IN RE SARAH HANDELSMAN LIP
Annotate this Case
Download PDF
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
SARAH HANDELSMAN, a Legally Incapacitated
Person, SARAH HANDELSMAN TRUST, and
ZELIG HANDELSMAN TRUST.
COMERICA BANK,
FOR PUBLICATION
May 19, 2005
9:00 a.m.
Petitioner-Appellee,
v
No. 252205
Oakland Probate Court
LC No. 95-245762-GD
FRANCES GOLDMAN,
Respondent-Appellant
and
Official Reported Version
ROCHELLE SCHULTZ AND LOWELL
SCHULTZ,
Respondents-Appellees.
Before: O'Connell, P.J., and Markey and Talbot, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Respondent Frances Goldman appeals by right an order granting partial summary
disposition for petitioner. MCR 7.203(A)(2); MCR 5.801(B)(1). This appeal arises from a
protracted dispute between two sisters, daughters of the late Sarah "Sally" Handelsman
(Handelsman). Respondent Goldman is one of the sisters; the other, Rochelle Schultz, is married
to Lowell Schultz. We hold the trial court did not err in granting partial summary disposition
because there was no genuine issue of material fact to decide at trial. We also hold that a gift of
the right to receive rents is not a conveyance of an interest in land to which the statute of frauds
applies. MCL 566.106.
Petitioner, the successor trustee of the Sarah Handelsman Trust, and formerly
Handelsman's conservator, moved under MCR 2.116(C)(10) to have the court find that
Handelsman gave to Lowell Schultz, as a gift, the right to collect and keep all the rents from the
-1-
second floor of a two-story commercial building that two Handelsman family trusts owned
equally. Petitioner claimed that Handelsman gave Lowell Schultz the right to receive the
upstairs rents in 1985, before she was found to be incompetent in 1995. Respondent opposed the
motion, arguing that (1) whether Handelsman intended the transfer of the "upstairs rents" as a
gift remained a genuine issue of material fact for trial, and (2) that the purported gift was void
under the statute of frauds because it involved the transfer of an interest in real property without
a writing signed by the donor. The trial court ruled that the statute of frauds did not apply and
granted petitioner's motion because respondent failed to produce evidence to refute petitioner's
evidence that Handelsman intended a gift to Schultz.
This Court reviews de novo the grant or denial of a motion for summary disposition to
determine if the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Maiden v Rozwood, 461
Mich 109, 118; 597 NW2d 817 (1999). Whether the statute of frauds applies to the alleged gift
presents a question of law that this Court reviews de novo. Forge v Smith, 458 Mich 198, 204;
580 NW2d 876 (1998); Zander v Ogihara Corp, 213 Mich App 438, 441; 540 NW2d 702
(1995). We conclude that the trial court did not err in granting partial summary disposition for
petitioner because respondent failed to proffer any admissible evidence in support of her claim
that Handelsman did not make a gift of the upstairs rents to her son-in-law. We also find that the
trial court correctly determined that the statute of frauds did not apply.
A motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual sufficiency
of a claim. Corley v Detroit Bd of Ed, 470 Mich 274, 278; 681 NW2d 342 (2004). The purpose
of such a motion is to avoid extended discovery and an evidentiary hearing when a case can be
quickly resolved as a matter of law. Shepherd Montessori Ctr Milan v Ann Arbor Charter Twp,
259 Mich App 315, 324; 675 NW2d 271 (2003). The moving party must specifically identify
the undisputed factual issues, MCR 2.116(G)(4), Maiden, supra at 120, and support its position
with affidavits, depositions, admissions, or documentary evidence, MCR 2.116(G)(3)(b); Smith v
Globe Life Ins Co, 460 Mich 446, 455; 597 NW2d 28 (1999). Here, petitioner submitted two
items of evidence to show that Handelsman made a gift of the upstairs rents to her son-in-law, an
affidavit by a Comerica trust department employee and the deposition of the attorney who drew
up the Sarah Handelsman Trust agreement.
If the moving party carries its initial burden, the party opposing the motion must then
demonstrate with admissible evidence that a genuine and material issue of disputed fact exists,
otherwise summary disposition is properly granted. MCR 2.116(G)(4); Smith, supra at 455 n 2.
We evaluate the trial court's decision on petitioner's motion "by considering the substantively
admissible evidence actually proffered in opposition to the motion. A reviewing court may not
employ a standard citing the mere possibility that the claim might be supported by evidence
produced at trial. A mere promise is insufficient under our court rules." Maiden, supra at 121.
In opposing petitioner's motion, respondent attacked the credibility of petitioner's
evidence. In addition, respondent argued that (1) Lowell Schultz referred to the management of
the upstairs as "his business" in a prior, uncompleted proceeding; (2) that when Handelsman's
trust was restated in 1993 there was no mention of the gift to Schultz; (3) that there is nothing to
reflect that a gift was intended; (4) that petitioner's employees had been inconsistent in how it
characterized the transaction; (5) that no gift tax return was ever filed; (6) that "it seems
-2-
inconceivable that those people all together would have allowed a gift to go improperly treated
over all of these years"; and (7) that Handelsman never substantiated the gift in writing.
Respondent also argued that the substance of Lowell Schultz's prior testimony would be
admissible at trial even though it was inadmissible at the time of the motion because petitioner
did not have the opportunity to cross-examine Schultz. MRE 804(b)(1). Respondent
additionally argued that the trial court erred by discounting or ignoring Comerica's contradictory
treatment of the upstairs rents, Mr. Schultz's prior testimony, and pleadings Mrs. Schultz filed
that the arrangement was compensatory.
When reviewing submitted documentary evidence on a C(10) motion, the trial court must
consider it in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Maiden, supra at 120. Further, a
trial court may not make findings of fact or weigh credibility in deciding a motion for summary
disposition. Skinner v Square D Co, 445 Mich 153, 161; 516 NW2d 475 (1994). Moreover, this
Court will be liberal in finding a genuine issue of material fact that requires a trial to resolve.
Lash v Allstate Ins Co, 210 Mich App 98, 101; 532 NW2d 869 (1995). Nevertheless, when the
party opposing the motion fails to present evidence to establish an issue of material fact,
summary disposition is appropriate. Smith, supra at 455 n 2; Porter v Royal Oak, 214 Mich App
478, 484; 542 NW2d 905 (1995).
In Davidson v Bugbee, 227 Mich App 264, 268; 575 NW2d 574 (1997) this Court set
forth the elements of a valid gift:
In order for a gift to be valid, three elements must be satisfied: (1) the
donor must possess the intent to transfer title gratuitously to the donee, (2) there
must be actual or constructive delivery of the subject matter to the donee, unless it
is already in the donee's possession, and (3) the donee must accept the gift.
Acceptance is presumed if the gift is beneficial to the donee. [Citations omitted.]
Respondent conceded that the upstairs rents were delivered to and accepted by Schulz,
leaving as the only material issue of fact whether Handelsman intended to transfer the upstairs
rents gratuitously to Mr. Schulz. Respondent attacked the credibility and consistency of
petitioner's witnesses because of bias and because petitioner gave a contrary position regarding
part of the upstairs rents in a prior proceeding, i.e., that the rents were in part compensatory for
management services. But, the critical issue here is not how others viewed the situation; rather it
is what Handelsman intended. In that regard, it was undisputed that dating back to 1985
Handelsman wanted Lowell Schultz to have the upstairs rents. Further, although Handelsman
also expressed a desire that Lowell be involved in the management of the building, there was no
evidence that Handelsman considered the rents as compensatory. Respondent offered no
evidence of her own—as opposed to evidence attacking petitioner's evidence or credibility—to
support her claim that Handelsman did not intend to give the rents to Schultz. Respondent's
arguments—such as about petitioner's motives, the failure to file gift tax returns, etc.—provided
no evidence of Handelsman's intent in 1985 when she allowed Schultz to begin collecting and
keeping the upstairs rents. In sum, respondent failed to submit to the trial court any independent
evidence that Handelsman did not intend that the upstairs rents be a gift to her son-in-law,
Lowell Schultz.
-3-
We recognize that summary disposition is rarely appropriate in cases involving questions
of credibility, intent, or state of mind. Michigan Nat'l Bank-Oakland v Wheeling, 165 Mich App
738, 744-745; 419 NW2d 746 (1988). Even so, our review de novo of the record convinces us
that, giving the benefit of reasonable doubt to respondent, reasonable minds could not differ and
would find that Handelsman intended the upstairs rents as a gift to Schultz. West v Gen Motors
Corp, 469 Mich 177, 183; 665 NW2d 468 (2003). Accordingly, the trial court did not err by
granting partial summary disposition for petitioner.
Respondent next argued that Handelsman's gift to Schultz of the upstairs rents is void
under the statute of frauds, which provides:
No estate or interest in lands, other than leases for a term not exceeding
one year, nor any trust or power over or concerning lands, or in any manner
relating thereto, shall hereafter be created, granted, assigned, surrendered or
declared, unless by act or operation of law, or by a deed or conveyance in writing,
subscribed by the party creating, granting, assigning, surrendering or declaring
the same, or by some person thereunto by him lawfully authorized by writing.
[MCL 566.106.]
Respondent cited Brooks v Gillow, 352 Mich 189, 195; 89 NW2d 457 (1958), for the
proposition that the statute applies to oral gifts of an interest in real estate. In Brooks, the Court
held that the statute of frauds applied to a purported oral gift of a vendor's interest in a land
contract. The claimant argued that, under the doctrine of equitable conversion, the vendor's
interest in the land contract was personal property and the gift was completed by delivery and
acceptance of the contract. See Charter Twp of Pittsfield v City of Saline, 103 Mich App 99,
103; 302 NW2d 608 (1981), quoting 77 Am Jur 2d, Vendor and Purchaser, § 317, pp 478-479:
"'A contract for the sale of land operates as an equitable conversion; the vendee's interest under
the contract becomes realty and the vendor's interest under the contract constitutes personalty.'"
The Brooks Court agreed that Michigan recognized the doctrine of equitable conversion, but
nevertheless reasoned that to hold that a vendor's interest in a land contract is personalty to the
extent the statute did not apply would "open the door to fraud." Brooks, supra at 193. So, the
Court held that "[a] vendor's interest in a land contract so far partakes of an interest in real estate
that the conveyance, transfer (including the gift) or assignment of such an interest under the
statute of frauds must be in writing [and] cannot . . . be the subject of an oral gift inter vivos." Id.
at 195. Thus, the critical issue in the instant case is whether a gift of rents is a gift of an interest
in real property to the extent that the statute of frauds applies.
No published Michigan case answers this precise question. The closest analogous
published cases address oral agreements to share profits from the sale of land, which agreements
gave been held to fall outside the statute of frauds. See, e.g., Koffman v Mathews, 352 Mich 390;
89 NW2d 756 (1958), and Price v Nellist, 316 Mich 418; 25 NW2d 512 (1947). "'The general
rule is that agreements to share profits and losses arising from the purchase and sale of real estate
are not contracts for the sale or transfer of interests in land and need not be in writing.'"
Koffman, supra at 394, quoting Price, supra at 422. In Gruppuso v Faraci, unpublished opinion
per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued March 27, 2001 (Docket No. 220993), this Court
-4-
extended the general rule to an oral contract authorizing collection of rent on a parcel of land.
The Gruppuso Court held that, rather than being an interest in land,
the right to retain the proceeds from renting out defendants' property is more aptly
characterized as an interest in rental proceeds. See Carr v Leavitt, 54 Mich 540,
541; 20 NW 576 (1884) (oral agreements to share profits arising from the
purchase and sale of real estate are not contracts involving interests in land
required to be in writing); see also Summers v Hoffman, 341 Mich 686, 697; 69
NW2d 198 (1955) (an agreement to share in profits derived from the sale of realty
is not within the statute of frauds). . . . [T]he trial court did not err . . . because the
oral loan agreement permitting plaintiffs to retain the rental proceeds did not
constitute an interest in land, and thus no writing was required. [Gruppuso,
supra, slip op at 2.]
Although Gruppuso is not binding precedent, MCR 7.215(C)(1), we find that it correctly
extended to oral agreements concerning rental payments the longstanding general rule placing
outside the statute of frauds oral agreements that do not create or transfer an estate in real
property; i.e., they only address profits generated from real estate transactions. In other words,
when an oral agreement relates to the money generated by real property, rather than that creating
or transferring an interest in the real estate itself, the statute of frauds is not implicated. See
Koffman, supra at 399, quoting Carr, supra at 542.
The Oregon Supreme Court, in Watters v Watters, 270 Or 673; 528 P2d 1347 (1974),
addressed whether that state's statute of frauds precluded enforcement of an oral family
agreement that certain rental income generated by a shopping mall go to the family patriarch for
life and then to his spouse. The court held that enforcement of the oral agreement was not
precluded under either the common law or the modern rationale for the statute of frauds. The
court opined:
It is possible to manipulate the ancient common law property concepts to
support either plaintiff 's or defendant's contentions. Thus, it has been said that
rent which is to become due is an incident to the ownership of real property and
therefore an assignment of rent must be in writing under the Statute of Frauds.
On the other hand, it has been pointed out that whereas rent reserved upon a
transfer of the land from lessor to lessee is real property, rent assigned by the
lessor after the creation of the lease involves no interest in land (since no land
passes from the lessor to the assignee).
At common law rent was the compensation or return for a transfer of land.
Thus, it was the rule that to qualify as rent and thus constitute an interest in land,
payment by a lessee must be reserved payable to the lessor and not to a third
person. A reservation of "debt" to a third person at common law constituted,
therefore, neither rent proper nor an interest in land but was regarded as merely a
contract.
It appears, then, that if we felt compelled to predicate the solution of
modern problems on the ancient rules of the common law we have the precedent
-5-
for holding that the rental agreement in the present case, although oral, did not
violate the Statute of Frauds. Looking at the question with a more modern
perspective, the result should be the same. If there is any justification for the
Statute of Frauds in requiring a writing for the creation or transfer of interests in
land as distinct from other interests, it is to provide more certain and more
trustworthy evidence of the terms of land transactions and the character of the
ownership thus created. These desiderata are in no way involved where the
agreement purports only to shift the payment of rent from the lessor to a third
person. In this respect, such an agreement is no different than an agreement by
the lessor that upon the receipt of rent each month he will forthwith pay an
equivalent sum to his promisee. In either case, there is no need for a writing to
subserve the objectives of the Statute of Frauds. We hold, therefore, that the oral
agreement to pay certain rental to defendant upon the death of Leslie Watters is
valid. [Id. at 676-677 (citations omitted).]
Although neither Gruppuso nor Watters is binding precedent, we find their reasoning
persuasive. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court correctly ruled that the statute of frauds did
not apply to the oral gift of rental income in the case at bar.
We affirm.
/s/ Peter D. O'Connell
/s/ Jane E. Markey
/s/ Michael J. Talbot
-6-
Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.