GARY BENGSTON V DELTA CNTY
Annotate this Case
Download PDF
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
GARY BENGSTON, and ANNIS BENGSTON,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v
FOR PUBLICATION
June 2, 2005
9:05 a.m.
No. 250556
Delta Circuit Court
LC No. 02-016489-CE
DELTA COUNTY and DELTA COUNTY
ZONING & BUILDING DEPARTMENT,
Defendants-Appellees.
Official Reported Version
Before: Murray, P.J. and O'Connell and Donofrio, JJ.
DONOFRIO, J.
Plaintiffs appeal as of right an order granting summary disposition to defendants Delta
County and Delta County Zoning and Building Department.1 The basic dispute in this case
involves the zoning of plaintiffs' property in Wells Township, located in Delta County. Because
the township ordinance zoning the property for commercial use is controlling rather than
defendants' county ordinance zoning the property for residential use, we reverse the trial court's
determination of the zoning classification of the property as R-1, residential, and its dismissal of
the plaintiffs' remaining counts as a result of its zoning determination. We remand for entry of a
declaratory judgment investing the property with a zoning classification of C-1, commercial, and
for further proceedings consistent with this opinion on the balance of plaintiffs' complaint.
Facts and Procedural History
In 1976, Delta County adopted a county zoning ordinance. It is undisputed that the
property at issue was zoned for residential use under this county zoning ordinance. In 1980, the
1
The order is titled as granting summary disposition in favor of defendants, but because the
order reflects that it was entered after a trial was conducted pursuant to MCR 2.116(I)(3), and
after findings of fact by the trial court, the order is better viewed as a declaratory judgment
establishing the zoned property as residential (R-1)and a judgment of no cause of action in favor
of defendants on the remaining counts rather than as a grant of summary disposition.
-1-
Wells Township Board sought to create a township planning commission, but the township
government failed to notify township residents of their right to pursue a referendum on whether
to have such a planning commission under MCL 125.323(2). On September 28, 1983, the Wells
Township Board adopted a township zoning ordinance and an official zoning map. Under that
township zoning ordinance, the property at issue was zoned for commercial use. In accordance
with the township zoning ordinance, a building permit was issued, a gas station constructed, and
commercial use was established on the property in 1984.
In 1986, the Wells Township Board recognized that the township planning commission
was improperly created and passed a new resolution to create a planning commission with
appropriate notice to township residents. The township held a referendum, and the electorate
voted against the resolution calling for a township planning commission. As a result of the
election, the township board requested that Wells Township be included in Delta County
planning and zoning as of the date of request. The township board neither repealed its 1983
township zoning ordinance, nor did it decertify its official zoning map. On September 9, 1986,
the Delta County Board of Commissioners resolved "that the County undertake zoning
responsibilities with regard to Wells Township only from and after this date and that any prior
decisions or actions taken under color of law with regard to zoning in Wells Township shall be
the sole responsibility of Wells Township and not Delta County." Delta County used the
township zoning map for a short while into 1987, and thereafter utilized the county zoning map.
The present controversy originated when plaintiffs contacted defendants and applied for a
building permit to expand the business use of their property and were informed that the property
was zoned for residential use. After being denied administrative relief, plaintiffs filed suit. In
their complaint, plaintiffs asserted they had exhausted their administrative remedies.2 Plaintiffs
sought a declaratory judgment that the property at issue is zoned for commercial use, mandamus
relief, and damages for the unlawful taking of their property based on defendants preventing
them from using their property consistent with commercial zoning. Plaintiffs moved for partial
summary disposition on the basis that the Wells Township zoning governed the property.
Defendants also moved for summary disposition, asserting in part that Delta County has zoning
authority over plaintiffs' property.
Following a bench trial in the matter, the trial court issued written findings of fact and
conclusions of law specifically noting that the Wells Township zoning ordinance had not been
"overtly repealed . . . ." The trial court found that there had been a period of over fifteen years of
2
Plaintiffs brought a prior suit against defendants regarding this matter. In that earlier matter,
this Court affirmed the trial court's denial of plaintiffs' request for a writ of mandamus on the
ground that plaintiffs had failed to exhaust their administrative remedies. Unpublished
memorandum opinion, issued May 18, 2001 (Docket No. 224167). This Court's prior decision
did not reach the merits of the zoning dispute at issue, and defendants do not argue, and the trial
court in the present case did not indicate that it viewed this Court's prior decision as having any
preclusive effect on the merits of the zoning issue.
-2-
public acquiescence on Delta County's zoning map and designations. The trial court stated,
"Public policy intercedes when there has been reliance on a particular zoning ordinance and map
for a substantial period . . . ." Accordingly, the trial court stated, "The 15 years of public reliance
on Delta's zoning maps cannot be disturbed and any attack on that usage is precluded on public
policy grounds." Ultimately, the trial court stated, "Whatever the origin of the confusion or its
consequences, there has been lengthy a [sic] period of public acquiescence and reliance on
Delta's zoning maps and zoning designations within Wells Township, and that, as a matter of
law, the Plaintiffs' property is presently zoned as R-1" (residential use).
In sum, the trial court concluded that Delta County's zoning ordinance should control on
the basis of public policy grounds because it had generally been applied as a practical matter in
Wells Township for a lengthy time, particularly over fifteen years. The trial court did not
specifically address certain issues pivotal to the resolution of this case, including whether the
township zoning ordinance was validly adopted and whether the status of the improperly created
township planning commission is material to the validity of the township zoning ordinances.
Given on the undisputed facts, the sole question before us is whether the trial court erred
by determining that plaintiffs' property was zoned for residential use under the Delta County
zoning ordinance.
Analysis
Resolution of the issue turns on application of controlling law to undisputed facts.
Questions of law are reviewed de novo. Brown v Loveman, 260 Mich App 576, 591; 680 NW2d
432 (2004).
I
Part of the County Zoning Act, MCL 125.201, generally provides a county with zoning
authority over portions of the county "outside the limits of cities and villages . . . ." However,
MCL 125.239 provided, "A township in which an ordinance enacted under the township zoning
act, [MCL 125.271 to MCL 125.310], is in effect is not subject, unless otherwise provided in this
act, to an ordinance, rule, or regulation adopted under this act."
In general, county zoning ordinances are inapplicable to townships in which a validly enacted
township zoning ordinance is in effect under the Township Zoning Act.
MCL 125.271 provides in part that "[t]he township board of an organized township in
this state may provide by zoning ordinance for the regulation of land development and the
establishment of districts in the portions of the township outside the limits of cities and villages .
. . ."3 MCL 125.298 provides:
3
There is no indication that a city or village is relevant to this case. Also, while plaintiffs seem
to emphasize that Wells Township is a charter township, it appears by its plain language that the
(continued…)
-3-
Insofar as the provisions of any ordinance lawfully adopted under the
provisions of this act are inconsistent with the provisions of ordinances adopted
under any other law, the provisions of ordinances adopted under the provisions of
this act, unless otherwise provided in this act, shall be controlling.
This further reinforces that county zoning ordinances generally cannot override valid township
zoning ordinances. Importantly, the parties have not cited any provision of state law under
which the residential zoning of plaintiffs' property provided by the Delta County zoning
ordinance would override the commercial zoning provided by the Wells Township zoning
ordinance if the latter ordinance were validly enacted and remains in force. Accordingly, the
critical question requires us to investigate if there is any basis to conclude that the Wells
Township zoning ordinance was invalidly adopted or is otherwise no longer in force.
Defendants' main argument attacking the validity of the Wells Township zoning
ordinance adopted in 1983 centers on the undisputed fact that the Wells Township Planning
Commission was invalidly created in 1980. However, a township is not statutorily required to
establish a planning commission. Sabo v Monroe Twp, 394 Mich 531, 540; 232 NW2d 584
(1975), overruled in part on other grounds Kirk v Tyrone Twp, 398 Mich 429 (1976).
Accordingly, the zoning authority granted to a township board by MCL 125.271 is not
contingent on the existence of a validly created planning commission. See Sabo, supra at 538541 (discussing the existence of township zoning authority even in the absence of a master plan
developed by a township planning commission). By application, any invalidity in the creation of
the Wells Township Planning Commission in 1980 does not affect the validity of the Wells
Township zoning ordinance. Rather, the township board could – and did – adopt a zoning
ordinance under the plain language of MCL 125.271, even in the absence of a validly created
township planning commission. The establishment of a planning commission is a permissive
act, "The township board of any township may create, by resolution, a township planning
commission . . . ." MCL 125.323(1). It is only the permissive act of creating a planning
commission that is subject to notice and referendum, and not, the enactment of a zoning
ordinance pursuant to MCL 125.271 as argued by defendants. Defendants failed to establish a
record basis to question the validity of the adoption of the township zoning ordinance in 1983.
Assuming that an invalidly created township planning commission played some role in
formulating the Wells Township zoning ordinance or even drafted the proposed ordinance, such
action is immaterial because the ordinance was not adopted by that commission, but rather by the
township board.4 To illustrate the point further, members of the public are obviously free to
present a draft of a proposed ordinance to a township board and to suggest that it be adopted. If
(…continued)
zoning authority granted by MCL 125.271 extends to all townships, i.e., every "organized
township," not merely charter townships.
4
For this reason, defendants' arguments that the Wells Township Board delegated its legislative
authority to the invalid planning commission with regard to the adoption of the township zoning
ordinance are simply illogical. There was no delegation of legislative authority by the township
board in the adoption of the Wells Township zoning ordinance because the township board itself
adopted the ordinance.
-4-
the township board follows such a suggestion from a group of residents and adopts the ordinance
they propose, the legally significant act is clearly the adoption of the ordinance by the township
board, not the actions of the residents that led to it. Similarly, we do not see any basis to assign
legal significance to the participation of an invalidly created planning commission in the
adoption of a township zoning ordinance because, to the extent that the members of the invalid
planning commission proposed the ordinance to the township board, their mere proposal was
legally insignificant. Rather, consciously or not, the members of the invalid planning
commission were merely acting as members of the public in proposing an ordinance to the
township board with the legally significant act being the adoption of the ordinance by the
township board.5
It is uncontested that the Wells Township Board never formally repealed the zoning
ordinance it enacted in 1983. Indeed, defendants do not argue that the township zoning
ordinance was ever repealed, only that it was not validly adopted (or alternatively, as discussed
below, that it should be disregarded for public policy reasons). Nevertheless, Wells Township
sent a letter to Delta County "requesting that Wells Township be included in the Delta County
Planning and Zoning as of this date." The township board's intent was to discontinue active
involvement in zoning by the township government in Wells Township and to leave zoning
administration to the county.6 While defendants argue that the township letter requesting county
zoning involvement be considered to have included intent to discontinue application of the
township zoning ordinance, the motion adopted by the township trustees at their meeting of
August 13,1986, was to "accept the letter to transfer the planning commission to the County."
The passage of the motion to request a transfer of planning commission activities and the
act of sending the corresponding letter to Delta County cannot reasonably be considered to have
repealed the Wells Township zoning ordinance. Those steps did not constitute a legislative act
5
The evident misapprehension of the Wells Township Board regarding the validity of the
creation of the planning commission in 1980 does not provide a legal basis to undermine the
validity of the township zoning ordinance. It is readily apparent that members of public bodies
such as a township board or a legislature may act on the basis of an incorrect view of certain
legal or factual matters. No legal doctrine has been advanced that would allow legal or factual
uncertainty to be a basis to set aside an enacted ordinance or statute. Further, any such rule
would seem to invite chaos because public bodies must often act on matters about which the
relevant law may be unsettled or factual matters may be disputed.
6
Pursuant to MCL 42.18, governmental entities can make agreements between and
among themselves for the operation of government, including zoning. Nicholas v Clinton
Co Bd of Comm'rs, 43 Mich App 527; 204 NW2d 351 (1972). MCL 42.18 provides:
Each charter township may join with any governmental unit or agency, or
with any number or combination thereof, by contract or otherwise as may be
permitted by law, to perform jointly, or by one or more, for or on behalf of the
other or others, any power or duty which is permitted to be so performed by law
or which is possessed or imposed upon each such governmental unit or agency.
-5-
by the township board to repeal the zoning ordinance; rather they merely constituted a request by
the township board to the county to take certain action, namely, transferring administration of the
township's zoning ordinance to the county. See MCL 42.18. Only subsequent legislative acts by
a township board could either expressly or implicitly repeal a prior ordinance. See Donajkowski
v Alpena Power Co, 460 Mich 243, 253; 596 NW2d 574 (1999) (repeal of a statute may be
inferred where a subsequent legislative act "conflicts with a prior act" or "is intended to occupy
the entire field covered by a prior enactment"). Clearly, the Wells Township Board did not
undertake a legislative act, such as passing an ordinance or resolution, in making the transfer
request.
Further, the repeal of an enactment by implication is disfavored, and "repeal by
implication will not be found if any other reasonable construction may be given to the statutes . .
. ." City of Kalamazoo v KTS Industries, Inc, 263 Mich App 23, 36-37; 687 NW2d 319 (2004).
Even if a township board's action in passing a motion to send a letter, viewed in light of the
contents of the letter, could possibly effect an implicit repeal of an ordinance, we conclude it did
not do so in this case because the request made to Delta County in the relevant letter may
reasonably be construed as not reflecting an intent to repeal the Wells Township zoning
ordinance. Specifically, the letter requests that Wells Township be included in county planning
and zoning "as of this date." This language is reasonably construed as reflecting intent to leave
in place zoning decisions taken by the Wells Township Board before that date, including the
zoning effected by passage of the township zoning ordinance.
Defendants' assertion that the result of the 1986 vote in Wells Township to reject the
creation of a township planning commission also reflected citizen dissatisfaction with a township
zoning ordinance may or may not be accurate, but it is nonetheless immaterial. As discussed
above, the Wells Township Board had authority under MCL 125.271 and Sabo to enact a zoning
ordinance in 1983. There is no reasonable way that a vote by the Wells Township electorate in
1986 to reject the creation of a planning commission can be considered to have legally repealed
the 1983 zoning ordinance when the existence of a valid planning commission is not a
prerequisite to the enactment of a zoning ordinance. Also, MCL 125.271 grants zoning authority
to a township board regardless of whether the residents of a township desire their township board
to have that authority.
II
In furtherance of its opinion, the trial court stated, "It would be contrary to case law and
public policy to now require Delta County's application of the aborted Wells zoning within Wells
Township, and to Plaintiffs' property in particular. The 15 years of public reliance on Delta's
zoning maps cannot be disturbed and any attack on that usage is precluded on public policy
grounds." The trial court cited four decisions of this Court in support of its public policy
rationale for concluding that Delta County's zoning maps, rather than the township zoning
ordinance, should control zoning in Wells Township.
These cases, however, all involved statements by this Court in the context of recognizing
that public policy precludes challenges to zoning ordinances as having been improperly enacted
when the challenges are made long after the ordinances were enacted. City of Jackson v
Thompson-McCully Co, LLC, 239 Mich App 482, 493-494; 608 NW2d 531 (2000); Richmond
-6-
Twp v Erbes, 195 Mich App 210, 217-218; 489 NW2d 504 (1992), overruled in part on other
grounds Bechtold v Morris, 443 Mich 105 (1993); Edel v Filer Twp, 49 Mich App 210, 214-216;
211 NW2d 547 (1973); Northville Area Non-Profit Housing Corp v Walled Lake, 43 Mich App
424, 434-436; 204 NW2d 274 (1972). This principle does not support the trial court's conclusion
because plaintiffs did not claim that any zoning ordinance was invalid because it was improperly
enacted. Rather, plaintiffs' position is based on their assertion that their property is zoned for
commercial use under the validly enacted township zoning ordinance. Indeed, the principle that
zoning ordinances cannot be challenged as invalidly enacted beyond a lengthy time after their
enactment actually militates against these defendants' effort to attack the validity of the
enactment of the township zoning ordinance and, accordingly, is in support of plaintiffs' reliance
on that ordinance.
III
Although Delta County has properly assumed general responsibility for zoning
administration in Wells Township pursuant to MCL 42.18 and Nicholas, the current
configuration has precipitated an uncertain zoning environment in the township. The township
might consider possible remedial action. Wells Township could create the structures required by
the township zoning act for a township that has a township zoning ordinance, it could formalize
an administrative agreement with the county to enforce its own ordinances, or it could expressly
and formally repeal its township zoning ordinance, thereby empowering Delta County to
administer the county zoning ordinance in Wells Township.
Conclusion
We conclude that the trial court erred by holding that the property at issue is zoned for
residential use under the Delta County zoning ordinance. Rather, under controlling state law,
particularly the County Zoning Act and the Township Zoning Act, the commercial zoning status
provided by the Wells Township zoning ordinance governs the property at issue. In this regard,
any invalidity in the Wells Township Planning Commission in existence at the time the township
zoning ordinance was enacted is immaterial to the validity of that ordinance. Further, the trial
court's public policy rationale does not provide an appropriate legal basis for failing to apply the
township zoning ordinance as required by state law.
We reverse the trial court's determination of the zoning classification of the property as
R-1, residential, and the dismissal of the remaining counts as predicated on the trial court's
zoning determination. We remand for entry of a declaratory judgment investing the property
with a zoning classification of C-1, commercial, and for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion on the balance of plaintiffs' complaint. We do not retain jurisdiction.
/s/ Pat M. Donofrio
/s/ Christopher M. Murray
/s/ Peter D. O'Connell
-7-
Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.