical breath tests may have been erased.
On October 5, 2004, defense counsel sought discovery from the prosecutor of numerous
items of evidence, including “[a]ny video tapes or audio recordings made of the stop,
investigation, arrest and post-arrest activity including the booking procedure, advice of rights,
and chemical testing.” The record reflects that, within five days of defense counsel’s request, the
prosecutor asked the police department to turn over the Datamaster logs and any in-car video that
might exist but, because she was unaware of the booking room video, she did not ask for a
booking video. Indeed, it is undisputed that neither defense counsel nor the prosecutor or,
indeed, neither the Oakland County Sheriff’s office learned of the possible existence of a
recording from the booking room until defendant’s preliminary examination on November 2,
2004.1 On November 3, 2004, the district court issued the disputed order for discovery that
granted defense counsel the opportunity to watch the video of his Datamaster tests before
November 10, 2004. However, on November 2, 2004, at defense counsel’s request, the
Rochester Police Department had searched its records and prepared a letter that said that the
oldest video it had was recorded on October 8, 2004, several days after defendant’s arrest.
1
Again, importantly, defendant was arrested and booked on September 29, 2004, and the tape
may have been overwritten as early as October 1, 2004 or certainly by October 13, 2004, long
before defendant’s preliminary examination on November 2, 2004.
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On November 30, 2004, at the defendant’s request, the district court suppressed the
Datamaster test results on the grounds that the prosecutor failed to abide by the court’s
November 3, 2004 order for discovery and failed to comply with defense counsel’s discovery
request. The prosecutor raised the issue again in the circuit court, where the prosecutor moved to
admit the Datamaster test results at trial. However, on August 11, 2005, the circuit court issued a
written opinion that affirmed the district court’s suppression of the Datamaster results pursuant
to MCR 6.201(J).
III. Scope of Discovery in Criminal Cases
Unlike the rules in civil litigation which permit far-reaching discovery2 limited only by
the relevancy of the information sought and whether it “appears reasonably calculated to lead to
the discovery of admissible evidence,”3 discovery in criminal cases is constrained by the
limitations expressly set forth in the reciprocal criminal discovery rule promulgated by our
Supreme Court, MCR 6.201.4 Indeed, in a unanimous opinion authored by Justice Cavanagh,
our Supreme Court has plainly stated that the court rule, MCR 6.201, governs and defines the
scope of criminal discovery in Michigan. People v Phillips, 468 Mich 583, 588-589; 663 NW2d
463 (2003), citing Administrative Order No.1994-10.
In Phillips, our Supreme Court unequivocally held that MCR 6.201 controls “discovery
in criminal cases heard in the courts of this state.” Phillips, supra at 588-589. In clarifying what
is subject to discovery under Michigan’s criminal discovery rule, our Supreme Court held that
either the subject of discovery must be set forth in the rule or the party seeking discovery must
show good cause why the trial court should order the requested discovery. Absent such a
showing, courts are without authority to order discovery in criminal cases. Specifically, the
Phillips Court ruled that MCR 6.201 does not permit a trial court to compel the defendant to
produce a written report of an expert witness where the report did not already exist. In reviewing
the trial court’s original order, the Supreme Court ruled that the plain language of MCR 6.201
does not allow discovery of the reports. The Phillips Court also remanded the case to the trial
court for a “good cause” determination under MCR 6.201(I). After the Supreme Court remanded
the case, and after the trial court made its “good cause” ruling, the Supreme Court held that the
trial court erred when it concluded that the prosecutor established good cause why the trial court
should modify “the requirements and prohibitions” of MCR 6.201 and permit discovery of the
reports. The Supreme Court made clear that the failure to comply with a discovery request or
order is simply not “good cause” to permit discovery of information to which a party is not
2
In civil cases, “[p]arties are permitted to obtain discovery regarding any matter, not privileged,
that is relevant to the subject matter of the lawsuit, whether it relates to the claim or defense of
the party seeking discovery or to the claim or defense of another party.” Cabrera v Ekema, 265
Mich App 402, 407; 695 NW2d 78 (2005).
3
MCR 2.302(B)(1).
4
“There is no general constitutional right to discovery in a criminal case.” People v Elston, 462
Mich 751, 765; 614 NW2d 595 (2000). Moreover, due process requires only that the prosecutor
provide a defendant with material, exculpatory evidence in its possession. People v Stanaway,
446 Mich 643, 666; 521 NW2d 557 (1994).
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otherwise entitled under the court rule. Therefore, the Court reversed the trial court’s order that
required the defendant to produce the reports. The reports were simply not discoverable under
Michigan’s reciprocal discovery rule. Because the trial court ordered discovery that was not
permitted under any section of MCR 6.201, the Court affirmed this Court’s reversal of the trial
court’s order as a matter of law, holding that unless the rule requires production of the
information or the party seeking discovery shows good cause, a trial court is without authority to
mandate discovery.5
We agree with the prosecutor that, under Phillips, because the videotape does not fall
under any category of mandatory discovery under MCR 6.201, and because the defendant made
no showing of good cause, the district court erred as a matter of law in ordering the production of
the tape, it abused its discretion when it suppressed the Datamaster test results as a sanction for
violating its erroneous discovery order, and the circuit court repeated both errors. Accordingly,
we reverse.
IV. Analysis
A. Mandatory Discovery
In early October 2004, defense counsel made a general discovery request for any
videotapes of the arrest and post-arrest activities. The version of the reciprocal discovery rule in
effect at the time of defendant’s discovery request provides, in relevant part:
(A) In addition to disclosures required by provisions of law other than
MCL 767.94a, a party upon request must provide all other parties:
(1) the names and addresses of all lay and expert witnesses whom the
party intends to call at trial;
(2) any written or recorded statement by a lay witness whom the party
intends to call at trial, except that a defendant is not obliged to provide the
defendant’s own statement;
(3) any report of any kind produced by or for an expert witness whom the
party intends to call at trial;
(4) any criminal record that the party intends to use at trial to impeach a
witness;
(5) any document, photograph, or other paper that the party intends to
introduce at trial; and
5
As noted, due process also requires that a prosecutor turn over known exculpatory evidence.
Brady v Maryland, 373 US 83; 83 S Ct 1194; 10 L Ed 2d 215 (1963); Stanaway, supra. This is
also contemplated in the court rule, MCR 6.201(B)(1).
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(6) a description of and an opportunity to inspect any tangible physical
evidence that the party intends to introduce at trial. On good cause shown, the
court may order that a party be given the opportunity to test without destruction
such tangible physical evidence. [MCR 6.201.6]
The videotape of the booking room does not fall within any of the types or categories of
evidence described in the rule and, therefore, it was not subject to mandatory disclosure under
MCR 6.201(A).
Also, the videotape of the booking room is not subject to disclosure under MCR 6.201(B)
because it does not fall within any of the categories of discoverable evidence.7 Further,
defendant did not claim, much less show that the videotape was exculpatory and that the
prosecutor knew about it. Defendant failed to present argument, much less evidence, to establish
that anything on the tape would have been favorable to him or that the officer improperly
prepared for or administered the tests. Accordingly, the prosecutor did not violate any discovery
rule when she failed to turn over the videotape upon defendant’s request.
B. Good Cause
MCR 6.201(I) states that, on good cause shown, a court may order a modification of the
requirements of the discovery rule. However, at the preliminary examination on November 3,
2004, defense counsel merely complained to the district court that she learned a videotape might
6
MCR 6.201 applies to discovery in both the district and circuit courts of this state. See People
v Sheldon, 234 Mich App 68, 70-71; 592 NW2d 121 (1999); People v Pruitt, 229 Mich App 82,
87-88; 580 NW2d 462 (1998).
7
MCR 6.201 further provides that a prosecuting attorney must disclose evidence under other
circumstances:
(B) Upon request, the prosecuting attorney must provide each defendant:
(1) any exculpatory information or evidence known to the prosecuting
attorney;
(2) any police report concerning the case, except so much of a report as
concerns a continuing investigation;
(3) any written or recorded statements by a defendant, codefendant, or
accomplice, even if that person is not a prospective witness at trial;
(4) any affidavit, warrant, and return pertaining to a search or seizure in
connection with the case; and
(5) any plea agreement, grant of immunity, or other agreement for
testimony in connection with the case.
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exist, that the prosecutor failed to produce it, and she asked the trial court to compel its
production. It is axiomatic that the failure to produce evidence that does not fall within any
category of discoverable evidence does not constitute “good cause” to support a discovery order.
Phillips, supra at 592-593. As the Phillips Court explained:
Because a party is not obligated to disclose reports that do not exist, the
fact that defendant did not disclose such reports does not constitute "good cause"
to modify the requirements of MCR 6.201(A). We recognize that there may be
circumstances where good cause does exist to permit a trial court to compel a
party to create expert witness reports. For example, good cause may exist when a
trial court believes a party is intentionally suppressing reports by an expert
witness. However, such circumstances are not present here. [Id. at 592-593.]
Notwithstanding that there was no showing of “good cause” to support an order to discover
evidence to which defendant was not otherwise entitled, the district court judge ordered the
prosecutor to make it available to defense counsel. This decision constituted a misapprehension
of or disregard for the criminal discovery rules. Id.
Nonetheless, after the district court orally ordered the production of the videotape, the
parties learned that it had already been overwritten and was, therefore, unavailable. Defense
counsel moved to suppress the Datamaster test results as a sanction for the prosecutor’s alleged
failure to comply with discovery. The district court heard testimony from a Rochester police
sergeant who was in charge of the station’s recording equipment. He testified that the system
was recently installed and that they had numerous problems with it because it would overwrite
tapes at inconsistent intervals.
Defense counsel argued that she needed the videotape to
meaningfully cross-examine the officer who conducted the Datamaster tests. Defense counsel
urged the district court to rule that the Rochester Police Department’s failure to notify the
Oakland County Sheriff’s Department about the availability of the videotapes constituted bad
faith per se. The district court judge made the following ruling:
There is an obligation on behalf of the Prosecutor’s Office to request the
information. The demand for discovery was made. That request specifically
outlined a videotape for post arrest activity, including booking procedures, which
was not made to the police agency by virtue of the admission of the prosecutor
today.
Therefore, the Court is going to grant the motion to the extent that I’m
going to suppress any Breathalyzer results at this point.
This ruling constituted an abuse of discretion. MCR 6.201(J) permits a court, in its discretion, to
“order that testimony or evidence be excluded” for a party’s failure to comply with the discovery
rule. However, for the reasons stated, defendant was not entitled to discovery of the videotape,
the prosecutor violated no discovery rule by failing to turn it over to defendant, and the district
court had no grounds to suppress the Datamaster test results.8 In any case, the district court ruled
8
We do not herein decide whether such videotapes should be subject to mandatory discovery.
(continued…)
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that, even absent the test results, the prosecutor presented sufficient evidence to bind defendant
over as charged.
In the circuit court, defense counsel filed a motion to quash the information, and argued
that the prosecutor presented insufficient evidence that defendant was intoxicated. In response,
the prosecutor argued that the district court had adequate evidence to bind defendant over and the
prosecutor moved to reverse the district court’s suppression of the Datamaster test results. In an
order signed February 7, 2005, the circuit court denied defendant’s motion to quash and it denied
the prosecutor’s motion to reverse the suppression ruling. Defense counsel then filed a motion to
dismiss the charge against defendant and the prosecutor moved for an evidentiary hearing with
regard to the whether the Datamaster results may be admitted at defendant’s criminal trial. The
circuit court granted the prosecutor’s motion for an evidentiary hearing and, thereafter, the
parties stipulated that the court should review the transcripts of the evidence presented to the
district court with regard to the booking room videotape. On August 11, 2005, the trial court
signed an order that denied the prosecutor’s motion to admit the Datamaster results. The circuit
court cited MCR 6.201(J) as the basis for its ruling and relied on the district court’s conclusion
that the prosecutor failed to comply with the discover rules. 9
Again, for the reasons stated, this ruling constituted an abuse of discretion because the
prosecutor did not violate MCR 6.201 and, therefore, the sanction of exclusion was not available
under MCR 6.201(J).10 Accordingly, we reverse the circuit court’s order that affirmed the
(…continued)
Videotapes of chemical test procedures may be helpful in defending drunk driving cases.
However, the authority to define the scope of the procedural rules in this state rests exclusively
with our Supreme Court and we will not expand the scope of MCR 6.201 here.
9
Further, defendant made no showing that the evidence was exculpatory under Brady, supra
and, though the exculpatory nature of the evidence could only be speculative at best, defendant
failed to show that the police destroyed the videotape in bad faith under Arizona v Youngblood,
488 US 51; 109 S Ct 333; 102 L Ed 2d 281 (1988) and People v Huttenga, 196 Mich App 633,
642; 493 NW2d 486 (1993). Our decision in this case would be different if defendant could
show that the prosecutor was engaged in gamesmanship or in a deliberate attempt to conceal
evidence. Here, however, defendant makes no allegation of any such conduct on the part of law
enforcement or the prosecutor.
10
Moreover, even were we to conclude that a discovery violation occurred, we would hold that
the exclusion of the Datamaster test results constitutes an abuse of discretion. “When
determining the appropriate remedy for discovery violations, the trial court must balance the
interests of the courts, the public, and the parties in light of all the relevant circumstances,
including the reasons for noncompliance.” People v Banks, 249 Mich App 247, 252; 642 NW2d
351 (2002). Further, the complaining party must show that the violation caused him actual
prejudice. People v Davie, 225 Mich App 592, 598; 571 NW2d 229 (1997). We review for an
abuse of discretion whether a trial court correctly excludes evidence because of an alleged
criminal discovery violation. MCR 6.201(J).
Unquestionably, a trial court has the inherent power to control the admission of evidence
in order to promote the interests of justice. People v Taylor, 159 Mich App 468, 483; 406 NW2d
859 (1987). Yet, it is equally true that the exclusion of otherwise admissible evidence is an
extremely severe sanction that should be limited to egregious cases. Id. at 482-483, 487.
(continued…)
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district court’s suppression of the Datamaster evidence and excluded it from trial and we remand
for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
/s/ Henry William Saad
/s/ Christopher M. Murray
/s/ Mark J. Cavanagh
(…continued)
Further, “[t]he trial court must also recognize that it ‘has ample discretionary powers other than
preclusion’ . . . .” Id. at 482, quoting People v Merritt, 396 Mich 67, 79; 238 NW2d 31 (1976).
Moreover, “[a] remedy which would put the objecting party in a better position than he would
have enjoyed had disclosure been timely made would seem of dubious value, particularly if it
does violence to other legitimate interests in the case.” Id. at 487.
The facts here simply do not justify the use of the extremely severe sanction of exclusion.
The record reflects that, by the time any of the parties knew about the existence of the tape, it
had already been overwritten. Further, any premature destruction of the video recording by the
Rochester police was inadvertent and was caused by the automated, computerized recording
system rather than any deliberate act. At best, this amounts to negligence rather than bad faith
on the part of the prosecutor or the police.
Moreover, the exclusion of the Datamaster test results put defendant in a better position
than if the videotape had been disclosed. Clearly, defendant benefited from the exclusion of the
incriminating test results because they definitively established that his blood alcohol content
exceeded the level permitted under the OUIL statute. MCL 257.625(1)(b). Further, it is pure
conjecture to assume that anything on the tape would have been favorable to defendant and
defendant, who is in the best position to do so, fails to assert any facts to suggest that the officer
failed to properly conduct the tests.
Defendant has also not shown that he suffered any prejudice as a result of the tape’s
destruction. The video recording was not the only evidence to support the admission of the
Datamaster evidence; the preliminary breath test administered at the scene of arrest, as well as
the testimony of the arresting officer, supported both the administration of the Datamaster tests
and defendant’s OUIL charge. Further, as noted, defendant has not alleged or shown that the
officer who administered the tests failed to follow proper testing procedures and he has not
argued that any other facts would call into question the reliability of the test results. Simply put,
the interests of the courts, the public, and the parties do not support the drastic sanction of
suppressing the evidence in this case.
As the prosecutor argued to the trial court and on appeal, if a discovery violation
occurred, there were also alternative, less radical sanctions that could have remedied the nonproduction of the videotape. For example, at trial, the court could have allowed defense counsel
to introduce evidence about the recording and the circumstances surrounding its destruction and
defense counsel could have urged the jury to draw negative inferences from the tape’s
destruction. Similarly, defense counsel could have undermined the testimony of the officer who
conducted the Datamaster test by cross-examining him about the recording system and the
destruction of the recording. Moreover, upon a proper showing, the trial court could have
instructed the jury to draw negative conclusions about the missing evidence. In brief, were there
a discovery violation, the trial court clearly could have and should have fashioned a remedy other
than the severe sanction of excluding the test results.
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