JODIE VEGA V LAKELAND HOSPITALS
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
JODIE VEGA, Conservator of the Estate of
JEFFREY HURLEY, a Minor,
FOR PUBLICATION
July 28, 2005
9:00 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v
LAKELAND HOSPITALS AT NILES AND ST.
JOSEPH, INC., ST. JOSEPH MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION, P.C. and BETH VANDERAH
and MICHAEL SPEERS, Co-Personal
Representatives of the Estate of DAVID ALAN
SPEERS, M.D.,
Defendants-Appellees.
No. 253739
Berrien County Trial CourtCivil Division
LC No. 02-003976-NH
Official Reported Version
Before: Hoekstra, P.J. and Jansen and Kelly, JJ.
KELLY, J.
In this medical malpractice action, plaintiff appeals as of right the trial court's order
granting defendants' motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7) on the basis
that the statutory period of limitations expired before plaintiff filed her complaint. We affirm,
holding that MCL 600.5851(1) and (7) unambiguously exclude medical malpractice claimants
from the disability grace period and this exclusion does not violate equal protection guarantees.
I. Facts
It is undisputed that plaintiff 's medical malpractice claim accrued on December 13, 1999,
when, at Lakeland Medical Center-Niles, David Alan Speers, M.D., examined and allegedly
misdiagnosed eleven-year-old Jeffrey Hurley. According to plaintiff 's complaint, Speers
diagnosed Jeffrey with gastritis influenza, but two days later, doctors at another hospital
determined that Jeffrey suffered from viral encephalitis. Plaintiff alleged that, "at the time of his
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discharge, [Jeffrey] was still suffering from severe, permanent mental impairment due to the
effects of the delayed and undiagnosed viral encephalitis."1
It is also undisputed that plaintiff sent a notice of intent to defendants on November 8,
2001, at which time, thirty-four days remained on the statutory period of limitations. The
statutory period of limitations was tolled for 182 days from November 8, 2001, to May 9, 2002.
With thirty-four days remaining in the period of limitations, plaintiff had until June 12, 2002, to
file her complaint. Plaintiff did not file her complaint, however, until December 11, 2002.
Defendants filed motions for summary disposition arguing that the two-year statutory
period of limitations expired before plaintiff filed her complaint. In response, plaintiff did not
dispute that she filed her complaint after the two-year statutory period of limitations expired, but
argued that because Jeffrey was insane, pursuant to MCL 600.5851(2), the statutory period of
limitations was extended pursuant to the statutory grace period in MCL 600.5851(1). Plaintiff
also argued that if MCL 600.5851(7) were applicable, it violates constitutional equal protection
guarantees. Defendants replied that, pursuant to MCL 600.5851(7), Jeffrey had reached his
eighth birthday at the time his claim accrued and, therefore, he was subject to the period of
limitations in MCL 600.5838a, which, by reference to MCL 600.5805(6), required the action to
be filed within two years from the cause of action accruing. Defendants also countered that
MCL 600.5851(7) does not violate equal protection guarantees because its provisions are
rationally related to a legitimate governmental interest. The trial court granted defendants'
motion.
II. Standards of Review
This Court reviews de novo a trial court's ruling on a motion for summary disposition.
Glancy v City of Roseville, 457 Mich 580, 583; 577 NW2d 897 (1998). This appeal also requires
statutory interpretation.
Statutory interpretation is a question of law calling for review de novo.
Michigan Basic Property Ins Ass'n v Ware, 230 Mich App 44, 48; 583 NW2d 240
(1998). "The primary purpose of statutory interpretation is to ascertain and give
effect to the intent of the Legislature." Id. at 49. Where the statutory language is
clear and unambiguous, a court must apply it as written. Howard v Clinton
Charter Twp, 230 Mich App 692, 695; 584 NW2d 644 (1998). However, if the
wording is susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation, judicial
construction is appropriate. Id. [Casey v Henry Ford Health Sys, 235 Mich App
449, 450; 597 NW2d 840 (1999).]
1
In an affidavit attached to plaintiff 's response to defendants' motion for summary disposition,
Robert M. Shuman, M.D., attested that Jeffrey's disability "prevents him from comprehending
rights that he is otherwise bound to know and he is unable to understand or appreciate legal
rights which he may have."
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This Court also reviews de novo constitutional issues. Kuhn v Secretary of State, 228 Mich App
319, 324; 579 NW2d 101 (1998).
III. Statutory Interpretation
Plaintiff contends that the trial court erred in granting defendants' motion for summary
disposition because, even though the two-year statutory period of limitations2 expired before she
filed her complaint, MCL 600.5851(1) allowed her to file her claim when she did because Jeffrey
was insane at the time the cause of action accrued. The issue presented to us is whether the
disability grace period in MCL 600.5851(1) applies to medical malpractice claimants. Although
our Supreme Court and this Court have addressed what constitutes insanity for the purposes of
MCL 600.5851(1) within the context of medical malpractice claims, neither court has addressed
the issue before us now.
In construing a statute, this Court "'must give effect to every word, phrase, and clause in
[the] statute and avoid an interpretation that would render any part of the statute surplusage or
nugatory.'" Jenkins v Patel, 471 Mich 158, 167; 684 NW2d 346 (2004), quoting State Farm Fire
& Cas Co v Old Republic Ins Co, 466 Mich 142, 146; 644 NW2d 715 (2002). "'[T]he meaning
of the Legislature is to be found in the terms and arrangement of the statute without straining or
refinement, and the expressions are to be taken in their natural and ordinary sense.'" Casey,
supra at 452-453, quoting Gross v Gen Motors Corp, 448 Mich 147, 160; 528 NW2d 707
(1995). Our task is to give effect to a statute's provisions while reading them to harmonize with
each other. Casey, supra at 452. Further, when "a statute contains a general provision and a
specific provision, the specific provision controls." Gebhardt v O'Rourke, 444 Mich 535, 542543; 510 NW2d 900 (1994). Additionally, a more recently enacted statute has precedence over
an older statute. Travelers Ins v U-Haul of Michigan, Inc, 235 Mich App 273, 280; 597 NW2d
235 (1999). "This rule is particularly persuasive when one statute is both the more specific and
the more recent." Id.
In addition to these basic principles, we keep in mind that the wisdom of a statute is for
the Legislature to determine and that the law must be enforced as written. Smith v Cliffs on the
Bay Condo Ass'n, 463 Mich 420, 430; 617 NW2d 536 (2000); In re Worker's Compensation
Lien, 231 Mich App 556, 562-563; 591 NW2d 221 (1998). This Court "may not inquire into the
knowledge, motives, or methods of the Legislature, and may not impose a construction on a
statute based on a policy decision different from that chosen by the Legislature." Fowler v
Doan, 261 Mich App 595, 599; 683 NW2d 682 (2004) (citations omitted).
2
Generally, the statutory period of limitations for a medical malpractice action is two years.
Burton v Reed City Hosp Corp, 471 Mich 745, 748; 691 NW2d 424 (2005); MCL 600.5805(6)
and MCL 600.5838a(2).
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Applying these principles, we conclude that MCL 600.5851(1), read together with MCL
600.5851(7),3 unambiguously excludes medical malpractice claimants from the disability grace
period. MCL 600.5851(1) provides:
Except as otherwise provided in subsections (7) and (8), if the person first
entitled to make an entry or bring an action under this act is under 18 years old or
insane at the time the claim accrues, the person or those claiming under the person
have 1 year after the disability is removed through death or otherwise, to make the
entry or bring the action although the period of limitations has run. This section
does not lessen the time provided for in section 5852. [Emphasis added.]
MCL 600.5851(7) provides:
Except as otherwise provided in subsection (8), if, at the time a claim
alleging medical malpractice accrues to a person under section 5838a the person
has not reached his or her eight birthday, a person shall not bring an action based
on the claim unless the action is commenced on or before the person's tenth
birthday or within the period of limitations set forth in section 5838a, whichever
is later. If, at the time a claim alleging medical malpractice accrues to a person
under section 5838a, the person has reached his or her eight birthday, he or she is
subject to the period of limitations set forth in section 5838a.
MCL 600.5851(1) begins with the phrase: "Except as otherwise provided in subsections
(7) and (8) . . . ." There is nothing ambiguous about this phrase. An everyday word familiar to
most English-speaking people, "except" is not defined by statute, but is defined in the dictionary
as "With the exclusion of . . . ." The American Heritage Dictionary, (2d college ed, 1985).
Thus, the circumstances described in subsections 7 and 8 are excepted, or excluded, from the
provisions of subsection 1. Further, subsections 1 and 7 do not conflict or, when read together,
cause any ambiguity. MCL 600.5851(1) applies "if the person first entitled to make an entry or
bring an action under this act is under 18 years of age or insane at the time the claim accrues . . .
." (Emphasis added.) "[T]his act" is the RJA. Subsection 7 specifically applies to "a claim
alleging medical malpractice accru[ing] to a person under section 5838a . . . ." Thus, subsection
1 applies to all claims (except medical malpractice claims) arising under the RJA and subsection
7 applies specifically to medical malpractice claims. Further, subsection 7 was enacted more
recently than subsection 1, which was found in 1948 CL 600.5851. 4 Subsection 7, on the other
hand, was added by 1986 PA 178. Therefore, because subsection 1 clearly states: "Except as
otherwise provided in subsections 7 and 8" and because subsection 7 is both more specific to
medical malpractice claimants and more recently enacted, we conclude that medical malpractice
claimants are excluded from the disability grace period set forth in subsection 1.
3
It is undisputed that MCL 600.5851(8) does not apply in this case. Therefore, even though
MCL 600.5851(1) also appears to exclude cases that fall within the parameters of MCL
600.5851(8), we do not address that statute because it is not necessary to the resolution of the
issues on appeal.
4
Before 1972, the age of "majority" was "21 years" instead of "18 years."
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In this case, plaintiff does not dispute that she filed her complaint after the two-year
statutory period of limitations expired. Because plaintiff is a medical malpractice claimant,
MCL 600.5851(1) and (7) exclude her from the disability grace period. Therefore, the trial court
did not err in granting defendants' motion for summary disposition.
IV. Equal Protection
Plaintiff also contends that this application of MCL 600.5851(7) is unconstitutional
because it violates equal protection guarantees. Specifically, plaintiff asserts that "it subjects
certain minors to a shorter statute of limitations than minors in other actions, and than an adult
when the claimant is insane . . . ." Following this Court's reasoning in Bissell v Kommareddi,
202 Mich App 578, 579; 509 NW2d 542 (1993), we hold that the plain language of MCL
600.5851(7) does not violate equal protection guarantees.
First, MCL 600.5851(1) and (7), read together, exclude both minor and adult medical
malpractice claimants from the disability grace period. Thus, all medical malpractice claimants
are treated equally in that they are all excluded from the disability grace period in MCL
600.5851(1).
Second, although MCL 600.5851(1) and (7), read together, treat medical malpractice
claimants differently than other claimants, the provisions do not violate equal protection
guarantees. In Bissell, this Court addressed whether MCL 600.5851(7) violates equal protection
when "it creates an unreasonable and arbitrary distinction between minors with tort claims based
on medical malpractice and minors with tort claims based on other theories of recovery." Bissell,
supra at 579. In Bissell, supra at 579-580, the plaintiff sought application of the grace period for
minority disability pursuant to MCL 600.5851(1). In determining the purpose of MCL
600.5851(7) under an equal protection analysis, this Court concluded:
Section 5851[(7)5] is part of the Tort Reform Act of 1986 and was
ostensibly enacted to eliminate the "long tail" that arises when a minor is allowed
to pursue a cause of action that may have accrued as much as eighteen years
earlier. Clearly, the object of the challenged legislation was to limit the period of
time during which health-care providers would be at risk from malpractice suits.
[Bissell, supra at 580-581.]
This Court also determined that the classifications in the statute bore a rational relation to this
purpose. Id. at 581.
Here, plaintiff raises the same issue addressed in Bissell, although she seeks application
of the grace period for insanity disability in MCL 600.5851(1). We find the reasoning of Bissell
5
As stated above, MCL 600.5851 was enacted in 1948, whereas MCL 600.5851(7) was enacted
as part of the Tort Reform Act of 1986. Further, it is clear that Bissell addressed "the statute of
limitations provided in MCL 600.5851(7)" and not MCL 600.5851 generally. Bissell, supra at
579.
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persuasive. Accordingly, we adopt the Bissell analysis and extend it to the insanity disability and
hold that MCL 600.5851(1) and (7) do not violate equal protection guarantees by excluding
medical malpractice claimants from the disability grace period.
Affirmed.
Hoekstra, P.J., concurred
/s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly
/s/ Joel P. Hoekstra
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