KIM SAFFIAN V ROBERT R SIMMONS DDS
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
KIM SAFFIAN,
FOR PUBLICATION
July 7, 2005
9:05 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v
No. 250645
Cheboygan Circuit Court
LC No. 01-006896-NH
ROBERT R. SIMMONS, D.D.S.,
Defendant-Appellant.
Official Reported Version
Before: Zahra, P.J., and Neff and Cooper, JJ.
NEFF, J.
Defendant appeals as of right a default judgment and a previous order denying his motion
for summary disposition and reinstating a default. We affirm.
I. Introduction
In this dental malpractice case, we must decide whether defendant had a duty to respond
to a summons and complaint given a later judicial determination after an evidentiary hearing that
the affidavit of merit filed with the complaint did not comply with MCL 600.2912d(1), but was
not "grossly nonconforming." We hold that defendant was not relieved of his duty to timely
respond to the summons and complaint. Defendant was properly defaulted when he failed to
timely respond, and the trial court properly considered whether defendant had shown good cause
and a meritorious defense to warrant setting aside the default. We affirm the trial court's order
denying defendant's motion for summary disposition and reinstating the default and we affirm
the default judgment.
II. Facts and Procedure
On August 28, 2001, plaintiff filed suit alleging that defendant committed malpractice in
performing a root canal. The complaint was accompanied by an affidavit of merit signed by
Mark Nearing, D.D.S., whose dental practice is limited to root canals. Defendant failed to
timely answer the complaint, and on October 4, 2001, plaintiff filed a default.
On December 10, 2001, defendant moved to set aside the default on the ground that
defendant's employee faxed the summons and complaint to defendant's insurance carrier, but that
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the fax was not received, and therefore the carrier did not forward the complaint to its counsel
for response. Further, plaintiff was not prejudiced, and defendant's affidavit established a
meritorious defense based on the facts. At a hearing on the motion, defense counsel argued that
the default should be set aside because policy favored setting aside defaults in favor of a fair,
reasonable hearing on the merits and this case involved completely innocent circumstances of a
failed communication. The trial court granted defendant's motion to set aside the default.1
On January 4, 2002, defendant filed an answer to the lawsuit.2 On March 20, 2002,
defendant moved for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10), arguing that the
statute of limitations was not tolled by the filing of the complaint because the affidavit of merit
did not meet the statutory requirements. While that motion was pending, plaintiff moved for
discovery sanctions or reinstatement of the default. The trial court denied defendant's motion for
summary disposition, but granted plaintiff 's motion to reinstate the default. The trial court
concluded that the motion to set aside the default had been improvidently granted and that
plaintiff 's affidavit of merit, while technically deficient, was sufficient to commence the
complaint.3
In its opinion and order, the court noted that it earlier set aside the default on the basis of
defendant's representations that the fax of the summons and complaint was not received by
defendant's insurance carrier and the failure to try this case on the merits would result in manifest
injustice to defendant. However, the court observed that, following discovery, defendant's phone
records called into question defendant's representation that the summons and the complaint were
faxed to the insurance carrier as indicated.4 Further, the court was misled concerning setting
aside the default because defendant now sought dismissal of the case on the ground that the
affidavit of merit was signed by an expert in the field of endodontics rather than general
dentistry. The court concluded that, unlike White v Busuito, 230 Mich App 71; 583 NW2d 499
(1998), in which the plaintiff filed no affidavit of merit with the complaint and, therefore, failed
to commence a suit, here the affidavit was filed. Consequently, defendant was not relieved of his
obligation to answer or otherwise defend the action and the default was not void ab initio. The
court denied defendant's motion for reconsideration.
1
In an order entered April 12, 2002 (Docket No. 239005), another panel of this Court denied
plaintiff 's application for leave to file an interlocutory appeal of that decision.
2
The lower court case register of actions indicates that an answer was filed, although no answer
is found in the lower court record submitted on appeal.
3
The parties agreed to settle plaintiff 's claim while preserving defendant's right to appeal.
4
Defendant's phone records showed that no long distance phone call was made on the date of the
alleged fax that would have allowed the machine to process the fax, e.g., to a misdialed number.
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III. Standard of Review
We review de novo a trial court's decision on a motion for summary disposition. Auto
Club Group Ins Co v Burchell, 249 Mich App 468, 479; 642 NW2d 406 (2001).
A motion to set aside a default or a default judgment is to be granted only if the movant
shows good cause and files an affidavit demonstrating a meritorious defense. MCR 2.603(D)(1).
Good cause consists of: (1) a substantial procedural defect or irregularity or (2) a reasonable
excuse for the failure to comply with the requirements that created the default. Manifest
injustice is not an independent factor in establishing good cause. It is the result that would occur
if a default were allowed to stand after a party had demonstrated good cause and a meritorious
defense. Alken-Ziegler, Inc v Waterbury Headers Corp, 461 Mich 219, 233; 600 NW2d 638
(1999). The decision to grant or deny a motion to set aside a default or a default judgment is
within the discretion of the trial court. Park v American Cas Ins Co, 219 Mich App 62, 66; 555
NW2d 720 (1996).
IV. Analysis
The statute of limitations for a medical malpractice action is two years. MCL
600.5805(6). To commence a medical malpractice action, a plaintiff must file both a complaint
and an affidavit of merit. MCL 600.2912d(1). The affidavit of merit must be "signed by a health
professional who the plaintiff 's attorney reasonably believes meets the requirements for an
expert witness under [MCL 600.2169]." MCL 600.2912d(1). If the defendant against whom
testimony is offered is a general practitioner, the expert witness during the year immediately
preceding the occurrence at issue must have devoted a majority of his or her professional time to
either or both active clinical practice as a general practitioner or instruction of students in an
accredited health professional school or residency or clinical research program in the same
health profession in which the party against whom the testimony is offered is licensed. MCL
600.2169(1)(c).
An affidavit of merit that is grossly nonconforming to the statutory requirements is not an
affidavit of merit that satisfies the statutory filing requirements and does not support the filing of
a complaint that tolls the running of the period of limitations. Geralds v Munson Healthcare,
259 Mich App 225, 239-240; 673 NW2d 792 (2003); Mouradian v Goldberg, 256 Mich App
566, 573-574; 664 NW2d 805 (2003).
A
It is undisputed that plaintiff 's complaint was filed on August 28, 2001, before the
expiration of the period of limitations, and the complaint was accompanied by an affidavit of
merit signed on July 10, 2001, by Mark V. Nearing, D.D.S. Defendant argues that the affidavit
of merit was insufficient to commence the lawsuit and thereby toll the period of limitations
because Nearing was not a properly qualified affiant under MCL 600.2169 and the trial court
found that plaintiff 's counsel did not have the reasonable belief that Nearing was qualified, as
required for filing under MCL 600.2912d(1). However, whether defendant may have been
entitled to dismissal on the basis that the affidavit was deficient and did not toll the period of
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limitations is not the threshold question in this case. Defendant failed to timely answer the
complaint or otherwise defend the action, and a default was entered. "Once the default of a party
has entered, that party may not proceed with the action until the default has been set aside by the
court in accordance with [MCR 2.603(D)] or MCR 2.612." MCR 2.603(A)(3).
Cases cited by defendant that address dismissal in the context of the expiration of the
period of limitations, an affirmative defense, are inapposite. Scarsella v Pollak, 461 Mich 547,
550 n 1, 551-552 n 2; 607 NW2d 711 (2000). "[T]he purpose of a tolling provision is to protect
a plaintiff from a statute of limitations defense." Burton v Reed City Hosp Corp, 471 Mich 745,
754-755; 691 NW2d 424 2005. A statute of limitations defense must be raised in a defendant's
first responsive pleading or in a motion filed before that pleading. MCR 2.116(D)(2); Burton,
supra at 755. "[T]he remedy against a party who 'fail[s] to plead or otherwise defend' in an
action is default." Id. at 756, quoting MCR 2.603(A)(1).
Although this Court has held that a complaint filed with an affidavit that is defective for
purposes of MCL 600.2912d(1) is insufficient to "commence" a medical malpractice action,
Geralds, supra at 240, our Supreme Court has repeatedly instructed that cases decided in the
context of the tolling of the statutes of limitations are factually and legally distinguishable from
cases that do not involve a statute of limitations issue. Scarsella, supra. In Scarsella, the
Supreme Court adopted this Court's opinion, which stated, "for statute of limitations purposes in
a medical malpractice case, the mere tendering of a complaint without the required affidavit of
merit is insufficient to commence the lawsuit."5 Id. at 549, quoting Scarsella v Pollak, 232 Mich
App 61, 64; 591 NW2d 257 (1998) (emphasis added). Cases not involving a statute of
limitations issue are of a different view and must be analyzed accordingly. "While § 2912d
states the affidavit of merit 'shall' be filed with the complaint, it does not indicate the action may
not be commenced without the affidavit." VandenBerg v VandenBerg, 231 Mich App 497, 502;
586 NW2d 570 (1998).
B
Defendant argues that because the affidavit was signed by a person unqualified as an
expert witness under MCL 600.2169, the affidavit was invalid; accordingly, he had no duty to
answer the complaint, and the default is void ab initio under White. We disagree.
In White, supra, the plaintiff failed to file an affidavit of merit or security for costs6 with
her medical malpractice complaint. The Court observed that the plain language of MCL
5
Compare Mouradian, supra at 571, quoting the same sentence from Scarsella, but omitting the
introductory clause ("[P]laintiffs' complaint, filed without the affidavit of merit required by MCL
600.2912d, did not toll the limitations period because 'in a medical malpractice case, the mere
tendering of a complaint without the required affidavit of merit is insufficient to commence the
lawsuit.'" [Punctuation and citation deleted.]).
6
The statutory provision in effect at the time the plaintiff 's complaint was filed required that a
medical malpractice plaintiff file either security for costs or an affidavit of meritorious claim
(continued…)
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600.2912d required a medical malpractice plaintiff to file either security for costs or an affidavit
of merit with the complaint. Further, a defendant's duty to answer is conditioned on the filing of
the affidavit or security for costs. The Court noted that MCL 600.2912e(1) provided that a
defendant in a medical malpractice action shall file an answer "within 21 days after the plaintiff
has furnished security or filed an affidavit in compliance with section 2912d . . . ." White, supra
at 76. Likewise, MCR 2.108(A)(6) stated in relevant part that "the defendant must serve and file
an answer within 21 days after being served with the notice of filing the security for costs or the
affidavit in lieu of such security required by MCL 600.2919d." White, supra at 76. Giving this
language its plain and ordinary meaning, the Court concluded that "a plaintiff 's filing of security
for costs or an affidavit of meritorious claim is an absolute prerequisite to the defendant's
obligation to answer or otherwise defend the action." Id. The Court held that, because the
plaintiff never filed an affidavit of merit or security for costs, the defendant's "answer was not
yet due" because the twenty-one-day period for filing the answer never began to run. Id. at 7677.
We conclude that White does not control in this case. In White, an affidavit was never
filed, and it was clear that the statutory requirements were not met. In this case, plaintiff filed a
presumably valid affidavit of merit with the complaint.7 According to plaintiff 's counsel's
affidavit, at the time he filed the complaint, he believed that the affidavit of merit satisfied the
statutory requirements.8 It was only in subsequent judicial proceedings that the affidavit was
found to be deficient on the basis of this Court's holding in Decker v Flood, 248 Mich App 75;
638 NW2d 163 (2001). In Decker, this Court observed that an endodontist is one who
specializes in the practice of endodontics, and, thus, is not a general practitioner within the
meaning of the statutory limitations on expert witnesses in medical malpractice cases. Id. at 8384. However, Decker was not decided until October 26, 2001, after the default in this case was
entered, and long after defendant's answer was due.
Moreover, in White, the Court expressly noted that although the plaintiff 's medical
malpractice complaint appeared to be deficient with regard to stating a claim for medical
malpractice, the deficiencies did not relieve the defendant of his obligation to file an answer.
White, supra at 78 n 7. Likewise, the deficiency in the affidavit in this case did not relieve
defendant of his duty to file an answer.
To hold that a duty to answer the complaint never arose in this case would open the
floodgates to all manner of retrospective claims that a defendant had no obligation to respond to
a summons and complaint. Such reasoning would undermine the fundamental purpose of default
(…continued)
with the complaint. White, supra at 75-76.
7
Defendant's sole challenge to the affidavit is based on the fact that Dr. Nearing limits his
practice to endodontics; defendant does not claim that the affidavit is otherwise deficient.
8
We recognize that, following an evidentiary hearing, the trial court concluded that plaintiff 's
counsel's belief was not reasonable in light of stipulated facts concerning the extent of plaintiff 's
counsel's investigation of defendant's credentials and Dr. Nearing's credentials before filing the
lawsuit.
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and the finality of judgments. It rewards dilatory response to lawsuits in circumstances in which
a lawsuit is, by all initial accounts, valid.
Worse, to rule as defendant urges would create the opportunity for defendant to
knowingly foster the running of the limitations period by ignoring a lawsuit and then simply
bypass the default by attacking the affidavit of merit, depriving plaintiff of the legitimate
opportunity to cure a defect if attacked in an answer or affirmative defense. A defendant would
suffer no adverse consequences if a postdefault attack on the affidavit were successful. In the
meantime, a plaintiff 's claim is laid to rest as the limitation period expires.
The requirement that a defendant answer a complaint tests the adequacy of the complaint
and affidavit. If procedural devices permit a complaint to go unanswered to no disadvantage, the
test fails in its purpose. We decline to extend the holding in White, in which the affidavit was
nonexistent, to the circumstances of this case.
C
The remaining question is whether the trial court abused its discretion in failing to set
aside the default.
The ruling on a motion to set aside a default or a default judgment is entrusted
to the discretion of the trial court. Where there has been a valid exercise of
discretion, appellate review is sharply limited. Unless there has been a clear
abuse of discretion, a trial court's ruling will not be set aside. [Alken-Ziegler,
supra at 227 (citations omitted).]
We conclude that the court did not abuse its discretion. Following discovery, the court
found that the telephone records called into question defendant's representation that the summons
and complaint were faxed to the insurance carrier as indicated and that the fax was not received.
After defendant had misled the court concerning setting aside the default, he sought dismissal of
the case on the ground that the affidavit of merit was signed by an expert in the field of
endodontics rather than general dentistry.
It is clear that the court was not persuaded by defendant's assertion that he had a
reasonable excuse for failing to timely answer the summons and complaint. Viewing the record,
we find no basis for ruling otherwise.
It is undisputed that defendant was served with the summons and complaint on
September 7, 2001. Twelve days later, on September 19, 2001, defendant's employee allegedly
faxed the summons and complaint to the insurance carrier. However, defendant's phone records
showed no charge for a long distance call on the alleged date of the fax. There was no contact
with the insurance carrier to advise it of the summons and complaint, other than the alleged fax,
and there was no follow-up to determine whether the fax was received. The insurance carrier
had previous notice of the lawsuit because it was provided with the statutory notice of intent to
file a claim in March 2001. Considering the facts on which the court acted, an unprejudiced
person cannot say that there is no justification or excuse for the court's ruling. Id. at 228.
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Although not directly relevant to the grounds for setting aside the default, the court's
finding that defendant misled the court was germane to the court's considerations. At the hearing
in December 2001, defendant argued that the default should be set aside and the case should be
heard on the merits. Defendant did not argue the statute of limitations defense or the alleged
defect in the affidavit at the time of the hearing even though Decker had already been decided by
this Court. It was only later, in March 2002, that defendant cited Decker as the basis for his
motion for summary disposition.
An appellate court may not substitute its judgment in matters falling within the discretion
of the trial court. Alken-Ziegler, supra at 228. The trial court's decision to reinstate the default is
entitled to great deference. Id. We find no circumstances warranting reversal.
Affirmed.
Cooper, J., concurred.
/s/ Janet T. Neff
/s/ Jessica R. Cooper
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