DANIEL KNUE V CORNELIUS CASEY SMITH
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
DANIEL KNUE and JACQUELINE KNUE,
FOR PUBLICATION
December 13, 2005
9:10 a.m.
Plaintiffs/CrossDefendants/Appellees,
v
No. 255702
Ottawa Circuit Court
LC No. 02-043890-CE
JOAN SMITH, STEVE SMITH, and
CORNELIUS CASEY SMITH, a/k/a CASEY
SMITH,
Defendants/CrossPlaintiffs/Appellants.
Official Reported Version
Before: Whitbeck, C.J., and Bandstra and Markey, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
In this quiet title action, defendants Joan Smith, Steve Smith, and Cornelius Smith (the
Smiths) appeal as of right the trial court's award of costs to plaintiffs Daniel Knue and Jacqueline
Knue (the Knues) under MCR 2.405. We affirm.
I. Basic Facts And Procedural History
The Knues had resided on the property located at 17009 Royal Avenue in Ferrysburg
since 1980. A survey of the property was conducted in 1967, after which the Knues'
predecessors constructed a driveway, built a seawall, and planted trees within their land
boundaries as measured by that survey. After the Knues purchased the property, they continued
to use those boundaries of the land until 2002 when the Smiths obtained a survey indicating that
the boundary established in 1967 was not the true boundary. The Knues filed their suit to quiet
title under theories of adverse possession or acquiescence. The Smiths filed a counterclaim for
trespass and nuisance that they subsequently abandoned and that is not at issue in this appeal.
During the pendency of their suit, the Knues submitted a letter to the Smiths presenting an offer
"for stipulation of entry of judgment." According to the offer as described in the letter, the
Knues would pay $3,000 in return for a transfer of the disputed property by way of quitclaim
deed and the parties would dismiss all claims "with prejudice and without costs." The Smiths
replied by letter acknowledging the offer, but objecting to the Knues' characterization of the offer
as being "for stipulation of entry of judgment" because MCR 2.405 was not applicable in cases
seeking only equitable remedies. Defense counsel indicated that he presented the offer to his
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clients and would "get back to you shortly." However, the parties apparently had no further
communication regarding the proposed offer, and they proceeded to a bench trial.
The trial court decided in favor of the Knues and issued a judgment to quiet title. The
trial court also awarded costs to the Knues in the amount of $699.26. The Knues subsequently
filed a motion under MCR 2.405(D)(1), requesting actual costs in the amount of $2,527.75 and
attorney fees of $21,707, on the grounds that they had made an offer for stipulation of entry of
judgment that the Smiths rejected and the adjusted verdict at the conclusion of the proceedings
was more favorable to the Knues than the offer. The trial court granted the motion. Thereafter,
the Smiths filed a motion for reconsideration that the trial court rejected.
II. The Applicability Of MCR 2.405
A. Standard Of Review
Whether MCR 2.405 applies here is a question of interpretation of the Michigan Court
Rules. We review de novo the interpretation of court rules.1 We review for an abuse of
discretion the trial court's decision regarding whether the "interest of justice" exception in MCR
2.405(D)(3) applies to the facts of a specific case.2
B. Interpreting MCR 2.405
"'The purpose of MCR 2.405 is "to encourage settlement and to deter protracted
litigation."'"3 The rule provides that a party may serve a written offer to stipulate the entry of a
judgment for the whole or part of the claim until 28 days before trial.4 If that offer is rejected,
the rule provides that the losing party at trial must pay the costs of the prevailing party if the
rejected offer was more favorable than the eventual verdict.5 By this mechanism, parties are
encouraged to settle a matter without a trial if there is a possibility the offer is more than what
the offeror may receive in a verdict. The difficulty with offers involving equitable claims arises
in valuing the offer against the verdict to determine whether the offer was more or less than the
verdict. Hence, the rule defines an "offer" as a written notification containing a "sum certain."6
1
St George Greek Orthodox Church of Southgate v Laupmanis Assoc, PC, 204 Mich App 278,
282; 514 NW2d 516 (1994).
2
Derderian v Genesys Health Care Sys, 263 Mich App 364, 374; 689 NW2d 145 (2004).
3
Hanley v Mazda Motor Corp, 239 Mich App 596, 603; 609 NW2d 203 (2000), quoting Luidens
v 63rd Dist Court, 219 Mich App 24, 31; 555 NW2d 709 (1996), quoting Hamilton v Becker
Orthopedic Appliance Co, 214 Mich App 593, 596; 543 NW2d 60 (1995).
4
MCR 2.405(B).
5
MCR 2.405(D).
6
MCR 2.405(A)(1).
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Relying on this Court's ruling in Hessel v Hessel,7 the Smiths argue that MCR 2.405 does
not apply to a quiet title action seeking solely equitable remedies. In Hessel, this Court
determined that MCR 2.405 does not apply to proposed property settlements in a divorce action.8
The Smiths contend that, by extension, MCR 2.405 would not be applicable here. However, in
Hessel, this Court noted that a proposed property settlement does not offer a sum certain, but a
division of marital property.9 Additionally, this Court noted that the property at issue concerned
real estate, a car, household furnishings, and certificates of deposit.10 Specifically, this Court
noted that the value of the certificates could vary depending on when they were withdrawn. This
Court explained, "In no sense of the phrase can these items be equated with a 'sum certain.'"11
Indeed, logically speaking, because the value of property can vary, it is not fixed, settled, or
exact. Here, however, the Knues offered to pay the Smiths $3,000 in exchange for an entry of
judgment in their favor. Therefore, we conclude that, while there was property involved in this
case, the offer was for $3,000, a "sum certain."
The Smiths also rely on Best Financial Corp v Lake States Ins Co,12 to argue that the
Knues' letter constituted a conditional offer rendering it improper under MCR 2.405. However,
the offer in this case differs from that in Best Financial. In that case, the offer was contingent
not merely on dismissal of the case, which, of course, will always be the result of a successful
settlement, but also on a confidentiality agreement and a termination of the relationship between
the plaintiff and the defendant. As this Court observed:
From defendant's perspective, defense counsel's letter at best indicates a
willingness to stipulate the entry of a judgment with particular conditions attached
and therefore fails to comply with the requirements of MCR 2.405. Because of
the insistence of conditions, the offer, if any, was not for a "sum certain" as
required under MCR 2.405(A)(1).[13]
Thus, this Court distinguished between the offer to dismiss the case (i.e., to stipulate entry of a
judgment) and the separate conditions attached to that offer. As the trial court correctly noted,
the offer in this case contained no separate conditions.
C. "Interest Of Justice" Exception
The Smiths also argue that the trial court abused its discretion by failing to invoke the
"interest of justice" exception of MCR 2.405(D)(3). We conclude that it did not. "The grant of
7
Hessel v Hessel, 168 Mich App 390; 424 NW2d 59 (1988).
8
Id. at 391.
9
Id. at 395.
10
Id.
11
Id.
12
Best Financial Corp v Lake States Ins Co, 245 Mich App 383, 388; 628 NW2d 76 (2001).
13
Id. at 387.
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attorney fees under MCR 2.405 should be the rule rather than the exception."14 The
circumstances justifying refusal must be unusual.15 The "interest of justice" exception applies
when the law is unsettled and substantial damages are at issue.16 Factors such as the
reasonableness of the offeree's refusal, the party's ability to pay, or the fact that the claim was not
frivolous do not invoke the exception.17 The exception "appears to be directed at remedying the
possibility that parties might make offers of judgment for gamesmanship purposes, rather than as
a sincere effort at negotiation."18
There was no indication here that the Knues made the offer of judgment for the purpose
of gamesmanship, to avoid mediation sanctions, or that the offer was a de minimis offer in order
to tack on fees later.19 Additionally, there was no public interest purpose to the litigation.20
Even if the law were unsettled in this area, there were no substantial damages at issue here such
that the "interest of justice" exception should apply. The Smiths' contention that the exception
should have been applied because of the absence of any adjudication on the issues of money
damages is not an "unusual circumstance" in a quiet title action.
Additionally, the Smiths argue that the reasonableness of the Knues' offer should have
been measured and that their reasonable reliance on the property descriptions of record amount
to arguments regarding the frivolousness of the claim or the lack of bad faith in refusing the
offer. However, such factors do not invoke the "interest of justice" exception.21 Therefore, we
conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion.
Affirmed.
/s/ William C. Whitbeck
/s/ Richard A. Bandstra
/s/ Jane E. Markey
14
Miller v Meijer, Inc, 219 Mich App 476, 480; 556 NW2d 890 (1996).
15
Luidens, supra at 32.
16
Stitt v Holland Abundant Life Fellowship (On Remand), 243 Mich App 461, 473; 624 NW2d
427 (2000).
17
Derderian, supra at 391.
18
Luidens, supra at 35.
19
See id.
20
See id.
21
Derderian, supra at 391.
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