GREATER BIBLE WAY TEMPLE OF JACKSON V CITY OF JACKSON
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
THE GREATER BIBLE WAY TEMPLE OF
JACKSON,
FOR PUBLICATION
November 10, 2005
9:00 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v
CITY OF JACKSON, JACKSON PLANNING
COMMISSION, and JACKSON CITY COUNCIL,
Defendants-Appellants.
Nos. 250863; 255966
Jackson Circuit Court
LC No. 01-003614-AS
Official Reported Version
Before: Fort Hood, P.J., and Meter and Schuette, JJ.
METER, J.
In this case involving the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act
(RLUIPA), 42 USC 2000cc et seq., defendants appeal as of right from a judgment for plaintiff
entered after a bench trial. Defendants also appeal as of right from an order awarding plaintiff
attorney fees and costs. We affirm in both cases.
Plaintiff purchased eight parcels of land for the purpose of constructing an assisted living
center for elderly and disabled people, and it sought a rezoning of the parcels from "singlefamily residential" (R-1) to "multiple-family residential" (R-3). After the city of Jackson denied
the rezoning request, plaintiff sued, alleging, in part, a violation of the RLUIPA. The court, after
a bench trial, entered an order that enjoined defendants from preventing plaintiff "from building
the originally proposed housing plan of 32 units, or any plan with a lesser burden, on said lots
that comports with R-3 zoning as defined in the Jackson Coty [sic] code . . . ." The order also
prohibited defendants from implementing or imposing a land use regulation in a manner that
would impose a substantial burden on the religious exercise of plaintiff in its development and
use of the lots, absent compelling interests.
On appeal, defendants first argue that the trial court erred in ruling before trial that
defendants' denial of the request for rezoning constituted an individualized assessment within the
meaning of the RLUIPA. The court made this ruling in connection with defendants' motion for
summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10). We review de novo a trial court's ruling with
regard to a motion for summary disposition. Shepherd Montessori Ctr Milan v Ann Arbor
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Charter Twp, 259 Mich App 315, 324; 675 NW2d 271 (2003). "A motion for summary
disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests whether there is factual support for a claim."
Shepherd Montessori, supra at 324. "[The] court must consider the pleadings, affidavits,
depositions, admissions, and other documentary evidence submitted in the light most favorable
to the nonmoving party." Id. "When the burden of proof at trial would rest on the nonmoving
party, the nonmovant may not rest upon mere allegations or denials in the pleadings, but must,
by documentary evidence, set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial."
Id.
As this Court recently explained in Shepherd Montessori, supra at 319, "[the] RLUIPA
prohibits a governmental entity from imposing on a person, or on a religious institution or
assembly, a land use regulation that substantially burdens the free exercise of religion." See 42
USC 2000cc(a)(1). A plaintiff must meet at least one of the following three jurisdictional tests in
order to receive protection under the RLUIPA:
"(A) the substantial burden is imposed in a program or activity that
receives Federal financial assistance, even if the burden results from a rule of
general applicability;
(B) the substantial burden affects, or removal of that substantial burden
would affect, commerce with foreign nations, among the several States, or with
Indian tribes, even if the burden results from a rule of general applicability; or
(C) the substantial burden is imposed in the implementation of a land use
regulation, or system of land use regulations, under which a government makes,
or has in place formal or informal procedures or practices that permit the
government to make, individualized assessments of the proposed uses for the
property involved." [Shepherd Montessori, supra at 327, quoting 42 USC
2000cc(a)(2) (emphasis added).]
At issue here is the third jurisdictional test. We conclude that the trial court did not err in
concluding that defendants' denial of the request for rezoning constituted an individualized
assessment within the meaning of the RLUIPA. Indeed, § 28-183 of the Jackson zoning
ordinances within the municipal code provides an extensive procedure for a proposed zoning
change; it includes such requirements as a written application, a hearing, and consideration by
the city council. Moreover, it was clear that defendants followed the formal procedures of the
zoning ordinance. Under the circumstances, the RLUIPA was applicable. See, e.g., Shepherd
Montessori, supra at 328 (the township's evaluation and denial of the plaintiff 's request for a use
variance under the local zoning ordinance constituted an individualized assessment under 42
USC 2000cc [a][2][C]).
Defendants argue that the existence of an individualized assessment is a question of fact,
not law, and that the trial court followed nonbinding legal authority in making its ruling.
Defendants' arguments are not persuasive because (1) the trial court, in effect, concluded that
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there was no genuine factual dispute that defendants' conduct constituted an individualized
assessment under the RLUIPA and (2) regardless of the law on which the trial court relied,
Shepherd Montessori is binding precedent and supports the trial court's decision. It is clear that
the government in this case had "in place formal or informal procedures or practices that permit
the government to make individualized assessments of the proposed uses for the property
involved." 42 USC 2000cc(a)(2)(C). Moreover, the government followed those procedures
here. Reversal is unwarranted.
Defendants next argue that the trial court erred in ruling before trial, in connection with
their motion for summary disposition, that there was no genuine factual dispute that defendants'
zoning decision substantially burdened plaintiff 's exercise of its religious beliefs.
"Once the jurisdictional requirements of [the] RLUIPA have been satisfied, [the] plaintiff
must establish a substantial burden on religious exercise" Sheperd Montessori, supra at 329
(quotation marks omitted). To show that a governmental regulation imposes a substantial burden
on a plaintiff 's exercise of religion under the RLUIPA, the plaintiff must show that the
regulation "must compel action or inaction with respect to [a] sincerely held belief . . . ." Id. at
330. Inconvenience to the church falls short of a substantial burden. Id.
The RLUIPA defines "religious exercise" as including "any exercise of religion, whether
or not compelled by, or central to, a system of religious belief." 42 USC 2000cc-5(7)(A).
Additionally, "[t]he use, building, or conversion of real property for the purpose of religious
exercise shall be considered to be religious exercise of the person or entity that uses or intends to
use the property for that purpose." 42 USC 2000cc-5(7)(B). In determining whether plaintiff 's
operation of an assisted living apartment complex for the elderly and disabled constitutes an
exercise of religion, The Jesus Ctr v Farmington Hills Zoning Bd of Appeals, 215 Mich App 54;
544 NW2d 698 (1996), is instructive. In that case, The Jesus Center had been renting a twostory building in Farmington Hills since 1984 for traditional worship services, but also for a
distribution point to supply food and clothing to needy persons. Id. at 55-56. In 1991, The Jesus
Center sought to broaden its ministry by providing a shelter service to poor people and the
homeless. Id. at 56. Farmington Hills denied the center's application for an "accessory use." Id.
at 58. Arguing a violation of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act, 42 USC 2000bb et seq.,
The Jesus Center contended that "operation of the shelter was part of its religious mission" and
that "its provision of shelter services flows from its religious beliefs and is an exercise of those
beliefs." The Jesus Center, supra at 58, 63-64. This Court agreed, reasoning that it is "not at
liberty to question this position" and that "[i]t is not the job of the courts to second guess what
activities are sufficiently religious to qualify for free exercise protection." Id. at 64 (citation and
quotation marks omitted).
In the present case, Reverend Ira Combs, the pastor and founder of the Greater Bible
Way Temple, averred in his affidavit that providing housing to the elderly and disabled "is
central" to plaintiff 's ministry in Jackson and that this mission is acknowledged in plaintiff 's
letterhead. He explained further in the affidavit that this mission is given to the church through
the teachings of Jesus Christ "and is a religious belief held by the Greater Bible Way Temple."
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Thus, the operation of an assisted living apartment complex for the elderly and disabled
constitutes an exercise of religion and entails the use and construction of real property for the
purpose of religious exercise. We conclude that the proposed project constitutes religious
exercise within the meaning of the RLUIPA.
Plaintiff must additionally show that defendants' application of the zoning ordinance and
refusal to rezone the area to R-3 constitutes the imposition of a substantial burden on plaintiff 's
religious exercise. See 42 USC 2000cc(a)(1). Because the use of land for the purpose of
religious exercise is itself defined as religious exercise in 42 USC 2000cc-5(7)(B), defendants'
denying plaintiff the use of the property as an apartment complex for elderly persons, as part of
plaintiff 's religious mission, constitutes the requisite substantial burden. See Elsinore Christian
Ctr v City of Lake Elsinore, 291 F Supp 2d 1083, 1091 (CD Cal, 2003) (the municipality's denial
of the church's request for a conditional use permit to operate a church on property is a
substantial burden because the use of land for religious exercise is itself religious exercise under
the RLUIPA).
As discussed above, providing housing and services to the community is not only part of
plaintiff 's mission as a church but is central to its religious faith. Combs's affidavit explains that
plaintiff cannot afford to purchase different property and that it would lose an investment of over
$150,000 if it cannot provide housing on the property in question. Moreover, because of services
the church provides to the elderly, it is necessary for the apartment complex to be close to the
church; thus, moving the project to another site would impose a substantial burden on plaintiff.
The evidence additionally indicated that building single-family homes would not be
economically feasible as an alternative for plaintiff.
Also, both Combs's affidavit and the affidavit of Doug Volkman, a realtor, indicated that
there were no properties for sale near the church that are zoned R-3. In light of these facts,
defendants' denial of the petition for rezoning would create an economic burden, unless property
were available in an R-3 zone. Because no such property was available near the church in an R3 zone, it would be a substantial burden for plaintiff to forgo developing the project. The
government's implementation of the ordinance would, in effect, compel inaction with respect to
plaintiff 's sincerely held religious belief. Shepherd Montessori, supra at 330. Construing the
RLUIPA in favor of a broad protection of religious exercise, as required by 42 USC 2000cc-3(g),
the implementation of the ordinance constitutes a substantial burden on the religious exercise of
plaintiff.1 Although there were differing opinions concerning the value of the subject property
and the amount invested in the property, there was no dispute that the value of the property and
plaintiff 's investment are substantial. Moreover, there was no dispute that available property
zoned R-3 near the church does not exist. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in its ruling
with respect to the substantial burden issue.
1
We note that, in contrast to the situation in Shepard Montessori, supra at 332-333, the parties
here submitted documentary evidence on factors relevant to the substantial burden issue.
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Defendants next argue that the trial court erred in concluding after trial that defendants
had not shown a compelling governmental interest for denying plaintiff 's request for rezoning
and in determining that the denial was not the least restrictive means of furthering such an
interest.
We review a trial court's findings of fact for clear error. MCR 2.613(C); Burkhardt v
Bailey, 260 Mich App 636, 646-647; 680 NW2d 453 (2004). "In the application of this
principle, regard shall be given to the special opportunity of the trial court to judge the credibility
of the witnesses who appeared before it." MCR 2.613(C).
Once a plaintiff has established the imposition of a substantial burden on its religious
exercise, it is the government's obligation to demonstrate that its burdening action was "in
furtherance of a compelling governmental interest" and "is the least restrictive means of
furthering" that interest. 42 USC 2000cc(a)(1)(A), (B). Defendants identify three potential
compelling governmental interests in the context of this case: safety through traffic regulation,
blight prevention, and urban sprawl prevention (or, phrased another way, promoting singlefamily neighborhoods).
With regard to traffic concerns, the record, at best, shows that rezoning would increase
traffic but that congestion would occur only on special occasions, two or three times a year.
Under these circumstances, we conclude that defendants have failed to show that the trafficcontrol interest is compelling.
Nor does the record support a finding of impending blight. At best, blight is a theoretical
possibility. Defendants' own witness, Charles Reisdorf, testified that there is no evidence that
rezoning the property to R-3 will cause blight to the area. Another witness, Charles Aymond,
was not sure that the project would cause blight. While witness Dennis Diffenderfer testified
that, in his experience, apartment developments in single-family neighborhoods ultimately
contribute to blight, he did not know what the effect of the proposed project would be on this
particular neighborhood. Ira Combs, Jr., testified that none of plaintiff 's other housing projects in
Jackson or other cities has destabilized the neighborhoods. Combs also testified that church
apartment projects have a history of good management and that the projects are of high quality.
In light of the testimony, defendants have not demonstrated that blight prevention is a
compelling governmental interest here. Even if blight prevention were a compelling
governmental interest here, denial of rezoning was not the least restrictive means of furthering
that interest. A compromised reduction in the size of the assisted living complex (a reduction to
which plaintiff agreed at one point) would also achieve the desired result.
The control of urban sprawl is closely related to blight prevention as a governmental
interest. Indeed, defendants' argument does not clearly differentiate between the two. The
record does not portray the control of urban sprawl as a compelling governmental interest in this
case. While Reisdorf testified that an incompatible structure (i.e., the proposed project) in the
neighborhood may result in property owners failing to invest further in their property, he could
only note the possibility. Moreover, while Aymond testified that, when the use of a singlefamily area is changed, instability results, he was not certain that destabilization would occur in
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this particular situation. Diffenderfer did testify that, in his experience, single-family, owneroccupied homes become rental properties when apartment complexes are introduced in the
neighborhood. No evidence was offered, however, to show that the particular neighborhood in
question will experience the loss of single-family, owner-occupied homes if the neighborhood is
rezoned to R-3 and an assisted living complex is built there. Further, and significantly, even if
defendants had established a compelling governmental interest in controlling urban sprawl, a less
restrictive means of furthering that interest was available, as described above. The trial court did
not commit clear error in finding no compelling governmental interest present in this situation.
Defendants next argue that the section of the RLUIPA at issue in this case is
unconstitutional. "This Court reviews constitutional questions de novo on appeal. Statutes are
presumed to be constitutional, and every reasonable presumption must be made in favor of
constitutionality. The party asserting the constitutional challenge has the burden of proof."
McDonald v Grand Traverse Co Election Comm, 255 Mich App 674, 679-680; 662 NW2d 804
(2003) (quotation marks omitted).
Defendants contend that the RLUIPA provisions at issue here exceed Congress's power
under § 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution2 because they
essentially create new constitutional rights. Defendants' argument does not withstand analysis.
As the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit has remarked, "In determining
whether RLUIPA is an appropriate exercise of Congress's § 5 power," a court "must first
determine whether Congress has the authority to enact legislation to enforce the rights
guaranteed by the First Amendment." Midrash Sephardi, Inc v Town of Surfside, 366 F3d 1214,
1237 (CA 11, 2004). The United States Supreme Court has determined that Congress has that
power. City of Boerne v Flores, 521 US 507, 519; 117 S Ct 2157; 138 L Ed 2d 624 (1997). The
Midrash Sephardi court explained that the second inquiry "is whether [the] RLUIPA 'enforces' a
constitutional right without substantively altering that right." Midrash Sephardi, supra at 1237.
This question is answered "by evaluating whether the legislation is congruent and proportional to
the injury to be prevented or remedied." Id.; see also Boerne, supra at 520. "[I]f RLUIPA
merely codifies existing constitutional principles, it is an acceptable use of Congress's § 5
remedial tool." Midrash Sephardi, supra at 1237. The Midrash Sephardi court found that
documentation of "widespread discrimination against religious institutions" supports the
conclusion "that RLUIPA remedies and prevents discriminatory land use regulations." Id. at
1239. Accordingly, the court concluded that the RLUIPA is an appropriate use of Congress's
authority under § 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment. Id. at 1239-1240. The reasoning of Midrash
Sephardi is sound, and we therefore find no § 5 violation in this case. The RLUIPA is
"congruent and proportional to the injury to be prevented or remedied." Id. at 1237.
2
Section 5 states: "The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the
provisions of this article." US Const, Am XIV, § 5.
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Defendants also argue that the portion of the RLUIPA at issue here violates the
Establishment Clause of the First Amendment of the United States Constitution3 by forcing
municipalities to endorse religion. Several federal circuit courts of appeal have held that various
portions of the RLUIPA do not violate the Establishment Clause. See, e.g., Midrash Sephardi,
supra at 1240-1242, Madison v Riter, 355 F3d 310, 313-320 (CA 4, 2003), Charles v Verhagen,
348 F3d 601, 610-611 (CA 7, 2003), and Mayweathers v Newland, 314 F3d 1062, 1068-1069
(CA 9, 2002).
Moreover, and significantly, the United States Supreme Court has issued an opinion
regarding the constitutionality of the RLUIPA. In Cutter v Wilkinson, ___ US ___; 125 S Ct
2113; 161 L Ed 2d 1020 (2005), the Court ruled that § 34 of the RLUIPA does not violate the
Establishment Clause "because it alleviates exceptional government-created burdens on private
religious exercise." Id. at ___; 125 S Ct at 2121. The Court further indicated that it had "no
cause to believe that [the] RLUIPA would not be applied in an appropriately balanced way," and
the Court emphasized that the RLUIPA "does not differentiate among bona fide faiths." Id. at
___; 125 S Ct at 2123.
While Cutter dealt with § 3 of the RLUIPA and not with the land-use portion of the
RLUIPA at issue in this case, the holding of Cutter is nonetheless applicable. Indeed, in United
States v Maui Co, 298 F Supp 2d 1010, 1014 (D Hawaii, 2003), the district court listed several
cases that found no Establishment Clause violation with regard to § 3 of the RLUIPA. The court
then stated:
[T]here is little reason to find differently in the land use context. The
Establishment Clause arguments are essentially the same. If [the] RLUIPA does
not constitute an impermissible advancement of religion for institutionalized
persons as against prisons, it would not seem to do so for non-institutionalized
persons as against municipalities in land use decisions. The Court therefore rules
consistently with Ninth Circuit precedent in a prison context and finds that [the]
RLUIPA does not violate the Establishment Clause in a land use context. [Maui
Co, supra at 1015.]
In light of Cutter, Maui Co, and other federal precedents, we conclude that the portion of the
RLUIPA at issue here does not violate the Establishment Clause of the United States
Constitution.
3
The Establishment Clause of the First Amendment states: "Congress shall make no law
respecting an establishment of religion . . . ." US Const, Am I.
4
The RLUIPA states, in part, that "[n]o government shall impose a substantial burden on the
religious exercise of a person residing in or confined to an institution," unless the burden furthers
"a compelling governmental interest" and does so by "the least restrictive means." See 42 USC
2000cc-1(a)(1) and (2).
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Defendants next argue that the trial court erred in granting plaintiff an award of attorney
fees because plaintiff failed to make a demand for attorney fees and costs in its complaint.
Whether a party has waived its claim to attorney fees under a statute or court rule is a question of
law that we review de novo. See Solution Source, Inc v LPR Associates Limited Partnership,
252 Mich App 368, 377; 652 NW2d 474 (2002).
Attorney fees may be awarded to the prevailing party in RLUIPA cases, in the court's
discretion, under the authority of 42 USC 1988(b). Citing federal case law, defendants argue that
plaintiff has waived its right to those fees because (1) plaintiff failed to list its claim for attorney
fees and costs in its complaint and otherwise failed to file an amended complaint containing such
a request and (2) plaintiff failed to incorporate its claim for attorney fees and costs into the
various drafts of the final order.
However, MCR 2.601(A) states: "Except as provided in subrule (B), every final
judgment may grant the relief to which the party in whose favor it is rendered is entitled, even if
the party has not demanded that relief in his or her pleadings." Therefore, the trial court properly
exercised its discretion in awarding the fees. The issue of attorney fees was briefed by the
parties, a hearing on the issue took place, and the trial court's written opinion awarding the fees
shows that it thoroughly considered the matter. No error requiring reversal occurred.
Defendants contend that the court should not have awarded attorney fees to plaintiff
because the late presentment of the issue prejudiced defendants. In their statement of questions
presented for appeal, defendants suggest that the court's award of attorney fees, under the
circumstances of the case, essentially denied defendants due process of law. However,
defendants offer no supporting authority for this argument. "A bald assertion without supporting
authority precludes examination of [an] issue." Impullitti v Impullitti, 163 Mich App 507, 512;
415 NW2d 261 (1987). To the extent that defendants rely on Van Pembrook v Zero Mfg Co, 146
Mich App 87; 380 NW2d 60 (1985), to support their due process argument, we note that that
case does not concern due process and attorney fees. Rather, Van Pembrook indicated that,
because the plaintiff 's complaint for breach of contract did not aver special damages, and
because the damages did not flow naturally from the alleged breach, the complaint "did not
reasonably inform defendant of these types of damages . . . ." Id. at 107. Here, the award of
attorney fees to the prevailing party was a possibility from the commencement of this RLUIPA
lawsuit under the authority of 42 USC 1988(b). Thus, defendants knew or should have known of
the possibility of such an award. Reversal is unwarranted.
Both cases are affirmed.
/s/ Patrick M. Meter
/s/ Karen M. Fort Hood
/s/ Bill Schuette
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