PEOPLE OF MI V ROBERT WILLIAM HORNOF
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,
FOR PUBLICATION
March 15, 2005
9:00 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellee,
V
No. 257824
Kent Circuit Court
LC No. 03-011759-AR
GLEN ROBERT SCHUTTER,
Defendant-Appellant.
_________________________________________
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v
No. 257854
Kent Circuit Court
LC No. 03-011759-AR
ROBERT WILLIAM HORNOF,
Defendant-Appellant.
Official Reported Version
Before: Schuette, P.J., and Fitzgerald and Bandstra, JJ.
FITZGERALD, J.
Defendants were each charged with one count of ethnic intimidation, MCL 750.147b, and
one count of assault and battery, MCL 750.81(1). The district court refused to bind defendants
over for trial on the charge of ethnic intimidation. Defendants appeal by leave granted the circuit
court order reinstating the ethnic intimidation charges. We affirm.
On September 17, 2003, Ronald Robinson, Marcia Anderson, and their two young
children were westbound on Fulton east of Fuller in the city of Grand Rapids. A westbound van
occupied by defendants swerved in the direction of the Robinson vehicle, requiring panic stops
by both drivers to avoid a collision. According to Anderson, as defendants' vehicle pulled ahead
of the Robinson vehicle, defendant Hornof, the passenger, shouted "stupid niggers" at the
occupants of the Robinson vehicle.
Both vehicles proceeded west on Fulton, with defendants' vehicle directly in front of the
Robinson vehicle. Defendant Hornof 's father was traveling in a third vehicle just ahead of
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defendants' vehicle. Defendants' vehicle and the Robinson vehicle each passed the other at least
once before reaching Fuller. According to Robinson and Anderson, defendant Hornof loudly
and repeatedly expressed racial slurs as the vehicles passed. Witnesses described the operation
of both vehicles as ranging from erratic to reckless. While defendants were in the lead, Robinson
followed closely, swerving his vehicle. As he did so, defendant Schutter tapped his brakes and
then slammed them, forcing both vehicles to stop. Robinson did the same when his vehicle was
in the lead.
Defendants and Hornof, Sr., turned north on Fuller and then east onto the first side street,
Evangeline, before stopping. Robinson's intention before the conflict with defendants was to
turn left, or south, onto Fuller and then proceed to his home. Instead, he chose to turn north onto
Fuller and follow defendants. He also turned east onto Evangeline, squealing his tires in the
process. Robinson stopped his vehicle near the defendants and, from his vehicle, shouted, "What
the fuck is the problem?" Racial slurs were exchanged. Robinson and Anderson testified that
defendants frequently and angrily referred to them as "fucking niggers." Hornof, Sr., testified
that Anderson referred to defendants as "bitch ass honkies" and "fuckin' crackers."
Defendants approached the Robinson vehicle. Robinson and Anderson testified that both
defendants reached through the driver's window, but Hornof, Sr., testified that defendant Hornof
was the only one at the window. Robinson testified that he thought defendants were trying to get
at his gearshift or keys and that he was scratched in the process.
Robinson drove his vehicle forward approximately fifteen feet as defendants walked to
their vehicle. It appeared to most witnesses that the conflict was over. Robinson, however,
abruptly stopped his vehicle, got out, and approached defendants. Robinson threw a punch, and
defendants responded by severely beating Robinson. Witnesses testified that defendants directed
racial slurs, such as "I'm going to fuck you up, nigger," toward Robinson during the beating.
Defendants were each subsequently charged with one count of ethnic intimidation and
one count of assault and battery. Following the evidentiary portion of the preliminary
examination, the district court entertained arguments concerning whether defendants should be
bound over on the ethnic intimidation charges. Defendants argued that MCL 750.147b was not
applicable because no evidence was adduced at the preliminary examination that defendants
selected Robinson as their victim because of his race. Instead, the evidence established that
Robinson became defendants' victim because he followed the defendants, got out of his vehicle,
and threw a punch at them. What followed was a response to Robinson's actions. The racial
epithets shouted by defendants were merely incidental to physical contact and not indicative of
race-based selection of Robinson as a victim.
The district court refused to bind over defendants on the ethnic intimidation charges,
finding that defendants' conduct did not constitute ethnic intimidation as defined by MCL
750.147b. The district court interpreted the statute to proscribe underlying criminal acts
committed for the sole purpose of intimidating or harassing a person because of race. The court
found that defendants' assault of Robinson was not ethnic intimidation because it was motivated
by "road rage," not racial intimidation or harassment. The court noted that Robinson deviated
from his regular route to follow defendants because he was angry at their erratic driving, and that
he voluntarily left his own vehicle to engage in at least an exchange of words with defendants.
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The court opined, "These are not the actions of a person intimidated, but rather of a man
willingly remaining involved in a long series of 'road rage' events."
On the prosecutor's interlocutory application for leave to appeal to the circuit court, the
circuit court found that the interpretation of MCL 750.147b set forth in People v Richards, 202
Mich App 377; 509 NW2d 528 (1993), was nonbinding dictum and "at odds with the text of
Section 147b . . . ." The circuit court held that the statute requires only that the underlying
criminal act be committed "with specific intent to intimidate or harass" and that the intent can be
formed during the commission of the underlying criminal act. Finding evidence of the requisite
specific intent, the circuit court reversed the district court's decision and remanded for
reinstatement of the ethnic intimidation charges and for defendants to be bound over on those
charges. This Court granted defendants' applications for leave to appeal.
The ethic intimidation statute, MCL 750.147b, provides:
(1) A person is guilty of ethnic intimidation if that person maliciously, and
with specific intent to intimidate or harass another person because of that person's
race, color, religion, gender, or national origin, does any of the following:
(a) Causes physical contact with another person.
(b) Damages, destroys, or defaces any real or personal property of another
person.
(c) Threatens, by word or act, to do an act described in subdivision (a) or
(b), if there is reasonable cause to believe that an act described in subdivision (a)
or (b) will occur.
The question at the heart of these appeals is whether the statute requires the intent to
intimidate or harass to be the sole motivating factor for the underlying criminal act or whether
the requisite intent can be formed during the commission of the underlying criminal act,
whatever the reason for the underlying criminal act. Although defendants argue that this Court is
bound by this Court's interpretation of MCL 750.147b in Richards and People v Stevens, 230
Mich App 502; 584 NW2d 369 (1998), neither case specifically addresses the question presented
in this case.
In Richards, this Court upheld the constitutionality of MCL 750.147b. As part of the
discussion rejecting the defendant's claim that the statute was void for vagueness, the Court
observed, "The statute is satisfied only when there is evidence of an underlying predicate
criminal act committed because of racial animosity." Richards, supra at 379.
In Stevens, the defendant challenged the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his
conviction for racial intimidation. This Court quoted Richards and then rejected the sufficiency
challenge:
As a previous panel of this Court has observed, "[t]he statute is satisfied
only when there is evidence of an underlying predicate criminal act committed
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because of racial animosity." People v Richards, 202 Mich App 377, 379; 509
NW2d 528 (1993).
Here, there was ample evidence that defendant threatened, by word and
act, to cause physical contact with the complainant. In addition, defendant's act of
throwing a punch at the complainant provided reasonable cause to believe that
physical contact would occur. Testimony regarding defendant's words and acts
also provided abundant circumstantial evidence that defendants' threat was made
maliciously and with specific intent to intimidate or harass the complainant.
Defendant does not appear to dispute these points. Instead, defendant argues that
there was insufficient evidence to support a finding that the threat was made
because of the complainant's race or gender. Defendant argues that this was
simply "an argument over an unruly child which became very heated and very
ugly." However, defendant's argument ignores the strong circumstantial evidence
that his motive was racist.
We recognize that, in the absence of other evidence, the fact that
defendant started a heated argument over a trivial matter would probably not be
sufficient to allow a jury to find defendant guilty of ethnic intimidation beyond a
reasonable doubt. Here, however, defendant's words provided strong evidence of
a racist motive. Defendant's use of the word "nigger," his reference to the
complainant as a "black bitch," and his remark that "you people shouldn't be
allowed in here" explained his otherwise inexplicable actions. Taken in the light
most favorable to the prosecution, this evidence was sufficient to allow the jury to
conclude that defendant was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. [Stevens, supra at
505-506].
Neither Richards nor Stevens engaged in any statutory analysis to determine the specific
elements of ethnic intimidation or expressly address whether the intent to intimidate or harass on
the basis of race must be the sole reason for committing the underlying criminal act.
Examination of the language of the statute is therefore necessary.
This Court reviews de novo matters of statutory interpretation. Livonia Hotel, LLC v City
of Livonia, 259 Mich App 116, 130; 673 NW2d 763 (2003). The primary goal of judicial
interpretation is to ascertain and effectuate the intent behind the statutory provision. If the plain
and ordinary meaning of the language is clear, judicial construction of the statutory provision is
not permitted. Judicial construction is appropriate only if reasonable minds can differ regarding
the meaning of the statute. Id. at 130-131.
As pertinent to this case, MCL 750.147b(1)(a) requires an actor to cause physical contact
with another person "maliciously, and with specific intent to intimidate or harass another person
because of that person's race . . . ." This statutory language is rather straightforward and broad.
It contains no limiting language to suggest that ethnic intimidation may be charged only when
the specific intent to intimidate or harass is the sole reason for the underlying criminal act.
Instead, the statute only requires some act of physical contact committed maliciously and
accompanied by a specific intent to intimidate or harass because of race, color, religion, gender,
or national origin. The circuit court properly interpreted the statute as being satisfied if this
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specific intent is formed during the commission of the underlying criminal act. That is so
regardless of any other additional motivations for the underlying criminal act that may have
existed earlier.
This Court exercises review de novo to determine whether defendants' conduct fell within
the scope of conduct prohibited by MCL 750.147b. Additionally, this Court examines the
district court's decision to determine whether the district judge abused his discretion in denying
the bindover. People v Greene, 255 Mich App 426, 434; 661 NW2d 616 (2003).
Both the district court and the circuit court found that road rage was a motivating factor
in defendants' assault of Robinson. Neither party challenges this finding. But testimonial
evidence by three uninvolved bystanders indicates that after Robinson got out of his vehicle,
defendants beat and kicked Robinson while saying, "Fuck you, nigger. Remember this.
Remember this," and "we're gonna get you, nigger." Defendants' use of racial epithets and
directives to "[r]emember this" give rise to a reasonable inference that defendants specifically
intended to beat Robinson because of his race. When this specific intent to intimidate Robinson
on the basis of his race is combined with the accompanying beating of Robinson, it can
reasonably be inferred that what may have started out as merely road rage escalated into an act of
ethnic intimidation. The district court abused its discretion by failing to bind defendants over on
the ethnic intimidation charges.
In light of the foregoing, we conclude that defendants' alleged conduct falls within the
ambit of MCL 750.147b and that the evidence presented at the preliminary examination would
allow a reasonable person to infer that defendants violated MCL 750.147b.
Affirmed.
/s/ E. Thomas Fitzgerald
/s/ Bill Schuette
/s/ Richard A. Bandstra
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