IN RE GAZELLA MINORS
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
In the Matter of JUSTIN GAZELLA and PAIGE
GAZELLA, Minors.
FAMILY INDEPENDENCE AGENCY,
FOR PUBLICATION
January 4, 2005
9:00 a.m.
Petitioner-Appellee,
v
No. 253008
Saginaw Circuit Court
Family Division
LC No. 00-026444-NA
LISA MARIE SAYERS-GAZELLA,
Respondent-Appellant,
and
Official Reported Version
BRYCE GAZELLA,
Respondent.
Before: Whitbeck, C.J., and Owens and Schuette, JJ.
OWENS, J.
Respondent Lisa Marie Sayers-Gazella (respondent) appeals as of right the trial court's
order of November 29, 2003, which allowed the previously suspended order of June 5, 2003,
terminating her parental rights to her two infant children pursuant to MCL 712A.19b(3)(l) and
(m) to go into effect.1 She challenges the trial court's implementation of its prior order
terminating her parental rights in spite of her substantial compliance with the Adrianson2
agreement. She also challenges the trial court's initial assumption of jurisdiction over the minor
children. We affirm.
1
Respondent-father Bryce Gazella voluntarily released his rights to the two minor children under
the Michigan Adoption Code, MCL 710.21 et seq., on December 1, 2003, and is not a party to
this appeal.
2
In re Adrianson, 105 Mich App 300; 306 NW2d 487 (1981).
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The minor twin children, Justin Gazella and Paige Gazella, were born March 22, 2003. A
petition seeking initial jurisdiction of the children and termination of both parents' rights was
authorized for filing at a preliminary hearing held three days later. The petition alleged, in part,
that respondent's parental rights to a half-sibling of the twins were terminated on May 16, 2000,
in Genesee County for abandonment following a 1998 petition for child neglect, and that on
October 30, 2000, respondent's parental rights to a full-sibling of the twins were terminated in
Saginaw County by voluntary release following initiation of child neglect proceedings. The
petition, as amended, further alleged that respondent was borderline functioning and had a
history of being unable to provide a stable residence. Finally, the petition alleged that
respondent did not follow through with individual and marital therapy, parent training, and
parent-mentoring services. At an adjourned pretrial hearing on May 30, 2003, following a
careful explanation by the trial court of respondent's rights and the potential consequences of her
plea, respondent admitted the facts alleged in the amended petition. Respondent understood that
her admissions would permit the court to find that the children came within the jurisdiction of the
court and that statutory grounds for termination of her parental rights existed. The court then
found, on the basis of the doctrine of anticipatory neglect,3 that the children came within the
jurisdiction of the court. The court further found, on the basis of respondent's admissions, that
grounds existed to terminate respondent's parental rights under MCL 712A.19b(3)(l) and (m).
No evidence was offered that termination would clearly not be in the children's best interests and
the court made no such finding. Immediately following the plea, the court conducted the
dispositional hearing.
Following the combined pretrial/adjudication/dispositional/termination hearing, the court
entered two orders. The first, an order of disposition, stated that an adjudication had been held
and the children came within the jurisdiction of the court. It further ordered out-of-home
placement for the children.4 The order required respondent to comply with the case service plan
dated April 25, 2003, as modified at the hearing. The second order terminated the parental rights
of respondent and, pursuant to the Adrianson agreement, suspended the effect of the termination
order contingent on respondent's compliance with all conditions of the case service plan.
Review hearings were held on September 2, 2003, and November 20, 2003, to assess
respondent's progress. At the end of the November 20, 2003, hearing, the court found that, to a
substantial degree, respondent was in compliance with the case service plan. However, in spite
of respondent's substantial compliance, the court found that her prognosis was poor to fair, that
the children should not be returned to her, that she had not been honest with the caseworker, and
that, notwithstanding substantial compliance with the case service plan, it was highly
questionable whether she could care for the children unaided at any reasonable time in the
foreseeable future given her lack of improvement. The court entered an order permitting the
3
In re Dittrick, 80 Mich App 219; 263 NW2d 37 (1977); In re LeFlure, 48 Mich App 377; 210
NW2d 482 (1973).
4
It is this order that would have been appealable as a matter of right had respondent wished to
challenge the court's finding that the children came within the jurisdiction of the court.
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order terminating respondent's parental rights to go into effect. Respondent then filed this
appeal.
We review for clear error the trial court's findings on appeal of an order terminating
parental rights.5 A trial court's decision to terminate parental rights is clearly erroneous if,
although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the
definite and firm conviction that a mistake had been made.6 Respondent argues that the trial
court erred in permitting the order terminating her parental rights to go into effect since she had
completely complied with the terms of the Adrianson agreement. We disagree.
We must first examine the nature of an Adrianson agreement, or Adrianson order, and
determine its current viability in light of MCL 712A.19b(5), which provides:
If the court finds that there are grounds for termination of parental rights,
the court shall order termination of parental rights and order that additional efforts
for reunification of the child with the parent not be made, unless the court finds
that termination of parental rights to the child is clearly not in the child's best
interests.[7]
Before the enactment of MCL 712A.19b(5), many courts hearing termination of parental
rights cases utilized the technique approved by this Court in Adrianson to give parents one last
chance to avoid termination of their parental rights to their children, without imposing on the
petitioner (usually the state) the burden of proving its termination petition again following the
additional time given to the parents for rehabilitation. In an Adrianson proceeding, the trial court
would enter an order terminating the parents' rights following the necessary statutory findings.
The court would then enter a further order suspending the order terminating the parents' rights on
condition that the parents comply with certain requirements designed to assist their
rehabilitation. If the parents were successful, the order terminating their rights would be set
aside and never take effect. However, should the parents not be successful, the order terminating
rights would be permitted to go into effect.
In an Adrianson proceeding, once an order terminating parental rights was entered, the
petitioner need prove nothing further; the burden of proof shifted to the parents to show that they
had successfully complied with the conditions under which the order terminating their parental
rights was suspended.8 However beneficial to parents Adrianson orders may have been, we hold
today that their use violates both the statute and the court rule.9 The statute and the court rule are
5
MCR 3.977(J); In re Trejo, 462 Mich 341, 356-357; 612 NW2d 407 (2000).
6
In re Miller, 433 Mich 331, 337; 445 NW2d 161 (1989).
7
See also MCR 3.977(E)(3), (F)(1), (G)(3).
8
In re Adrianson, supra at 319.
9
MCL 712A.19b(5); MCR 3.977(E), (F)(1), and (G)(3).
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clear: once the court finds there are statutory grounds for termination of parental rights, the court
must order termination of parental rights and must further order that "additional efforts for
reunification of the child with the parent not be made," unless the court finds that termination of
parental rights to the child is clearly not in the child's best interests. In entering an Adrianson
order, the trial court ordered that additional efforts for reunification of the child with the parent
were to be made. This is clearly no longer permissible under the statute and the court rule. Once
the statutory grounds for termination have been proven (unless the court finds that termination of
parental rights to the child is clearly not in the child's best interests), the court must terminate
parental rights immediately. An Adrianson order cannot be entered.
In this case, an Adrianson order was entered by agreement of the parties. Because such
an order was not lawful, and because respondent gave up her right to a contested hearing on the
request to terminate her parental rights, we must consider whether she would be entitled to have
the order terminating her parental rights set aside since she would likely never have agreed to it
but for the Adrianson order. We hold that it need not be set aside because respondent benefited
from the erroneous opportunity she was given to comply with the case service plan and establish
that she could be a non-neglectful parent. This is especially true because, in this case, the
grounds for terminating respondent's parental rights under MCL 712A.19b(3)(l) and (m) were a
matter of court record and therefore uncontestable. In other words, she could only lose on the
statutory grounds. The Adrianson order gave her a chance to avoid termination. It is true that,
had no Adrianson order been entered, and had a contested hearing been held on the issue of
termination, respondent could have avoided termination if the court found that termination was
clearly not in the children's best interests. While that is possible in some cases, it was extremely
unlikely in this case because, when the petition seeking termination of parental rights was filed,
the children were only two days old and had never established a relationship or emotional bond
with respondent. On the basis of the record, it does not appear that respondent could have
established by clear and convincing evidence that termination of her parental rights was clearly
not in the children's best interests, especially given the history of her relationship with her other
children. Therefore, while we hold that the technique approved by this Court in Adrianson is no
longer statutorily permissible, and that its use was therefore error, we determine that the error
was clearly harmless with respect to respondent.
Given our determination that use of an Adrianson order was harmless error with respect
to respondent, we next turn to whether the trial court erred in its implementation of the
Adrianson order. By its terms, the Adrianson order provided that "[t]ermination is hereby
suspended contingent upon mother's compliance with all conditions of the service plan."
Respondent argues that she completely complied with all conditions of the service plan and,
therefore, the trial court erred in finding that the order of termination should be permitted to go
into effect.
We conclude that when the trial court found that respondent was in compliance with the
case service plan to a substantial degree, the trial court was speaking of her physical compliance
and not whether there was a significant improvement in her ability to parent. The court found
that she maintained a stable residence, she was prompt for visitations with the children, and that
she engaged in counseling. However, in spite of her physical compliance with the requirements
of the plan, the court found that her prognosis was poor to fair.
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It is true that the Adrianson order only required "mother's compliance with all conditions
of the service plan." "Compliance" could be interpreted as merely going through the motions
physically; showing up for and sitting through counseling sessions, for example. However, it is
not enough to merely go through the motions; a parent must benefit from the services offered so
that he or she can improve parenting skills to the point where the children would no longer be at
risk in the parent's custody. In other words, it is necessary, but not sufficient, to physically
comply with the terms of a parent/agency agreement or case service plan. For example,
attending parenting classes, but learning nothing from them and, therefore, not changing one's
harmful parenting behaviors, is of no benefit to the parent or child.
It could be argued that a parent complied with a case service plan that merely required
attending parenting classes but was silent concerning the need for the parent to benefit from
them. It is our opinion that such an interpretation would violate common sense and the spirit of
the juvenile code, which is to protect children and rehabilitate parents whenever possible so that
the parents will be able to provide a home for their children that is free of neglect or abuse. In
this case, the trial court recognized that benefiting from services, in addition to complying with
the requirement to participate in those services, was necessary when, in the order implementing
the order terminating respondent's parental rights, the trial court found that
[i]mplementation of the order [terminating parental rights] was suspended
pending compliance with conditions and improvement in the situation . . . .
[Emphasis supplied.]
While it would undoubtedly have been clearer if, in the order of disposition, the trial
court had ordered respondent to both comply with and benefit from the services offered in the
case service plan, we find that the failure to specify that she must benefit from the services was
not error because benefiting from the services was an inherent and necessary part of compliance
with the case service plan. Therefore, while in this case respondent substantially complied with
the case service plan in that she physically did what was asked of her, she did not sufficiently
benefit from the services offered to enable the court to find that she could provide a home for her
children in which they would no longer be at risk of harm. Therefore, we find no error.
While not raised by respondent, we note that the trial court stated the following on the
record, after finding that grounds for termination of respondent's parental rights existed pursuant
to her plea:
Now obviously I have not made findings on best interest because by
stipulation any order terminating her parental rights will be suspended to
determine whether she is able to and does comply with conditions that may be set.
From this statement, it could be argued that the termination order was entered in error because
the court had not made findings on best interests. We note, however, that a court speaks through
its written orders and that, in entering the order terminating parental rights, the court necessarily
found that statutory grounds for termination existed and could not have found that termination of
parental rights was clearly not in the best interests of the children. Neither the statute nor the
court rule requires the court to make specific findings on the question of best interests, although
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trial courts usually do. In fact, most trial courts go beyond the question whether termination is
clearly not in a child's best interests and affirmatively find that termination is in a child's best
interests. Such a finding is not required, but is permissible if the evidence justifies it. The
statute and the court rule provide that, once a statutory ground for termination has been
established by the requisite standard of proof, the court must enter an order of termination unless
the court finds that termination is clearly not in the child's best interests. If the court makes no
finding regarding best interests, then the court has not found that termination would clearly not
be in the child's best interests. While it would be best for trial courts to make a finding that there
was insufficient evidence that termination was clearly not in a child's best interest, it is not
required if no party offers such evidence, as here. For a valid termination order to be entered
when no evidence is offered that termination is clearly not in the child's best interests, all that is
required is that at least one statutory ground for termination be proved. If such evidence is
offered by a party, the court must rule on its sufficiency. Of course, if no party presents bestinterests evidence, but the court finds evidence in the record that convinces the court that
termination would clearly not be in the child's best interests, the court must place that finding on
the record.
Therefore, while the trial court did not make findings on best interests when the
termination order was entered, this was not error since no evidence on that issue was offered.
The termination order must be entered unless the court finds, by clear and convincing evidence,
that termination would not be in the child's best interests, which did not happen here. The parties
must be given an opportunity to present evidence on the question of best interests in a contested
hearing, but, if no one does, no finding is required by the court.
In summary, while it was error for the court to utilize an Adrianson order delaying the
effect of the order terminating parental rights, the respondent benefited from the court's error in
that she was given an opportunity she would not otherwise have had to preserve her parental
rights, especially given the clear and incontrovertible evidence that statutory grounds existed to
terminate her parental rights. A litigant may not harbor error, to which he or she consented, as an
appellate parachute.10 In this case, respondent benefited from the error; she may not now be
heard to complain.
Next, respondent asserts as error the trial court's failure to state the statutory grounds
under which the court took jurisdiction of the children pursuant to her plea. However, this
alleged error is mentioned only in the statement of issues and is not discussed further. No
authority is cited to support it. Hence, it is abandoned.11 Nevertheless, we will consider it. The
trial court did state the statutory grounds for jurisdiction. In finding that the children came
within the jurisdiction of the court on the basis of anticipatory neglect, the trial court used the
statutory terms "abandonment" and "neglect" and found that the children were at risk to their
physical safety if they were placed in the custody of respondent. In addition, we note that
10
Marshall Lasser, PC v George, 252 Mich App 104, 109; 651 NW2d 158 (2002).
11
Yee v Shiawassee Co Bd of Comm'rs, 251 Mich App 379, 406; 651 NW2d 756 (2002).
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whether the court stated the statutory grounds under which jurisdiction was taken is an issue
concerning the court's exercise of its jurisdiction rather than an issue concerning whether the
petition sufficiently alleged facts that, if true, would enable the court to find jurisdiction. Matters
affecting the court's exercise of its jurisdiction may be challenged only on direct appeal of the
jurisdictional decision, not by collateral attack in a subsequent appeal of an order terminating
parental rights.12 As noted earlier, the original order of disposition entered June 2, 2003, and
filed June 5, 2003, stated that an adjudication was held, that the children were found to come
within the jurisdiction of the court, and that they were placed in out-of-home care. That is the
order that was appealable as of right to challenge the adjudication. By not appealing that order,
respondent lost her right to challenge the court's exercise of jurisdiction.
Finally, respondent challenges the court's assumption of original jurisdiction over her
minor children on the ground that the petition was insufficient on its face and therefore the
proceedings were void ab initio.
As noted earlier, a court's exercise of its jurisdiction may only be challenged on direct
appeal, whereas the lack of subject-matter jurisdiction may be collaterally attacked.13
Respondent argues that the petition was insufficient on its face because it contained no allegation
that the children had been harmed. Specifically, respondent argues that "[p]ast conduct is not a
statutory ground for asserting jurisdiction, there must be some current physical harm or threat of
serious emotional harm." Because the petition alleged no current harm to the children, but
instead anticipated future neglect of the children under the LaFleur/Dittrick doctrine of
anticipatory neglect, respondent asserts that the petition was insufficient on its face and the trial
court lacked jurisdiction. We disagree.
A child may come within the jurisdiction of the court solely on the basis of a parent's
treatment of another child. Abuse or neglect of the second child is not a prerequisite for
jurisdiction of that child and application of the doctrine of anticipatory neglect. As stated in In re
Dittrick, supra at 222:
Defendants attempt to distinguish LaFleur by arguing that it only permits
a finding of anticipated future neglect of a second child where a finding of past
neglect of the second child has already been made. We reject that distinction
because we believe that the reasoning of LaFleur is sound, even when applied to a
situation where no prior determination of neglect has been made.
In In re Powers, the child was born two days before the petition for jurisdiction was filed.
The petition was based solely on the treatment of another child. In answering the appellant's
12
In re Powers, 208 Mich App 582, 587-588; 528 NW2d 799 (1995), citing In re Hatcher, 443
Mich 426; 505 NW2d 834 (1993).
13
In re Hatcher, 443 Mich 426, 438-439; 505 NW2d 834 (1993).
-7-
challenge to the probate court's jurisdiction over the child based solely on the treatment of
another child, this Court held:
Consistent with Dittrick, we find that the principle of anticipatory neglect
(or, in this case, anticipatory abuse) may provide an appropriate basis for invoking
probate court jurisdiction. [In re Powers, supra at 589.]
Therefore, we find that the petition was not insufficient on its face and the proceedings
were not void ab initio just because the petition alleged no past mistreatment of the infant
children. The doctrine of anticipatory neglect alone was a sufficient basis for the court's
jurisdiction over the children.
Affirmed.
/s/ Donald S. Owens
/s/ William C. Whitbeck
/s/ Bill Schuette
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